Methods of tactical training in sports games. Methods of tactical actions during special operations

Introduction, the concept of forensic technique

In order for tactical recommendations to be most effective and most relevant to the specifics of a particular procedural action, the principles of using operational data, tools and techniques of forensic technology, special knowledge and public assistance are considered in relation to the tactics of specific investigative and judicial actions.

It should be emphasized that, although the tactics of conducting procedural actions are not the only element of forensic tactics, they undoubtedly represent its most important part, and the concepts of tactics and recommendations are among the main ones.

Important! It should be borne in mind that:

• Each case is unique and individual.
• Careful study of the issue does not always guarantee a positive outcome of the case. It depends on many factors.

To get the most detailed advice on your issue, you just need to choose any of the proposed options:

Generic in relation to tactical reception is the concept of forensic reception.

Forensic technique - this is the most rational and effective course of action or the most appropriate course of action in the collection, investigation, evaluation and use of evidence and the prevention of crime.

Types of forensic techniques:

1) technical and forensic:

• • techniques for using technical and forensic tools (for example, photography techniques at the scene);
  • techniques for using the scientific provisions of forensic technology (for example, methods for detecting traces based on scientific provisions on the mechanism of trace formation).

2) tactical (tactical and forensic):

• • methods of organizing and planning preliminary and judicial investigations,

Tactical technique (in criminology) - the most effective way of action (line of conduct) of the person carrying out the proof, recommended by criminology in this situation, aimed at optimizing the investigation (judicial investigation) and (or) the production of individual procedural actions.

The essence of tactical reception considered in two aspects:

1. 1. scientific category, which characterizes the most optimal behavior of the investigator in typical situations of the production of individual, mainly investigative, actions;
   2. method of action, independently chosen by an authorized official in a specific situation that develops at a certain stage of the investigation of a crime.

In the first case, we are talking about a structural element of tactics, in the second - about an element of the practical activity of the investigator.

Types of tactics in forensics:

• • methods of organization and planning of preliminary and judicial investigation;
  • methods of preparation and conduct of individual procedural actions.

A "behavioral" technique can also be tactical, that is, the choice by the person conducting the investigation of a certain line of behavior.

Criteria for the admissibility of tactics in forensic science

The main criteria for the admissibility of using one or another tactic in practice are:

1. 1. legitimacy,
   2. ethics,
   3. scientific validity.

legality as a principle of implementation of tactical methods means that in its orientation each method must comply with the spirit and letter of the law, since the essence of legality lies in the strict observance and implementation of the requirements of the current legislation.

Main normative act, which determines the conditions for the use of tactics, is the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, in Art. 7 of which directly indicates the need to comply with the law in criminal proceedings. It should be remembered that it is impossible to give an exhaustive list of techniques that can be used in the process of detecting and investigating crimes in laws and by-laws. Therefore, participants in criminal proceedings, endowed with authority, in practice independently determine the procedure for applying tactics. In this they are helped not only by a reference to the requirements of the current legislation, but also by the principle of ethical implementation of a tactic.

A tactical combination is a certain combination of tactics or investigative actions and other measures that pursues the goal of solving a specific investigation problem and is determined by this goal and the investigative situation.

Teaching the theory of football tactics begins with an explanation of the basic rules of the game, the practical mastery of which continues during the performance of game exercises and during training games.

In the future, it is necessary to tell students about the distribution of responsibilities within the team, the tasks and functions of the players and their actions in a particular playing place.

The next stage of theoretical training - detailed analysis individual phases of the game (attacks, defenses, transition from defensive to offensive actions, and vice versa, the interaction of players in different phases of the meeting, etc.). It is most convenient to accompany such an analysis with criticism of the shortcomings made by the players in the previous match. After analyzing the phases of the game, one can proceed to the study of the theoretical solution of tactical problems of varying difficulty.

An important place in the formation of tactical knowledge is the participation of football players in the development of a tactical game plan and analysis of the team's game.

All players must actively participate in the preparation of this plan. Experience shows that if all the players repeat their tasks during the preparation of the plan, then the interest of the players in the upcoming game increases.

Preparation for the game begins with the study of the opponent. Knowledge of the opponent, the peculiarities of the game of individual players allows the coach to avoid mistakes in determining the composition and in drawing up a tactical plan for the game. Information about the opponent is obtained from various sources: from reports in newspapers; from interviews with coaches and football players; from eyewitness accounts; according to the results of official competitions, etc. One of the most effective ways to study an opponent is to watch individual matches by a coach, during which a number of tasks are solved:

• Determining the degree of physical and technical readiness of the players and the team as a whole;
• study of game tactics (systems of actions, tactical options, game plans;
• study of methods of organizing attack and defense; study and analysis of the means used by individual players in solving tactical problems;
• study of the features of the game of individual players, etc.).

When watching a match, it is important to pay attention to game discipline, to the degree of manifestation of moral and volitional qualities by football players, to the behavior of players in case of success or failure.

During the game, it is advisable to make notes: about the game and standard combinations, shots on goal, etc., which allows you to analyze the opponent's actions in more detail.

Tactically, the main direction is outlined team game(attack, defense with an emphasis on counterattacks) and games of combative pairs. In terms of organizing an attack, the main direction of attacking actions is outlined (along the flank, in the center), the main attacking forces, tactical means are determined (taking into account the weather, the state of the field, as well as the actions of the opponent, etc.). In terms of organizing defense, methods of defensive actions are determined, ways to neutralize the most dangerous opponent players and basic combinations (creating an artificial offside position, strengthening insurance); outline zones of dense “guardianship” of players.

When defining tasks for individual players, they outline ways to use strengths, most effective means and ways of interacting.

The plan for the upcoming match should be based on a simulated meeting scheme, taking into account the characteristics of the opponent's actions, with an emphasis on using the capabilities of each player.

The tactical plan is theoretically implemented on the team's installation during which each player can express his opinion, make suggestions and amendments. Then the basics of the plan "lose" in training sessions, in bilateral and friendly meetings. Desirable friendly match to play with a team that would play in the style of the intended opponent.

Installation is usually carried out 1.5-2 hours before the game and should not be long (exceed 20-30 minutes). During the break between halves, the coach can make appropriate adjustments to the plan.

Parse the last meeting usually a day after it. The coach analyzes the game of the whole team, individual links and players in terms of the implementation of the installation, notes all the positive and negative that emerged during the game, finds out the reasons for the success or failure of the task, evaluates the physical and moral-volitional qualities, technical skills of the players.

In the development of tactical literacy of football players, in addition to the named means and methods, an important place is given to the study of elements of tactics and combinations. No matter how well used aids increasing the tactical maturity of individual players and the team as a whole, practical training in tactics remains the main means of this section of training. It is tactical readiness that makes it possible (by means of methodically correctly constructed lessons) to create an ensemble of performers in the team.

The study of tactical actions and options should proceed in two directions:

• - improvement of individual tactical readiness;
• - improvement of group and team tactical readiness.

On the basis of individual tactical preparedness, strong group and team interactions are created. Team (both defensive and offensive) interactions are created from the tactical preparedness skills of individual players. In other words, tactics in itself means simultaneous interactions of several players aimed at successfully solving a specific game problem.

When the task of individual tactical preparedness is being solved, it should be more about the tactical development of an individual, a personality (player), who will be able to use individual tactical knowledge and skills at the right time in the interests of the team and interact harmoniously with the team.

In the process of increasing tactical preparedness, both defensive and offensive options should be improved. Much attention should be paid to educating the ability to quickly switch (from one movement to another, from technical reception attack to a technique of defense, from one tactical action to another). The coach must teach the players tactical actions and options according to well-known patterns, based on the capabilities of the team. However, rote learning of tactical actions and their options can delay the manifestation of the creative thought of the players and the team.

Tactical training is a creative process in itself. The player, having the necessary tactical thinking, must always be able to adapt to the created conditions, despite the fact that the enemy will always strive to counteract during the game.

No matter how successfully numerous means are used to develop tactical thinking and mental qualities, the main means of tactical training remains the training of group and team interactions. Teaching such interactions should begin as soon as the players master the basic techniques (with the expectation that as they deepen in football, the necessary qualities are consolidated in the guys, and that everyone gets the opportunity during the game to make their actions purposeful, arising from the common interests of the team) .

If the athlete does not get used to early age to tactical interactions with partners, does not develop tactical thinking in himself, then in the future, even having the necessary technical readiness, in game situations saturated with tactical interactions, it will act irrationally.

The study of group and team interactions is also important in the sense that it contributes to correct perception opponent's actions during the game. This, in turn, makes it possible to rebuild during the match without disruption and special efforts game plan.

The development of tactical literacy is also facilitated by the exchange of experience with the best teams peers in joint training. Joint trainings with adult teams are very useful for youth teams. At such trainings, the young men get the opportunity not only to get acquainted with various tactics in practice, but also, copying the actions of the elders, to put into practice everything that was “bone-by-bone” sorted out theoretically.

Viewing the game of the best domestic and foreign teams is of no less importance: both as a way of mastering individual, group and team tactical interactions, and as an opportunity to get acquainted with all the tactical options that are used in a pre-planned form. To make these reviews more targeted, coaches need to record in one form or another (on special maps, video recording, etc.) the entire game, involving students as assistants, and then, based on the actual material, analyze the tactical pattern of the game of the observed teams.

The methods in tactical training are the same as in technical training (naturally, taking into account the specifics of tactics). So, when showing, field layouts, film loops, films are used. Under simplified conditions, complex tactical actions are learned in parts, using signals, landmarks, etc. Complicated conditions are created with the help of instruments and special devices (simulators, etc.).

It is advisable to study tactical actions in parallel with the study of game technique. It is very important from the very first lessons to educate the players in independence, speed of orientation and creative activity. Exercises should be selected, during which students are forced to comprehend the situation, make certain decisions, evaluate and generalize their actions. When using the conjugate method, tactics come to the fore, however, the conditions for performing and the dosage of exercises contribute to the improvement of the playing technique.

To consolidate the studied tactical actions, the method of analyzing actions (one's own and the enemy's) is used using recording of game actions, video and tape recordings, and filming.

Typical for tactical training is the method of modeling the actions of the enemy (an individual player or a team as a whole).

A special place is occupied by the method of switching in tactical actions - from attack to defense and from defense to attack. The effect is given by multiple switching under time pressure and in response to a signal.

The main methods of teaching tactics and improving in it:

• 1. Method of exercise (multiple repetition of learned and familiar exercises). Promotes the formation of motor dynamic stereotypes among trainees (which is the physiological essence of training in tactics).
• 2. Demonstration and display method.
• 3. Word method.
• 4. Holistic and dissected methods: before moving on to tactical actions as a whole, master the main parts of each. The holistic method is usually used to consolidate and improve tactical actions.
• 5. Analysis of video materials on tactics is invaluable as an aid in assessing the game of the opposing team. The value of video filming is also in the possibility of multiple viewing of the opponent's game. In addition, it is one of the most effective ways of introspection of tactical actions.
• 6. Analysis of own actions and actions of the opponent.

Usually, coaches prefer to conduct observations on their own, and then give the players ready-made recipes for possible options for action, which practically deprives the players of initiative and independence, and therefore does not contribute to the development of their game thinking. It is important to involve the players themselves in observing competitions, to teach them not just to watch the game, but to pay attention to the tactical options used by the team (and opponents), to the ways of organizing the game in attack and defense, to the means used by the players in solving tactical problems, to the technique games of individual football players, etc. The more often a football player thinks through and solves tactical tasks and situations, the deeper he analyzes his tactics and personal experience encounters with various opponents different conditions, the better he prepares himself for understanding and correct assessment of game situations, for independent creative solution of all kinds of tasks that the game can put before him.

To solve the tasks of tactical training, a wide variety of means are needed. The leading place in tactical training is naturally occupied by exercises (individual, group and team) and bilateral matches, control and calendar games, the study of football theory and tactics. In addition, they are of great importance special exercises for the development of speed of reaction and orientation, exercises for the speed of switching from one movement (action) to another, outdoor and sports games, special relay races, exercises in technique.

In theoretical training, much attention is paid to the study of tactical issues, the analysis of tactical actions of their players and teams, players and teams of the enemy, leading Soviet and foreign teams.

In modern football, there are pronounced trends in the development of high-speed play and the complication of tactical combinations. Therefore, it is especially important to teach players to evaluate the alignment of forces (their own and the opponent), as well as the position of the ball at a particular moment of the match and the direction of the ball’s flight, to predict the actions of partners and unravel the intentions of opponents, quickly analyze the current situation and, having chosen the most appropriate countermeasure, effectively implement it.

In the process of teaching motor skills for the implementation of tactical actions, students are introduced to how to eliminate possible mistakes and consolidate the learned action.

At the initial stage of mastering tactics, the speed of complex reactions, orientation and ingenuity develop in football players mainly in the process of physical and technical training. For this, the exercises are introduced additional terms:

• - use sound and visual signaling (so that players can quickly change certain actions with the ball and without the ball);
• - increase the number of balls, subject landmarks and limiters;
• - they teach more complex movements, in which the change of places of those involved is carried out depending on the direction of the partner's action;
• - apply active and passive resistance of a conditional enemy.

At the same time, it is important to ensure that additional conditions and complications do not adversely affect the development of physical qualities or the formation of motor skills that underlie techniques.

Before performing this or that exercise in technique, it is advisable to choose a tactical task that is feasible for those involved, which would not complicate the development of the technique, but would help to comprehend it and apply it correctly in changing conditions. So, for example, you can perform exercises in such conditions when the player must simultaneously choose the moment to start actions and determine the direction of the blow and dribble the ball depending on the location and movement of the partner. Then the mastery of individual actions continues in exercises without an opponent, with a passive opponent, and, finally, with an active opponent in game exercises.

An important role at this stage is played by the opponent, whose actions are directed by the coach. They consolidate the learned skill by repeating it many times in a game where the player is given certain tasks (for example: “close” one or another opponent; play in a certain zone; “open” at speed using tricks; take the ball away at the interception, hit the goal after a stroke etc.).

In training and friendly games, special attention should be paid to the choice of places in the transition from defense to attack and from attack to defense, when the ball is put into play. It is necessary to ensure that the players can break away from the opponent and enter an empty place at the moment when the team has possession of the ball, as well as timely and correctly "cover" the opponent's player immediately after the loss of the ball.

The basis of group tactical actions in football are certain ways of interaction between two, three or more players. Training in the ability to interact with partners takes place in the following sequence:

• - interaction of two, three or more players without a change and with a change of places without an opponent;
• - the same with a conditional opponent;
• - the same with an opponent who is resisting;
• - the same with a complicated task (limiting the number of touches of the ball and the time of possession of the ball; decreasing and increasing the size of the site ...).

Further improvement of the interactions of two, three or more players should be carried out in game exercises and in educational games. Game exercises are first performed with a numerical superiority of attackers (2x1; 3x2; 4x3, etc.), and then - with equality of attackers and defenders, and, finally, with a numerical minority of attackers. It is advisable to introduce conditions into game exercises and training games that encourage football players to use the learned methods of interaction in advantageous situations. When performing game exercises and conducting training games, the trainer should pay special attention to the ability of students to choose the most profitable options for continuing actions, to independent assessments of the situations that have arisen, to the speed of orientation in a particular situation.

Team actions are studied after students master the necessary minimum of technical techniques, the simplest interactions between two or more players and receive the appropriate theoretical knowledge. Starting to study team tactical actions, it is necessary to explain the placement of players and the functions of each of them. At the first training games, coaches do not set difficult tasks. It is important that students play in their places and do not get carried away with playing with the ball. Mastering team tactics, one should study tactics in separate links and lines, learn the tactics of individual moments of the game and tactical combinations.

A large share in the training process is played by game exercises, with the help of which they study and improve technical techniques and tactical skills, develop interconnection and understanding between the players. The number of participants in game exercises can be different. The sizes of the sites are also different (depending on the task, on the degree of preparedness of the players, on the nature of the exercises).

The main means of mastering team actions is a two-sided game. It is she who develops the correct tactical thinking. But the coach must lead the game, not allow it to proceed spontaneously. Disorganization, spontaneity lead to serious mistakes and their consolidation. A two-sided game should be preceded by a preliminary conversation between the coach and the players, during which the layout of the field, schemes, drawings, etc. are used. Players, links, lines and the team as a whole receive specific tasks. The coach can referee the game himself, making comments to the players during it, or give this right to an assistant (if possible), while he himself be in a place where the game is clearly visible, and you can give instructions to the players.

When conducting a two-sided game, frequent stops should be avoided: the inertia of the movement of the players after the whistle usually does not make it possible to accurately fix the situation in which the players played incorrectly. Explanations in such cases will be unconvincing. In addition, frequent stoppages of the game reduce its tension, deprive it of sports interest, make it tedious and boring. It is necessary to stop the game only when it is necessary to give general instructions to the players or repeat the combination. It is preferable to make remarks without disturbing the flow of the match. You should not train all the players at once, but separately - in sections. Having settled down in the area of ​​action of the link that received a special task, the coach helps the players to fulfill it. After working out for 20-30 minutes with one link, he moves on to another, and first of all he “selects” the players of the link in which interaction is weaker.

After the match, it is necessary to disassemble and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the players, involving them in an active discussion. Further consolidation and improvement of team actions come in friendly and calendar games. First, it is desirable to play two or three games with a less powerful opponent.

Forensic tactics - it is a system of scientific provisions and methods and recommendations based on them for organizing and planning a preliminary and judicial investigation, determining the line of conduct of persons conducting a judicial investigation, methods for conducting procedural (primarily investigative) actions that are aimed at collecting and examining evidence, establishing the causes and conditions conducive to the commission and concealment of crimes.

Forensic tactics system

Conditionally in system of forensic tactics usually divided into two parts:

• general provisions forensic tactics. This section defines the concept, essence and content of forensic tactics, its sources, connection with other parts of forensic science and other sciences, the essence and types of tactics, tactical combinations, tactical operations, the concept and classification of investigative situations, the basic principles of crime investigation planning, etc. P.;
• tactics of individual investigative and judicial actions (investigative examination, search, interrogation, etc.).

Forensic tactics, being an independent section of forensic science, at the same time is closely related to other sections. Firstly, it is based on the general theory of forensic science and uses the provisions of many particular forensic theories, such as the doctrine of the forensic version, the forensic theory of search, etc. The development of tactics for the implementation of any investigative action is impossible without taking into account the specifics of using technical criminalistic means and methods. In turn, tactics common to all types of crimes used in the production of investigative actions acquire specific features in private methods of investigating crimes of this type.

Tasks of forensic tactics

The main tasks of forensic tactics are:

• development of recommendations on the promotion and verification of investigative leads, organization and planning of the investigation;
• development of tactical methods for the preparation and production of individual investigative (judicial) actions, tactical combinations (operations);

• search for forms of interaction between the investigator and the operational apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the FSB of Russia, Federal Service for control over the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the Federal Customs Service, etc.;
• development of recommendations on the use of special knowledge in the production of investigative and judicial actions, etc.

The main categories of forensic tactics

Tactical trick - this is the most rational and effective way of action of the person conducting the investigation in a certain situation. Tactical (tactical and forensic) techniques include, for example, techniques for planning an investigation, conducting an inspection of the scene or interrogation.

Tactics may include:

• to conduct an investigative action in general (methods of inspection, search, investigative experiment);
• to a specific type of investigative actions (techniques for interrogating an accused who gives false testimony, or techniques for a personal search);
• to a separate stage of the investigative action (preparation, conduct, fixation).

Since it is impossible to give a complete list of tactics (such a list would be too voluminous and outdated even before publication), the criteria for the admissibility of tactics in legal proceedings are of great importance. These include:

• compliance with the principles of legality and moral and ethical standards (do not contradict the spirit and letter of the law);
• scientific consistency (methods that are at the stage of scientific development and have not been tested cannot be used in legal proceedings);
• efficiency, availability and feasibility.

tactical combination- a combination of tactics within the framework of one or various investigative actions in order to solve a specific investigation problem in a given situation.

A higher level of integration formation, in contrast to the tactical combination, is tactical operation - a combination of investigative actions, operational-search and organizational and technical measures aimed at solving the problems of the investigation, taking into account the investigative situation that has developed in the criminal case, united by a common plan and carried out under a single leadership and in accordance with a previously drawn up plan.

With the help of a tactical operation, it is possible to solve several interrelated tasks at once, not only at the stage of preliminary investigation, but also before initiating a criminal case. So, when conducting a tactical operation related to detention, a direct capture is preceded by a complex set of measures to study the identity of the criminal, create conditions under which he must be at the place where the detention will be carried out, etc.

The choice and application of tactics, combinations or operations are carried out on the basis of tactical recommendations - evidence-based and field-tested advice on the best course of action. These recommendations are implemented in the process of preliminary investigation and trial through tactical decision, which consists in choosing the goal of tactical influence on the investigative situation as a whole or on its individual components, on the course and results of the investigation and determining the methods, techniques and means to achieve this goal.

The choice of the correct tactical decision, the most optimal course of action, has to be made taking into account a large number of factors and often under conditions of uncertainty, i.e. under conditions tactical risk. The specificity of the investigation makes decision-making under tactical risk a typical phenomenon. In general, avoiding risk is unrealistic. It is necessary to choose a strategy of the least tactical risk, to foresee the possible negative consequences of your decision and to think in advance about measures to eliminate or mitigate these consequences, to minimize the risk.

The concept of an investigative situation and factors influencing its formation.Investigative situation V general view- these are the conditions (environment) in which the process of investigating a criminal case is located at a given point in time. Taking into account the investigative situation allows the investigator to take more correct solution apply the necessary tactics.

The formation of the investigative situation is influenced by objective and subjective factors.

The main objective factors are:

• collected or missing this moment investigation evidence and orienting information;
• the ability of physical evidence and other media (including possible ones) to preserve the information contained in them;
• technical and forensic means, tactics and techniques used in the investigation of a crime;
• the level of interaction of the investigator with the body of inquiry, other operational apparatus.

Subjective factors include:

• the psychological state of the investigator or the person conducting the inquiry, the level of their professional training, life and professional experience, analytical abilities, etc.;
• the behavior of persons (suspect, accused, witness, victim, etc.) involved in a criminal case, their assistance or opposition to the investigation.

The following types of investigative situations are distinguished: depending on the stage of the investigation - initial, subsequent and final;

• in relation to the possibility of achieving the goal of the investigation - favorable and unfavorable;
• according to the relations between the participants - conflict and non-conflict;
• the most characteristic, repetitive - typical; emerging in reality in the process of investigating a criminal case - concrete.

The main stages of the implementation of the investigative or judicial action. The production of an investigative or judicial action usually consists of a number of stages, for each of which an appropriate tactical support is developed.

Preparation for conducting an investigative or judicial action. At this stage, the goals and objectives of an investigative or judicial action are formulated, the moment, place and time of the conduct, the circle of participants are determined, an investigative-operational group is formed, the necessary technical and forensic means are selected, the forms and limits of the use of operational-search measures are determined, a production plan is drawn up investigative action.

Carrying out an investigation or judicial action. This is the stage of implementing the planned plan and solving the tasks that the investigator (court) set for himself. At this stage, tactics are applied, versions are checked by confirming or refuting the consequences derived from them.

According to their role in the investigation process, investigative actions are divided into initial and subsequent ones.

Initial investigative actions are carried out from the moment a criminal case is initiated and serve as a means of:

• orientation of the investigator in the situation and content of the event under investigation, getting an idea of ​​its mechanism and consequences;
• solving a crime in hot pursuit, obtaining the necessary information to identify and search for a criminal;
• collecting evidence that is threatened with destruction under the influence of objective and subjective factors;
• obtaining initial information for building detailed investigative versions, covering the entire content of the subject of proof.

Subsequent investigative actions are aimed at researching, evaluating and using the evidence collected at the initial stage, a detailed check of the versions, proving the elements of the crime, as well as clarifying the causes and circumstances that contributed to the commission and concealment of the crime.

Among the general tactical provisions that contribute to the efficiency of the production of any investigative action are:

• consistency (carrying out this investigative action in a certain system of other investigative actions and operational search activities);
• timeliness, choice of the proper place and time of the investigative action;
• the ability of the investigator to navigate the object of research and the situation preceding and accompanying the investigative action;
• taking into account the data of the forensic characteristics and the investigative situation for the choice of tactics for conducting an investigative action;
• involvement in the investigative action of employees of bodies of inquiry and the use of assistance from the public and the media;
• widespread use of special knowledge and forensic tools;
• ensuring the safety of research objects and their authenticity.

Recording the course and results of an investigative or judicial action. The tactics of this stage of an investigative or judicial action is designed to provide the most complete and accurate reflection of the entire content of the procedural action and the results achieved, is aimed at choosing or creating conditions that provide the most effective application technical and forensic means and techniques.

This stage is essential, since without proper procedural registration the information received does not acquire the necessary probative force, and the actions of the investigator or the court themselves cannot give rise to any procedural consequences. The result of the stage under consideration is the creation of appropriate procedural documents - sources of evidence, as well as the inclusion in the evidence system of properly executed material objects that have all the procedural details required by law (material evidence), or the receipt of comparative materials (samples) for the purposes of examination.

At this stage, traces and objects that may be of evidentiary value are seized and packed, a protocol of an investigative action and various appendices to it are drawn up in the form of plans, diagrams, etc.

Evaluation of the results obtained and determination of their significance - the final stage of an investigative or judicial action. It is carried out both to verify the reliability of the obtained evidentiary information, and to resolve the issue of its significance for proving and ways of further use. At this stage, the mistakes made are identified, the consequences to which they led are traced, and the question of the advisability of repeating this investigative or judicial action is decided if the mistakes made cannot be corrected otherwise.

The place of forensic tactics in the system of scientific knowledge, its concept and tasks

Forensic tactics - This is a section of forensic science that contains scientific provisions and recommendations developed on their basis for organizing and planning a preliminary investigation as a whole, as well as methods for individual investigative actions aimed at collecting and examining evidence, establishing the circumstances that contributed to the commission of crimes.

Within the framework of forensic tactics, the regularities of the emergence, detection, collection and study of forensic evidence, the features of the emergence and change of investigative situations are studied. Based on their study, tactics and recommendations are developed that are most effective in a particular investigative situation.

The goals of forensic tactics are the rapid and complete disclosure of crimes, establishing the truth in the case, ensuring a fair verdict of the court.

Forensic tactics solves the following tasks:

• organization of a systematic investigation and effective production of investigative actions;
• correct application of logical methods of cognition, taking into account the specifics of their use in the investigation of crimes;
• psychological support of the investigator's relations with other participants in investigative actions.

Structural forensic tactics consists of two parts. The first part contains the general provisions of forensic tactics (the basic concepts of forensic tactics, determining the place of forensic tactics in the system of forensic science and the system of other sciences, planning the investigation of crimes), the second contains tactics for the production of individual investigative and other actions: investigative examination, interrogation, investigative experiment , search, seizure, verification of testimony on the spot, appointment of an examination, presentation for identification, detention, search; tactics of control and recording of negotiations.

Forensic tactics is inextricably linked with the other two sections of forensic science, as well as with other areas of knowledge.

Forensic tactics is in interaction with forensic technology. It lies in the fact that tactics and recommendations create the most effective conditions for the successful use of scientific and technical means of forensic technology. In turn, traces of a crime discovered by scientific and technical means contribute to the widespread use of tactics for further searching for traces, assessing the crime event, its circumstances, building investigative versions, etc.

The connection of forensic tactics with the methodology for investigating certain types of crimes is carried out on the basis of the application of the provisions of tactics in the specific conditions of the investigation of a particular type of crime. On the other hand, the methodology of investigation, by its study of the methods of committing crimes, the development of methods for their disclosure, creates opportunities for the development of investigative tactics, the improvement of tactics.

Of the legal sciences, forensic tactics are most closely associated with the criminal process. The provisions of forensic tactics strictly take into account the procedural forms of their application, and tactics and recommendations correspond to the principle of their admissibility in criminal proceedings. Procedural science develops a procedure for investigative actions. Forensic tactics within the framework of this procedure ensures the effectiveness of the investigative action by developing optimal means and methods for its implementation.

Since the recommendations of forensic tactics help to choose the most effective course of action when collecting, examining and using evidence, it uses data from such an area of ​​scientific knowledge as the science of management, and in particular with the section - the scientific organization of the work of an investigator who studies a set of issues related to the distribution of the worker. the time of the investigator, his professional training, increasing the efficiency of organizational and technical measures, etc.

A close relationship exists between forensic tactics and forensic psychology. Many tactics and recommendations are based on scientific principles of psychology.

Forensic tactics is also associated with such social sciences as ethics and logic. One of the criteria for the admissibility of tactics is their compliance with the ethical and moral standards that are accepted in society. The provisions of logic underlie the planning of an investigation, the solution of many tactical issues: determining the sequence of investigative actions and the use of tactics, the use of certain means of fixing evidentiary information, evaluating evidence, etc.

Thus, forensic tactics teaches the most effective production of investigative actions. Their skillful production is a necessary condition for the success of solving and investigating crimes.

Basic concepts of investigative tactics, their content

The central concept of forensic tactics is the concept of tactical reception.

Tactical technique- this is the most rational and effective way of action or the most appropriate line of conduct for the investigator in the preparation and conduct of a separate investigative action during the investigation of crimes.

The use of tactics in the investigation of crimes is associated with the following conditions:

A) legitimacy tactical technique, i.e. use only such methods that do not contradict the requirements of the law. The main normative act regulating the use of tactics is the Code of Criminal Procedure;

b) scientific validity tactics, which means:

• the scientific nature of the source of its origin (the result of scientific development) or the means of its verification (scientific verification of the recommendations of practice);
• compliance of tactical technique with modern scientific achievements, current state forensic tactics;
• the possibility of predicting the results of applying this tactic;

V) practical validity tactical technique, i.e. the expediency of its application based on the significance of the possible result in relation to the expenditure of the necessary forces, means and time;

G) availability tactical technique, i.e. the possibility of its use by any investigator, interrogator, judge, taking into account their professional knowledge and skills;

e) ethics, morality tactical technique, i.e. compliance of the application of the method with the ethical norms of society, the requirements of morality.

A) abundance - can be used by any participant in criminal proceedings and in any situation, regardless of the circumstances of the case;

b) special - can only be used by a certain participant in criminal proceedings (investigator, interrogating officer, etc.) or in a specific situation.

The system of tactical methods or investigative actions carried out in the course of the investigation of a criminal case forms a tactical combination (or tactical operation).

Tactical decision- the choice of goals and means of influencing the investigative situation in order to change it in a favorable direction. These means include various tactical combinations (operations).

tactical combination- this is a certain combination of tactics or investigative actions and other measures, pursuing the goal of solving a specific problem at this stage of the investigation.

Types of tactical combination:

• simple(elementary) tactical combination - consists in a certain combination of tactics within the framework of one investigative action.
• complex tactical combination - consists in a certain combination of investigative, operational-search actions within the framework of one criminal case.

In the course of a tactical combination, the application of each tactical technique or the production of each investigative action is carried out in a strictly defined sequence, since the idea of ​​the combination lies in this sequence. At the same time, the types of tactics, the order and sequence of their implementation depend on the specific investigative situation.

The general goal of conducting a tactical combination is always the solution of a specific task of the investigation. The immediate goals of a tactical combination can be:

• conflict resolution;
• creation of conditions necessary for conducting an investigative action;
• creation of conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the investigative action;
• other tactical influences on the investigative situation in order to change or use it.

The special significance of improving the tactical skills of fencers is due to the fact that tactical activity is directly aimed at achieving the maximum efficiency of the competitive efforts of athletes, which consist of the implementation of various components of preparedness during the fights - technical, physical, psychological.

Tactical improvement occupies an independent place in the training of fencers, but despite this, it is integral part preparation for a separate competition in the process of annual and four-year cycles, throughout sports life.

The allocation of means and methods of tactical training is largely conditional and is done for methodological purposes, since the overwhelming majority of exercises for tactical improvement are fights that are as close as possible to combat, or consist in the implementation of tactical installations in training fights and competitions.

In such exercises, the complexity of the requirements for the mastery of fencers in terms of mastery of technique, the level of physical and mental qualities is embodied. The leading pedagogical task of mastering the tactical component of the activity of athletes in fights, battles, competitions makes them the material of tactical training.

However, in the process of tactical training, there are means and methods aimed exclusively at tactical improvement. This is the development of preparatory actions and options for their combat use, the acquisition of tactical knowledge, the development of tactical perception, thinking, and specialized tactical skills.

The orientation of tactical training follows from its main content, which can be conditionally represented as two interrelated processes that embody the technical-tactical and other aspects of the training of athletes, as well as combat and competitive practice. Constant testing during training and competitions of the fencer's own doctrine, leading to the search for and implementation of measures to strengthen it, is combined with opposition to the doctrines of opponents, with the development of means of combating the most typical doctrines for this type of fencing.

The process of realizing a fencer's own doctrine and its improvement proceeds in the course of combat practice and subsequent analysis of the effectiveness of various components of tactical combat, comparison of observational data from battles of a wide range of athletes.

In competitions, there is an opposition between offensive and defense, means of preparing and implementing tactical intentions, the effectiveness of combat options (maneuverable and positional, expectant and transient), the use of certain distances in battles, individual actions and other elements of tactical combat. For each fencer, taking into account the level of skill, individual psychophysical characteristics, combat equipment, the importance of mastering various means of tactical combat will be different.

In the course of combat practice, there is a sort of natural selection of the most effective means of tactical combat for each athlete, which has a significant impact on the formation of the manner of fighting. However, the lack of control over this process can “lead to negative consequences in the form of often occurring one-sided equipment, excessive commitment only to certain actions and options for building fights. Hence, the exceptional importance of participating in many competitions, conducting a large amount of training and competitive fights, methodically sound their dosing and sequence of complication, selection of partners and setting training tasks to accelerate the process of accumulation of combat experience by athletes.The norms of combat and competitive practice are limited both by the physical and mental capabilities of students, and by the level of training achieved.

Based on the generalization of the pedagogical experience of trainers, as well as the results of scientific research, a connection has been established between the arsenal of real and preparatory means, the use of elements of tactical activity of fencers and the individual characteristics of motor reactions, attention, memory, thinking, temperament, etc. Methods of psychodiagnostics and pedagogical control make it possible to determine the place and significance of various pedagogical tasks, means and methods of tactical training, and to create the most effective style of combat.

Improving tactical activities

The selection of means and methods of tactical training, the effectiveness of their impact are interconnected with the peculiarities of tactical activity that is not homogeneous in its direction in the struggle for an injection (hit), victory in battle, competition.

Tactical activities directly related to single combat in a duel, competition, include the choice of options for building battles, determining the distances and positions of weapons, the amount of maneuver along the track and the use of preparatory actions, as well as setting the primary use of various means.

It is quite realistic to influence the combat activity of opponents by certain behavior during and between fights, by the content of the warm-up and training combat practice, by the use of a certain fighting style during competitions and preparation for them.

In order to improve tactical activities that have an impact on the overall course of martial arts, it is advisable to set the students the tasks of a certain construction of battles or the use of elements of tactical outplaying during the performance of paired exercises, individual lessons. The selection of partners for combat practice serves the same purpose in many respects.

Modeling should be the most typical options for combat behavior of swordsmen, based on the adherence of fighters to certain methods of fighting, technical and tactical martial arts. Using a variety of combat models in lessons, pair exercises, creating the prerequisites for their occurrence in training battles, it is possible to anticipate the possibility of single combat against such opponents in competitions, to organize the process of expanding the tactical range of students.

Pedagogical tasks aimed at mastering the means of countering opponents who have particularities in the tactics of warfare.

1. Beating due to certain elements of tactical activity:

maintaining one of the distances in battle, using the advantage in the "sense of distance", in the struggle for "one's own" distance;

the use of various positions of the weapon in a combat stance, the removal of the weapon down or to the sides, depriving the enemy of the possibility of using preparations and actions on the weapon, the use of a "straight hand";

completing or parrying an attack in the expected sector.

2. Application of actions that have features of distance and moment characteristics:

attacks, counter attacks, defenses and responses with different depth, speed and rhythm of execution, at different moments of interaction;

preparation of combat operations through playful movements with weapons, approach or retreat, threats to inflict a thrust (strike), parry or forestall an attack, use means of attack and defense with less depth than in actual attempts to fight for a thrust (strike);

generalizing defenses, attacks and defenses with choice and switching, deliberate-impromptu attacks and defenses with responses.

3. Conducting a battle of a certain nature: maneuverable, positional; expectantly, fleetingly;

offensively, pushing the enemy, conquering the battlefield;

defensively, retreating from the enemy and counteracting his struggle for attack initiative;

in combination with outplaying the expected tactical formations of opponents;

destroying the plans of opponents with deliberate actions;

imposing martial arts on the enemy with weapons, entering into strings, multi-tempo fights;

using tactical schemes with alternating complementary actions in the offensive and defense.

The tactical activity of a fencer, aimed at preparing and using intentional means, solving the problems of delivering or repelling an injection (hit), is based on predicting ideas or any tactical details of the enemy’s combat activity, using intelligence and implementing its data in attack and defense, as well as using camouflage and challenges to influence the tactical activities of the enemy.

The choice of combat action and the preparation for its use are ambiguous. Many aspects of a swordsman's tactical readiness are interconnected in them, but above all the general level of tactical knowledge, understanding of the tactical essence of real and preparatory means, the amount of information about the intentions and possible actions of the enemy, the features of his fighting manner.

Tactical knowledge ensures the accuracy of the assessment of combat situations and the adequacy of the selection of means, taking into account sports strength and qualifications of the opponent, comparison of many factors interacting in the course of single combat.

Accounting for the tactical essence of combat actions and their possible effectiveness in certain situations makes it possible to make the optimal choice of a combat weapon given the available amount of information about the enemy.

The most important tactical information for immediate use in order to choose an action can be a wide variety of knowledge that allows you to make an assumption about an attack, counterattack, defense, preparation, the sector of their completion prepared by the enemy, data on the possible amplitude and direction of preparing movements with weapons, direction, depth and the speed of movement, approach and retreat, the degree of readiness to perform actions, the sequence of intentions, the position of weapons, etc.

When predicting the defensive and attacking intentions of the enemy, the position of the weapon before the fight, the direction of the preparing movements with the weapon, in the absence of an excessively long distance and the possibility of breaking it, the really effective use of conditioned actions.

The effectiveness of counteracting the conditioned means without knowing the details of their implementation is possible only through the use of generalized defenses, attacks and responses with a choice, attacks with powerful actions on weapons of maximum speed at an average distance.

Data on the depth of attacks and approaches make it possible to clarify the duration and number of movements in attacks, the moment of taking defenses and starting counterattacks.

The assumption that the enemy does not have a deliberate defensive attitude makes it possible to use attacks and responses with choice and switching, especially their deliberately impromptu variants, with great efficiency.

The adversary's addiction to actions with choice and switching makes it possible to widely use deliberate means in attack and defense that create reflex interference in order to cause the enemy to change the distance and moment characteristics of the actions being used, inadequate switching from performing one action to another.

Interferences that hinder the accuracy of responses during attacks are unexpected retreats, approaches, evasions, body turns of the defender, changes in the depth and speed of retreats, counter attacks with rapprochement, preparing counterattacks and defenses with weapons.

Interferences that hinder the adequacy of the choice of defensive actions can be simple attacks of excessive depth and duration, from an excessively long distance, attacks with swings and parrying movements of weapons, attacks with feints from a long distance of excessive depth and duration, excessive amplitude of feints, defenses, sound interference from footwork during attacks, swings to the side and forward with the head, torso, etc.

The exposure of fencers to inadequate responses necessitates special equipment for their actions aimed at solving the following tactical tasks:

reducing the duration and depth of attacks by opponents, calling an earlier injection (strike) to parry and deliver a response;

predetermination of the sector for completing the attacks of opponents for parrying and delivering a response;

an increase in the duration of attacks by opponents, the number of feints in attacks (responses) to get ahead of a counterattack (remise).

Along with mastering special means, influencing the choice of actions of opponents, the tasks are set of developing in athletes a special resistance to interference that impedes the activity of analyzer systems when performing attacks, defenses and counter attacks.

Improvement in the choice and preparation of deliberate actions is carried out in exercises called "reconnaissance - action" and in lesson fights that reproduce combat "plots" that begin with masking and challenge actions. In such exercises, preparation is initially performed, to which the coach (partner) reacts with one of the countermeasures. The student interrupts the fight, chooses a combat means that is adequate to the expected situation, as the coach repeats one of the given actions, then attacks or defends, depending on the task of the exercise.

The solution of a tactical task by using only a favorite, even if well mastered, action for a certain situation may become ineffective over time, since it can be foreseen by the enemy. Therefore, it is extremely important to master the tactical skills of using deliberate means in the most common combat situations.

The development of tactical skills is built as follows. The coach (partner) determines the combat situation, and the athlete selects and uses various combat means that are possible in a given situation, alternating them in an arbitrary sequence. The coach can limit in advance or maximize the range of alternating actions.

Example 1. The distance is far. Positions are arbitrary. The trainer uses one-two-tempo attacks of limited depth, of any kind.

The athlete alternates between parrying attacks with semi-circular defenses in the upper sectors from the position of the weapon in the lower position, defense with a choice from the upper position with responses while standing still, retreat from attacks and defense with subsequent responses or retaliatory attacks, attacks to prepare with action on the weapon in top positions, counterattacks with opposition, retreat, evasion, etc.

Example 2. The distance is far. Top positions. The coach defends with direct defenses with a choice and a step back. Inflicts simple answers when parrying attacks.

The athlete alternates with a step and a lunge ("arrow") two-three-tempo conditional attacks with feints, attacks with true and false batmans (grabs), attacks with feints with a choice of sector of completion or attacks with irrelevant feints; attacks of subsequent intention ending with a counter-defense, counter-response or remission with opposition, etc.

A fencing fight is full of fights in which an athlete is forced to fight in unexpected situations, to act impromptu, choosing and applying means based on the speed and accuracy of motor reactions.

Improving the mechanism of simple and complex motor reactions, spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal anticipations leads to the development of specific qualities of fencers - "sense of weapons", "sense of distance", "sense of time", which, together with technical and tactical mastery, constitutes a "sense of battle". "- the main specialized property of fencers of the highest qualification. Consequently, the tactical activity of swordsmen in unexpected situations is based on specialized skills based on the manifestations of motor reactions and spatio-temporal anticipations (Scheme 4). The development of specialized skills is carried out in the process of improving actions due, with choice, with switching, in exercises that set the task of varying the depth, speed, rhythm, amplitude of actions, temporal parameters of interaction with a weapon trainer (partner).

In the process of tactical training of a swordsman, manifestations of mental qualities, properties of attention, memory, and thinking are specialized. On their basis, tactical perception, tactical thinking is formed, the ability to represent and anticipate the spatio-temporal parameters of weapon movements and movements develops, vigilance and speed of combat orientation, speed and accuracy of visual and tactile reactions, etc.

Tactical thinking develops in exercises that set the task of observing and finding the tactical essence in gestures, movements, actions, intentions, states of opponents and one's own. Improving tactical thinking is the concentration of attention and consciousness of the fencer on the search for ways to implement in fights, battles, competitions data about opponents, their own potential in the struggle for advantage in single combat. Tasks for the development of tactical thinking should force the fencer to analyze the possible aspects of martial arts in the struggle for an injection (hit), victory in a battle, competition, remember the results of actions in similar situations (own and other athletes), take into account the possibility of the enemy foreseeing his intentions, make decisions in limited segments of time.

The accuracy of representations and anticipations is improved in fights, for the successful completion of which the fencer needs to penetrate the weapon through a complex protective barrier, avoiding collisions with the opponent's blade in the attack, in situations with significant changes in speed, rhythm, amplitude, depth of weapon movements and movements of the competitors.

The coach must constantly keep in mind that tactical preparedness, its manifestation in intentions and actions are based on the achieved level of development of the fencer's mental qualities. Tactical knowledge by itself does not yet provide, much less guarantee tactical mastery of combat. It makes sense to assess tactical readiness only in the totality of the achieved level of equipment with means of combat, the ability to use them, and the specialization of the manifestations of mental qualities. In addition, the ability of athletes to demonstrate the achieved tactical readiness at competitions is associated with the level of development of volitional qualities, the stability of the emotional sphere of fencers to external and internal interference, the ability to self-regulate mental processes.

Each sphere of tactical activity is improved both in isolation through special tasks and exercises, and in various combinations. However, in the course of fights, the swordsman is required to display a variety of specialized skills interdependently, and in a volume and sequence that often cannot be predicted. Therefore, in individual lessons, pair exercises, fights, as the athlete masters any important task, the coach should strive to combine the requirements for various areas of tactical activity, forcing the student to evaluate elements that go beyond the scope of a particular fight, deliberately select and use combat means, and also act in unexpected situations.

Such methods of tactical improvement will bring the conditions as close as possible training sessions to competitions, will create adequacy of requirements in lessons and fights, which will speed up the transfer of mastered skills and qualities to a competitive environment.

Preparation for single combat with various opponents

Training to counter potential opponents is carried out in lessons, training and competitive battles. At the same time, for the successful implementation of combat plans, coaches and athletes must select the appropriate technical and tactical means. The selection depends on the qualifications of students, their combat equipment, the morphological and constitutional features of athletes and their individual inclinations to manifestations of motor reactions, mental functions, and volitional qualities.

In preparation for competitions and during participation in them, fencers are constantly faced with the task of finding and improving ways to counter expected opponents, familiar to varying degrees from previous competitions, training, coaching and teammates. The development of models of upcoming fights takes place in comparison with their own skills and characteristics of the fighters, goals and possible results of the upcoming fights, competitions.

In addition, one has to prepare for martial arts with previously unfamiliar opponents, study them during the competition, draw up models of countering them based on the current situation before the competition stage, team match, fight, during the fight.

The path of studying opponents, the means and methods for carrying out such a task, the development and selection of material to counter them depend on very many factors. The opportunities for studying individual opponents in most cases differ sharply both in the amount of effort that the fencer must perform for this, and in the amount of information that he can comprehend. The degree of knowledge of the enemy, the number of previous meetings with him, both competitive and training, the period that has passed since the last fights and their final result, the level of skill and preparedness and other factors will have a significant impact on the nature of the selection of data, the volume and their specificity.

If you have to fight against an athlete many times a year, several times in one competition, conduct joint training, then it is easier to analyze the most important aspects of his combat skills and the situation of the upcoming fight, and the analyzed details will have a completely reliable character. Moreover, the skill of the enemy, his combat specificity should be perceived on the basis of the correction made as a result of last match with him, training or his duel with any opponent. Each new stroke complements the characteristics of the enemy, clarifies it or confirms the existing one.

Special training is required for fights with such athletes. It includes the search and development in training of the most effective real and preparatory means, as well as certain options for behavior in battles, which will result in the preparation of plans for single combat.

The work done in preparation for martial arts with well-known athletes is only the basis for building a combat model. Then, thanks to observations of opponents, the use of reconnaissance actions in the course of duels, and comprehension of the results of each action, details are clarified (if necessary), they are changed, they are chosen and implemented in subsequent attacks, counter attacks, defenses, responses, methods of preparation.

On the other hand, in the fight against little-known fighters, when meeting after long breaks, in a match with a previously unknown fencer, the level of tactical perception of the fighter, the ability to quickly and accurately implement the most expedient intentions and actions, observations, intelligence data are of decisive importance.

In such cases, the level of "sense of battle", endurance, the fencer's ability to take reasonable risks, technical and tactical equipment, and combat experience will play their role.

Training work aimed at increasing tactical knowledge and the level of specialized skills, mastering ways to counter opponents with different fighting manners, accumulating combat experience, prepares athletes to fight in unexpected conditions, single combat, with any opponent.

Directions of tactical training

Based on the analysis of fencers' combat activity, it is possible to determine the most important areas of tactical training, which are of independent importance in the process of improving athletes of any qualification. Each of the directions contains extensive material of various levels of complexity and value.

In the selection of means and methods of tactical training for each of the students, the features of sportsmanship coach - his doctrine, sports and coaching experience, methodological and tactical level, and much more that makes up the coaching doctrine.

Based on the generalization of the experience of working with fencers of various qualifications, it is possible to single out the main directions of tactical training.

Acquisition of tactical knowledge. Enriching a fencer with special knowledge, accumulating tactical information should combine the tasks of expanding the amount of information that an athlete may need in preparing or conducting martial arts, and deepening them. The educational growth of a fencer must go on constantly, throughout his sporting life. Therefore, the material must correspond to the abilities of students in its assimilation and be built taking into account their mental make-up and tactical manner.

The most important sections of tactical information:

rules of conduct of fights and refereeing;

features of combat, their specificity for a given type of weapon, the comparative effectiveness of types of attacks, counter attacks, defenses and responses, typical options for preparations, combat;

generalized conclusions from combat experience - tactical advice, typical, most rational options for combat behavior, tactical intentions and actions;

variants of individual manifestations in technique, tactics, physical and volitional qualities;

information about opponents, competitions, conclusions about instructive cases from their own combat practice.

Mastering the tactical essence of attack and defense actions.

Sections of preparation:

mastering the most important tactical tasks for the application of actions;

expansion of the range of combat means used;

expansion of the scope of means of attack and defense for use in certain combat situations.

Mastering the tactical essence of preparatory actions. Sections of preparation:

mastering the most important tactical tasks based on the use of preparatory actions;

expanding the range of training tools used;

expanding the scope of training equipment for use in certain combat situations.

Rational selection of means of attack and defense, preparing actions. In most cases, it is more expedient to master several actions of different tactical essence than to have a range of means of one tactical variety. Thus, it is better to have an attack, defense-response and counterattack in service than three options for counterattacks. Two variants of counterattacking actions in different sectors will more often be more effective than both in one sector, etc.

It is also important to select preparation actions so that they correspond to the greatest extent to the actual combat equipment and increase its effectiveness. In addition to the already mastered actions, it makes sense to select those that complement (strengthen) their use in battles, allow you to fight against counter-actions of opponents. For example, a fighter who successfully uses attacks with feints should also strive to master the means of fighting against counterattacks, since opponents will inevitably begin to counterattack over time.

Mastering the tactical essence of various combat situations includes the study of typical combat situations and how to fight in them, most effective ways behavior, a possible range of options for solving similar tactical tasks.

Sections of preparation:

fight against approaching opponents;

fight against retreating opponents;

fight against opponents using a variety of weapons training;

fighting against opponents fencing with lowered weapons;

fighting against opponents with a typical position of the combat stance.

Formation of tactical thinking includes the development of the ability of fencers to find a tactical essence in actions, intentions, states, combat behavior of oneself and opponents, the environment, factors arising from training and competition, and also take into account the laws of psychotactical combat, possible options for tactical deception. The level of development of tactical thinking is embodied in the choice of combat means, the construction of martial arts in battles and competitions.

Creation of a holistic view of fencing martial arts, own doctrine. A certain level of a holistic view of fencing martial arts and their own doctrine is inherent in fencers at every stage of their sports activities, regardless of qualifications. So if a rookie starts to save in a fight safe distance, retreat from enemy attacks (or use at least one of the options for defending with weapons) and, waiting for the right moment, tries to attack with only one of the methods of attack, then he is already a swordsman with his own (albeit elementary) doctrine, having and embodying his own idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcombat in actions .

The process of constant synthesizing of all mastered combat material and received special information goes on continuously throughout the fencer's sports life. Experts notice that internal growth, the course of fencing improvement continues, despite breaks in classes, sometimes even long ones.

The most noticeable changes in the ideas of fighters after participating in major tournaments, since competitive wrestling puts the skill of a fencer to the greatest test, allows each time to re-evaluate his preparedness, forces him to compare new information with existing knowledge.

A holistic view of one's own doctrine consists of very many components. The most important among them:

awareness of one's own combat equipment, the nature of the manifestations of an individual manner, the advantages and disadvantages of training, the ability to maximize manifestations;

understanding the relationship between actual combat assets, tactical deception options, preparatory actions;

understanding the nature of the combat initiative, the role of choosing and creating situations for solving tactical problems, the place and significance in battles of such tactical elements as surprise, maneuver, alternation of complementary actions, their depth, rhythm, tempo, etc.;

understanding the nature and expediency of restraint and reasonable risk, the characteristics of the manifestations of qualities and skills, the use of warm-up methods, the regulation of mental states, discipline, knowledge of combat behavior options;

awareness of the ability to withstand various opponents, familiar and unfamiliar;

an idea of ​​general and particular goals in a situation, battle, stage of struggle, competition, training cycle, the nature of actions leading to the desired results, the possibilities and reality of achieving these goals;

understanding of the psychotactic specifics of fencing martial arts.

It should be borne in mind that it is almost impossible to raise two swordsmen with exactly the same combat doctrine. This process for each athlete goes his own way, has deeply individual features.

Obviously, the more in each period a fighter's own ideas about the level and nature of his skill correspond to the actual equipment of attack and defense means, combat experience, the level of manifestations of the speed of motor reactions, volitional qualities, the more effective the competitive activity of the athlete, the higher his athletic performance.

Creating a fighting style that most effectively embodies the combat capabilities of a swordsman. The fighting style should reflect positive morphoconstitutional features, individual inclination in the manifestations of reactions, psychotactic activity, volitional qualities, as well as features of character, temperament, etc. It should also take into account the possible shortcomings of the athlete and find means to neutralize them. The swordsman's doctrine finds its most complete reflection in the fighting style.

Tactical training on certain types of weapons

Tactical training of fencers on all types of weapons has common theoretical and methodological foundations. Therefore, almost all of the above provisions have their own meaning in the battles with rapiers, swords, sabers. Only the meanings of specific means and tactical elements of martial arts, the level and range of manifestation of specialized psychophysical qualities, arising from the characteristics of the combat activity of fencers with each type of weapon, are profoundly different. In fact, combat activity, its arsenal and functional basis are formed depending on the conditions of combat, determined by the rules of the competition, as well as on many other factors that characterize the theoretical and methodological level of development of the type of fencing.

Fights with all types of weapons differ significantly in the scope and effectiveness of attack and defense actions, the composition of preparatory actions, the peculiarities of lane maneuvers, the duration of fights, typical distance norms, weapon positions, and many others.

The main features of the use of combat weapons:

in fencing with rapiers and swords, the basis of all types of attacks is conditioned actions;

in sword fights, counterattacks and shafts have significant amounts of use and high performance; in foil fencing, defenses and responses, counter-defenses and counter-responses are highly effective;

in fencing with rapiers and swords, the features of distances and interactions with weapons are pronounced, depending on the specific measure of the pace and the size of the affected surface, fixed in the rules of the competition;

saber fights are characterized by exceptionally high effectiveness of all types of attacks, especially attacks with choice and switching, deliberate and impromptu actions.

All this led to significant differences in assessing the significance of real and preparatory means, options for building fights, the importance of developing individual qualities in the formation of the combat arsenal of athletes using each type of weapon.

The tactical training of fencers should optimally combine the tasks of both improving specialized skills corresponding to the martial arts model for each type of weapon, and identifying the individual characteristics of athletes in order to most fully embody their abilities, the manifestation of mental and physical qualities.

The sequence of using tools and methods

Athletes receive the first tactical information already in the course of familiarization with the characteristics of fencing and the features of combat with the chosen type of weapon. Among the initial information are data on the possibility of inflicting injections (strikes) in various sectors of the affected surface, criteria for tactical rightness and advance, mutuality of defeat in case of simultaneous injections in sword fights, etc. It is obligatory to know that in a duel it is necessary to maintain a certain distance , sustained attention, etc.

The tactical training of fencers is initially aimed mainly at familiarizing with the tactical essence of the studied attacks, counter attacks, defenses and responses. As they master the techniques, they are given a tactical justification, the possibilities of their use as military operations in the simplest fights are revealed. At the stage of initial sports specialization, it is necessary to use exercises that require manifestations of sustained attention, the ability to observe and find the tactical essence in the gestures, movements and actions of opponents, and to use effective countermeasures. It is extremely important to get acquainted with the simplest methods of reconnaissance (false simple attacks and maneuvering) and the implementation of its data in deliberate combat battles, the study of the challenges of attack and counterattack with the aim of parrying in a certain sector, mastering the disguise of attacks, counterattacks, defenses (using the game of weapons and maneuvering) for their sudden application. The result of the work will be the emergence of an athlete's holistic view of fencing combat on the chosen type of weapon, his own combat doctrine.

When mastering a certain arsenal of combat means (usually simple actions), one should consistently expand the use of skirmishes with a focus on mastering the tactical essence of combat situations. The exercises used should set the task of choosing actions and sudden moments for their application, studying options for tactical deception based on the use of preparatory actions. The development of speed in making and implementing decisions is combined with the development of specialized skills based on the manifestations of motor reactions, which forms a "sense of combat".

As the swordsman accumulates combat experience, which allows him to counteract various opponents, the tasks are set to form his own "handwriting of a fighter", in which his advantages should be clearly expressed and his shortcomings hidden. The subsequent tactical improvement of athletes also has a pronounced individual focus. The efforts of the coach and the student are focused on achieving maximum athletic strength with accurate consideration of psychophysical characteristics, the level of assimilation of various sections of technique and tactics, etc.

Fencers, even those of equal strength, usually come to their sporting victories through the use of favorite fighting and means of tactical deception. The reason is that the specificity of fencing martial arts allows one and the same tactical task to be carried out using a whole range of combat actions. Therefore, each athlete, trying out various combat actions in training, includes in his arsenal only a part of them, those that most fully express individual characteristics, technical and tactical level. In addition, due to the difference in height and speed, technical and tactical readiness, the use of training means, two athletes in the same fight situation can make an equally effective, but different decision.

Observations of the strongest fencers allow us to conditionally identify two tactical types of martial arts.

Some fencers tend to outplay opponents mainly by precise choice of actions, anticipation of intentions and actions, extensive use of challenges, i.e., finding or creating a situation for the most simple and right way achieve victory in every battle. More precisely, the athlete takes on the organization of the fight, the initiative to build the fight. Conducting such fights requires swordsmen to master a wide repertoire of technical techniques and tactical actions, and excellent knowledge of opponents. Such athletes must have flexibility of ideas, accuracy of analysis, figurative memory.

Other swordsmen strive, despite the changeable conditions of the battle, to achieve victory by applying a certain range of favorite combat actions performed at moments unexpected for the enemy, technically accurately and as quickly as possible, which is why the enemy is late in counteractions. Such tactics make it possible to successfully conduct a battle using a limited combat arsenal (compared to the tactics described above), but it requires the most accurate technical execution of the actions used, speed of maneuvering and motor reactions, endurance, and an unmistakable choice of the moment for an attack.

Each type of tactical struggle has its own characteristics, positive and negative sides. By foreseeing or predetermining the intentions of opponents, it is easier to defeat a familiar opponent, to expend less strength on a weak swordsman, saving them for decisive final battles. Fights with unfamiliar swordsmen in this case are of great difficulty.

By destroying the plans of opponents, counteracting his active actions, it is easier to build battles with little-known opponents and act with less risk of losing. The destruction of plans has a great effect at the turning points of the battle, when each of the opponents has already launched part of his favorite tactical actions, as well as in conditions of a critical score (4:4), in which both fencers sharpen their attention to the maximum. However, the conduct of a "destructive" battle requires maximum tension, a large expense physical strength and nervous energy in meetings with any opponent.

The type of martial arts depends on the personality of the fencer, methods of tactical training. However, in any case, the basis of tactical improvement should be the education in the student of the desire for active actions, a variety of forms and tactical decisions. This is all the more important because there are no purely tactical types of martial arts in practice. Highly qualified athletes (albeit to varying degrees) have a relatively wide range of tactical means. Adherence to a certain type of martial art does not mean that the fencer must completely lock himself into a certain circle of tactical means. Favorite actions should become only the most formidable force in the fight against the backdrop of mastering a wide range of tactical actions. After all, the planned battle plan can be foreseen by the enemy, attempts to oppose one’s strongest sides to the enemy’s weakest sides may fail, a situation may arise in a duel that makes the athlete’s favorite actions ineffective.

An athlete must find and implement effective actions in each specific situation of martial arts, be flexible in decision-making, use a wide arsenal of actions. It is possible to master this only through tactical improvement of a wide profile, on the basis of which an active fighting style will gradually be formed, which most fully embodies the physical, technical, tactical and psychological advantages of an athlete.

Sep 30, 2015 Sep 18, 2017 by vaulter

The purpose of sports training

The goal is to achieve the highest possible level of technical-tactical, physical and mental fitness for a given individual, due to the specifics of the sport and the requirements for achieving the highest possible results in competitive activity.

The main tasks of sports training

• mastering the technique and tactics of the chosen sport;
• ensuring the necessary level of development of motor qualities, the capabilities of the functional systems of the body that carry the main load in this sport;
• education of proper moral and volitional qualities;
• ensuring the necessary level of special mental preparedness;
• acquisition of theoretical knowledge and practical experience necessary for successful training and competitive activities;
• complex improvement and manifestation in the competitive activity of various aspects of the preparedness of an athlete.

These tasks in the most general form determine the main aspects (directions) sports training having independent features: technical, tactical, physical, psychological and integral. From the content of each of these parties, specific training tasks follow.

In area technical improvement such tasks are: creating the necessary ideas about sports equipment, mastering the necessary skills and abilities, improving sports equipment by changing its dynamic and kinematic parameters, as well as mastering new techniques and elements, ensuring the variability of sports equipment, its adequacy to the conditions of competitive activity and the athlete's functional capabilities, ensuring the stability of the main characteristics of equipment to the action of confounding factors.

Tactical Improvement involves an analysis of the features of the upcoming competitions, the composition of rivals and the development of optimal tactics for the upcoming competitions. At the same time, it is necessary to constantly improve the most acceptable tactical schemes for a particular athlete, work out the best options in training conditions by modeling the features of the upcoming competitions, the functional state of the athlete, characteristic of competitive activity. It is also necessary to ensure the variability of tactical decisions depending on the situations that have arisen, to acquire special knowledge in the field of technology and tactics of sports.

In progress physical training an athlete needs to increase the level of capabilities of functional systems that provide high level general and special training, to develop motor qualities - strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, coordination abilities, as well as the ability to manifest physical qualities in the conditions of competitive activity, their "conjugate" improvement and manifestation.

In progress psychological preparation the moral-volitional qualities and special mental functions of an athlete, the ability to manage their mental state during training and competitive activities are brought up and improved.

A separate group of tasks is associated with integration, i.e., combining qualities, abilities, skills, accumulated knowledge and experience into a single whole, mainly related to various aspects of preparedness, which is achieved in the process integral training.

The division of the training process into relatively independent aspects (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, integral) streamlines ideas about the components of sportsmanship, allows to some extent to systematize the means and methods of their improvement, the system of control and management of the process of sports improvement.

At the same time, in training and, especially, competitive activity, none of these aspects is manifested in isolation; they are combined into a complex complex aimed at achieving the highest sports performance (Platonov, 1997). The degree of inclusion of various elements in such a complex, their interrelation and interaction are determined by the patterns of formation of functional systems (Anokhin, 1975), aimed at the final result, specific for each sport and component of training or competitive activity.

It should be borne in mind that each of the sides of preparedness depends on the degree of perfection of its other sides, is determined by them and determines their level. For example, the technical improvement of an athlete depends on the level of development of various motor qualities - strength, speed, flexibility, coordination abilities.

The level of manifestation of motor qualities, in particular endurance, is closely related to the efficiency of technology, the level of mental stability to overcome fatigue, the ability to implement a rational tactical scheme of competitive struggle in difficult conditions. On the other hand, tactical readiness is associated not only with the ability of an athlete to perceive and quickly process information, the ability to draw up a rational tactical plan and find effective ways solving motor problems depending on the current situation, but also determined by the level of technical skill, functional readiness, courage, determination, purposefulness, etc.

Arising in the process sports training tasks are specified in relation to homogeneous groups of athletes, teams, individual athletes, taking into account the stage of many years of training, type of training, level of sportsmanship, health status, preparedness and other reasons.

Means of sports training– various physical exercise directly or indirectly affecting the improvement of the skills of athletes. The composition of sports training means is formed taking into account the characteristics of a particular sport, which is the subject of sports specialization.

Physical exercise

Means of sports training - physical exercise- can be conditional divided into four groups: general preparatory, auxiliary, special preparatory, competitive.

To general preparatory include exercises that serve the comprehensive functional development of the athlete's body. They can both correspond to the features of the chosen sport, and be in a certain contradiction with them (when solving the problems of comprehensive and harmonious physical education).

Auxiliary(semi-special) exercises involve motor actions that create a special foundation for further improvement in a particular sports activity.

Special preparatory exercises occupy a central place in the training system of qualified athletes and cover a range of means, including elements of competitive activity and actions close to them in form, structure, as well as in the nature of the manifested qualities and the activity of the functional systems of the body.

Competitive exercises involve the implementation of a set of motor actions that are the subject of sports specialization, in accordance with the existing rules of the competition. Competitive exercises are characterized by a number of features. Firstly, when they are carried out, high and record results are achieved; the limiting level of the athlete's adaptive capabilities is determined, which he achieves as a result of the use of general preparatory, auxiliary and special preparatory exercises in his training. Secondly, competitive exercises themselves can be considered as the most convenient and objective visual models of an athlete's reserve capabilities (Laputin, 1986).

Means of sports training are also divided according to the direction of impact. It is possible to allocate funds that are mainly associated with the improvement of various aspects of readiness - technical, tactical, etc., as well as aimed at developing various motor qualities, increasing the functional capabilities of individual organs and body systems.

Sports training methods

Under the methods of sports training, one should understand the methods of work of a coach and an athlete, with the help of which the mastery of knowledge, skills and abilities is achieved, the necessary qualities are developed, and a worldview is formed.

For practical purposes, all methods are conditionally divided into three groups:

• verbal;
• visual;
• practical.

In the process of sports training, all these methods are used in various combinations. Each method is not used in a standard way, but is constantly adapted to specific requirements due to the characteristics of sports training. When choosing methods, one should ensure that they strictly comply with the tasks set, general didactic principles, as well as special principles of sports training, age and gender characteristics of athletes, their qualifications and preparedness. In sports, where a special place is given to communication with practice, and also due to the specific features of sports activities, the main role is given to practical methods.

To verbal methods used in sports training include storytelling, explanation, lecture, conversation, analysis and discussion. These forms are most often used in a laconic form, especially in the preparation of qualified athletes, which is facilitated by special terminology, a combination of verbal and visual methods. Efficiency training process largely depends on the skillful use of instructions and commands, comments, verbal assessments and explanations.

Visual Methods, used in sports practice, are diverse and largely determine the effectiveness of the training process. First of all, they should include the methodologically correct demonstration of individual exercises and their elements, which is usually carried out by a coach or a qualified athlete.

In sports practice, auxiliary means of demonstration are widely used - educational films, videos, layouts of playgrounds and fields for demonstrating tactical schemes, electronic games. Orientation methods are also widely used. Here one should distinguish both the simplest landmarks that limit the direction of movement, the distance covered, etc., and more complex ones - light, sound and mechanical leading devices, including those with program control and feedback. These devices allow the athlete to obtain information about the tempo-rhythmic, spatial and dynamic characteristics of movements, and sometimes provide not only information about the movements and their results, but also forced correction.

Practical exercise methods:

1) methods, mainly aimed at the development of sports equipment, i.e., on the formation of motor skills and abilities characteristic of the chosen sport;

2) methods, mainly aimed at the development of motor qualities.

It should be taken into account that the development of sports equipment almost always involves the simultaneous mastery of the tactics of applying techniques and actions in competitive conditions. This is especially true for martial arts, sports games, cycling, skiing in which the mastery of one or another technique (for example, a technique in wrestling or basketball) necessarily involves the study of the tactics of applying this technique in a competitive environment.

Wide arsenal and variety physical activity, characteristic of the second group of methods, develop not only physical qualities but also improve technical and tactical skills, mental qualities. Both groups of methods are closely interrelated, are used in inseparable unity and together provide an effective solution to the problems of sports training.

Methods aimed primarily at the development of sports equipment

It is necessary to highlight the methods of learning the exercise as a whole and in parts. Learning the movement as a whole is carried out when mastering relatively simple exercises, as well as complex movements, the division of which into parts is impossible. However, when mastering a holistic movement, the attention of those involved is consistently focused on the rational implementation of individual elements of a holistic motor act.

When learning more or less complex movements that can be divided into relatively independent parts, the development of sports equipment is carried out in parts. In the future, the integral implementation of motor actions will lead to the integration into a single whole of the previously mastered components of a complex exercise.

When using the methods of mastering movements, both in general and in parts, a large role is given to leading and imitation exercises. Lead-up exercises serve to facilitate the mastering of sports techniques through the systematic mastering of simpler motor actions that ensure the implementation of the main movement. This is due to the related coordination structure of the leading and basic exercises. So, in the training of a runner, running with a high raising of the hip, running with shin whipping, mincing running, jumping running, etc. are used as lead-up exercises.

Each of these exercises is leading to running and contributes to a more effective development of its individual elements: effective repulsion, high hip extension, reduction of support time, improvement of coordination in the activity of antagonist muscles, etc.

In simulation exercises, the general structure of the main exercises is preserved, however, when they are performed, conditions are provided that facilitate the mastery of motor actions. As simulation exercises, pedaling on a bicycle ergometer can be used - for cyclists, imitation of swimming movements - for swimmers, work on a rowing machine - for rowers, etc. Imitation exercises are very widely used to improve the technical skills of both beginners and athletes of various qualifications. . They not only allow you to create an idea of ​​the technique sports exercise and facilitate the process of its assimilation, contribute to setting up the optimal coordination structure of movements immediately before the competition, but also provide effective coordination between motor and vegetative functions, increase the efficiency of the functional potential realization in a competitive exercise (Dyachkov, 1972; Shapkova, 1982).

The effectiveness of methods aimed at mastering sports techniques depends to a decisive extent on the number, complexity and combination of the exercises used. When mastering movements, especially complex ones in terms of coordination, it is very important to choose a set of exercises united by a common program, starting points, preparatory and basic actions, and differing only in coordination complexity. At the same time, the development of each complex technique requires the presence of a large number of exercises of varying complexity, linked into a single didactic chain. In the case of a rational selection and distribution of exercises in this chain, it is possible to ensure a systematic process of mastering sports equipment with a wide use of the possibilities of positive transfer of motor skills, in which the development of a new exercise is based on a wide foundation of prerequisite skills and abilities (Gaverdovsky, 1991, Matveev, 2001).

The effectiveness of teaching methods is directly related to the selection of exercises based on their structural relationships and their corresponding medical techniques. As the main techniques developed on the material of one of the most technically complex sports - gymnastics, the following are recommended:

• inclusion - the introduction of a previously well-mastered movement into a new, motor action;
• extrapolation - the complication of movement by quantitatively increasing the feature already included in the movement;
• interpolation - mastering a new exercise on the basis of already mastered easier and more difficult exercises, when the formation of a skill intermediate in complexity is required.

Methods aimed primarily at the development of motor qualities

The most important indicators that determine the structure of practical methods of training is whether the exercise in the process of a single use this method continuous or given at intervals for rest, performed in a uniform (standard) or variable (variable) mode.

In the process of sports training, exercises are used within the framework of two main methods - continuous and interval.

continuous method characterized by a single continuous performance of training work; interval - provides for the implementation of exercises with regulated rest pauses. When using both methods, exercises can be performed both in uniform and in variable modes. Depending on the selection of exercises and the peculiarities of their application, training can be of a generalized (integral) and selective (primary) character.

With a generalized impact, a parallel (complex) improvement of various qualities is carried out, which determine the level of preparedness of an athlete, and with a selective one - the predominant development of individual qualities.

With a uniform mode of using any of the methods, the intensity of work is constant, with a variable - varying. The intensity of work from exercise to exercise can increase (progressive variant) or change repeatedly (variable variant).

Continuous training method, used in conditions of uniform work, it is mainly used to increase aerobic capacity, develop special endurance for work of medium and long duration. Examples include rowing at distances of 5,000 and 10,000 m at a constant speed at a heart rate of 145-160 bpm -1, running at distances of 10,000 and 20,000 m at the same heart rate. These exercises will help to increase the aerobic productivity of athletes, develop their endurance for long-term work, and increase its efficiency.

The possibilities of the continuous method of training in conditions of variable work are much more diverse. Depending on the duration of the parts of the exercise performed with greater or lesser intensity, the features of their combination, the intensity of work when performing individual parts, it is possible to achieve a predominant effect on the athlete's body in the direction of increasing speed capabilities, developing various types of endurance, improving private abilities that determine the level of sports achievements V various types sports.

In the case of using a varying variant, parts of the exercise performed at different intensities or with different intensities and varying durations can alternate. For example, when skating a distance of 8000 m (20 laps of 400 m), one lap is run with a result of 45 s, the next one is free, at an arbitrary speed. Such work will contribute to the development of special endurance, the formation of competitive technique, and an increase in aerobic-anaerobic capabilities.

The progressive variant is associated with an increase in the intensity of work as the exercise is performed, and the descending variant is associated with its decrease. So, swimming a distance of 500 m (the first hundred-meter segment, which swims in 64 seconds, and each subsequent one - 2 seconds faster, i.e., in 62, 60, 58 and 56 seconds) is an example of a progressive option; skiing 20 km (4 laps of 5 km) with results of 20, 21, 22 and 23 minutes respectively - an example of a downward variant.

interval training method, which implies uniform performance of work, is widely used in the practice of sports training. Performing a series of exercises of the same duration with a constant intensity and strictly regulated pauses is typical for this method. Examples include typical series aimed at developing special endurance: 10 x 400 m - in running and skating, 10 x 1000 m - in rowing, etc. An example of a varying variant can serve as a series for developing sprint qualities in running: Zx 60 m s maximum speed, rest - 3-5 minutes; 30 m from the move at maximum speed, slow run - 200 m.

An example of a progressive variant is complexes that involve successive passage of segments of increasing length (running a series of 400 m + 800 m + 1200 m + 1600 m 4-2000 m) or a stable length with increasing speed (swimming a distance of 200 m 6 times with results of 2 min 14 s, 2.12, 2.10, 2.08, 2.06, 2.04). The descending variant assumes the opposite combination: sequential performance of exercises of decreasing length or performance of exercises of the same duration with a gradual decrease in their intensity.

In one complex, progressive and descending variants can also be combined. As an example, a complex widely used for the development of special endurance in swimming at a distance of 1500 m can be presented: 600 m, rest 30-40 s; 400 m, rest 20-30 s; 200 m, rest 15 s; 100 m, rest 10 s; 50 m, rest 5 s; 50 m (speed 85-90% of the maximum available on the corresponding section). In this case, from one repetition to another, the swimming speed steadily increases and the length of the segments decreases.

Performing exercises using the interval method can be continuous (for example, 10x800 m - in running, 6 x 5 km - in skiing, etc.) or serial 6 x (4 x 50 m) - in swimming, etc.

As independent practical methods, it is also customary to single out gaming and competitive methods. game method provides for the performance of motor actions in the conditions of the game, within the limits of its characteristic rules, the arsenal of technical and tactical techniques and situations. The use of the game method provides a high emotionality of classes and is associated with solving problems in constantly changing situations, effectively in the presence of a variety of technical and tactical and psychological tasks that arise during the game. These features of game activity require initiative, courage, perseverance and independence from those involved, the ability to manage their emotions and subordinate personal interests to the interests of the team, the manifestation of high coordination abilities, quick response, quick thinking, the use of original and unexpected technical and tactical solutions for opponents. All this predetermines the effectiveness of the game method for solving problems related to various aspects of the athlete's training. However, the effectiveness of the game method is not limited to solving problems related to increasing the level of preparedness of athletes. Equally important is its role as a means active rest, switching involved in a different kind motor activity in order to accelerate and increase the efficiency of adaptation and recovery processes, maintain the previously achieved level of preparedness.

Competitive Method involves a specially organized competitive activity, which in this case acts as the best way to increase the effectiveness of the training process. The use of this method is associated with exceptionally high requirements for the technical-tactical, physical and psychological capabilities of an athlete, causes profound changes in the activity of the most important systems of the body and thereby stimulates adaptation processes, provides an integral improvement of various aspects of the athlete's preparedness.

When using the competitive method, the conditions for conducting competitions should be widely varied in order to bring them as close as possible to the requirements that are most conducive to solving the tasks set. Competitions can be held in difficult or light conditions in relation to those that are typical for official competitions.

Examples of complicating competition conditions include the following:

• holding a competition in the middle mountains, in a hot climate, under bad weather conditions;
• competitions in sports games on fields and grounds of a smaller size, with a larger number of players in the opposing team;
• conducting a series of bouts (in wrestling) or fights (in boxing) with relatively short pauses against several opponents;
• competitions in games and martial arts with "uncomfortable" opponents who use unusual technical and tactical schemes of wrestling;
• the use of weighted projectiles during the competition (in hammer throwing, shot put), restrictions on respiratory cycles in cyclic types sports.

Facilitation of the conditions of the competition can be provided:

• planning competitions at shorter distances in cyclical events, reducing the duration of fights, fights - in martial arts;
• simplification of the competitive program - in complex coordination types;
• the use of lightweight projectiles - in throwing, a decrease in the height of the net - in volleyball, the mass of balls - in water polo and football;
• the use of a “handicap”, in which a weaker participant is given a certain advantage - he starts a little earlier - in cyclical events, gains an advantage in abandoned pucks or balls - in sports games, etc.

The material is taken from the book by V.N. Platonov "The system of training athletes in Olympic sports"