Sports are not included. Team sports

Sports games are a kind of outdoor games, a kind of sport. Sports games are diverse in content and effects on the body. As a physical exercise, they have a number of features. The continuous change of game positions during the game forces the participants to immediately respond to the actions of opponents and partners, making the necessary, often new, movements. Thanks to this, sports games, more than other physical exercises in which the sequence of movements is predetermined (as in gymnastics) or they are mostly repeated (running, etc.), develop such valuable qualities as resourcefulness, determination, the ability to quickly navigate in unexpected situations. environment. The need to comply with the established rules instills discipline in the players; playing in a team also brings up the ability to act in a team, a sense of mutual assistance. A variety of variations and combinations of movements and techniques contribute to the development of muscle strength, motor response (speed), coordination of movements (dexterity). All sports games to some extent develop the eye, increase the sensitivity of the motor and functional stability of the vestibular analyzer. Strengthened muscle activity during sports games improves the regulatory activity of the nervous system and increases the functionality of the respiratory system, blood circulation, improves metabolism, and increases the overall endurance of the body.

The degree of impact on the body of sports games depends mainly on the volume and nature of the muscular work performed during the game. The more varied and complex the game techniques, the more movements in it associated with intense muscular work (fast running, jumping, power struggle, etc.), as well as the more and faster the players move on the court, the stronger this game affects the body and the more valuable it is for versatile physical development. Any game in terms of a variety of techniques, pace, physiological load for experienced and novice players is different. However, regardless of this, each game always retains its inherent features of the impact on the body. This determines the possibility and expediency of using individual sports games among people of different sex, age and health status.

In this regard, all the most popular sports games can be divided into 3 groups.

The first group - badminton, volleyball, table tennis. These games are characterized by a relative variety of movements (hitting the ball, jumping, etc.), which contributes to the development of motor reactions and coordination of movements. However, the limited movement of players on the court, especially beginners, reduces the importance of these games for physical development (in particular, physical endurance). On the other hand, a small physical load and the simplicity of the initial techniques make these games widely accessible to people of both sexes, different in age and physical fitness.

For medical reasons, these games are also used in (see). Tennis also belongs to this group of sports games. Due to the wide variety of movements and mobility, the value of this game for physical development is incomparably greater. Despite the relative complexity of the initial techniques of the game, tennis, due to the possibility of dosing the load, is available to men and women, including the elderly. Teaching children these games can be started from 8-9 years old.

The second group - basketball, handball (handball) - differs from the previous one in a large variety and intensity of movements (fast running, jumping, catching and throwing the ball in different positions, etc.), frequent and quick changes in the game environment, and fast movement of players around the court. All this determines the versatile - speed, agility, strength, as well as physical endurance. The games of this group are available to both men and women not older than 40 years, since the abundance of speed and power movements, fast pace and mobility create a high physical load. Teaching teenagers the technique of the game can be started from 9-10 years old, training - from 11-12 years old.

The third group is men's sports games, among which the most common are football and ice hockey. The peculiarity of these games is the predominance of speed-strength movements in them.

The whole complex of techniques and movements is also much more diverse and more complicated: running (in hockey - on) with frequent and sharp changes in pace and direction, various techniques for dribbling the ball or puck and hitting them, techniques for fighting for the ball, permitted by the rules of the game, etc. More than the games of other groups, these games develop skeletal muscle and muscle strength, as well as general physical endurance. Along with a positive impact on physical development, football and hockey are more conducive to the development of strong-willed qualities (courage, determination, etc.). The general nature of the games, a lot of physical activity make them accessible only to young men (up to 36-38 years old). It is advisable to start teaching teenagers how to play the game no earlier than at 10-11 years old, training - from 12 years old (with a reduced load). The same group of sports games includes rugby, which is similar in its effect on the body to football, and water polo, the physical load and effect on the body of which are great due to the rapid movement of players in the water.

Sports games occupy a prominent place among the main means of physical education. The beneficial effect of positive sports games on the state of the nervous system determines the great value of non-fatiguing sports games as a means of active recreation.

At systematic training and competitions on sports games medical control is necessary (see). In the training of adolescents, especially those involved in the games of the 3rd group, general physical fitness is of great importance. In the medical control of sports games, special attention is paid to the prevention of injuries, especially in games in which power struggle techniques are allowed (football, hockey). This requires strict observance of the rules of the game and discipline among the players, the prevention of rough and dangerous games, the use of protective devices (shields in football, helmets, bibs in hockey, etc.). See also .

Experienced athletes and coaches know how important physical activity is for adults, children and teenagers. The ability to play, move for pleasure and compete is essential for growth and development, keeping the body in good physical shape. Sports games for children are the greatest gift that adults can give to children. While playing, the child improves health, develops coordination, learns to act in a team and receives a lot of positive emotions. It is especially useful to play together - children, parents and teachers. This is the best way to create friendly and trusting relationships.

Varieties of sports games

Playing sports have been around since time immemorial. On the frescoes of the Egyptian pyramids and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, on the vases of ancient Greece and the wall paintings of ancient Crete, many figures are depicted engaged in outdoor games. Every nation has national sports entertainment. There are universal games popular in all countries of the world.

Any sports game is characterized by:

• The presence of rules;
• Interaction with partners;
• competitiveness;
• Physical activity;
• Ease of content;
• Strong emotional impact.

All gaming activities in sports can be divided into several groups. This:

• Games are paired with a small variety of movements;
• Team activities with a wide variety of movements;
• Team games with great physical activity;
• Military sports games;
• Mind games.

Types of the first group - table tennis, badminton, etc. Teams are football, basketball, volleyball. Hockey and rugby require increased workload. Examples of military sports games are paintball, laser tag. Intellectual games - chess, checkers.

In different cities, regions and countries, multi-level competitions in team sports are held.

Benefits of sports games

Sports and outdoor games are useful for people of any age. Physical activity, coupled with competition and passion, gives incomparable pleasure. Adults up to advanced years feel cheerful and young if they play tennis, golf, badminton. Playing physical activity gives children additional incentives for growth and development.

Playing sports is important for improvement:

• Movements (walking, running, throwing, catching, balancing);
• Fine motor skills (fine movements when eating, drawing, writing, dressing);
• Speech and communication;
• Thinking skills (learning, understanding. Problem solving, reasoning, memorization, reading, counting);
• Social and emotional interaction (family, friends, teachers).

Vigorous physical activity is essential for normal bone growth. Normal motor load on the skeleton helps to keep the bones strong, durable, resistant to pressure, shock absorption. Activity helps bones and muscles develop proportionately and efficiently. Games help to avoid the phenomenon of overtraining, which is often present in non-playing sports due to excessive stress during training.

Participation in team sports helps a person from childhood and throughout life to maintain the correct proportions of the body.

Sport allows you to prevent the accumulation of excess fat, strengthen muscles, strengthen ligaments.

Outdoor games develop sensory perception, namely: speed of reaction, orientation in space, peripheral vision, hearing, touch.

Many motor skills improve when a person plays. Running, jumping on one and two legs, throwing, fast walking, turns are worked out much better than in everyday life. There are no differences in age and gender in play activities. Boys and girls, young and old, all become equal. This is the advantage of the game.

Skills of mental activity - speech, memory, communication, concentration of attention also improve during sports activities. Fast, requiring instant reaction and calculation, the game sharpens all the senses, makes the brain work at an accelerated pace.

Participating in sports activities is a great way to expand social connections for adults and shape social behavior for children. Sports team games encourage a person to feel like a member of the community, teach him to empathize, help, compete.

Rules of sports games

Sports games are competitions in the form of a game, based on certain techniques and tactics. The fight can take place between two partners or two teams. In many games, a goal is defined - a goal, a ball, a shuttlecock, a playground. Each competition has a set of rules. Without knowing them, it is difficult not only to participate, but also to observe the course of the competition. There are general rules for all sports activities. This:

• safe behavior;
• Fair wrestling;
• Compliance with the rules of the game;
• Teammate support;
• Respect for rivals;
• Anti-doping.

The popularity of different sports is not the same. Statistics collected in 200 countries around the world show the following:

Percentage of popularity, sports games: football - 8.4%.

Basketball - 5.7%.

Volleyball - 5.4%.

One of the oldest sports. It is traditionally believed that football was invented in England in the Middle Ages. But the Chinese chronicles of the 3rd-2nd centuries BC describe the "competition of Tsu Chu". Its meaning was to kick a leather ball stuffed with feathers and hair into a net stretched on a bamboo base. Approximate descriptions are found in ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek authors. Consequently, the British did not invent football, but only developed and popularized it. The rules of this sport have changed over time.

The main principles of football:

The game is played by two teams of 11 players each. The goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal. Footballers direct the ball only with their feet and head, it is forbidden to use their hands. The team that manages to score the ball more times wins.

Here are the roles:

• Goalkeeper;
• 4 defenders;
• 3 midfielders;
• 3 attackers.

Equipment: ball, two goals with a net. All players are advised to wear spiked boots and shin guards. Typically, each team has uniforms of the same color. The goalkeeper's clothing is different in color, this player must have special gloves.

Football attracts a huge number of both adults and children, because it is a very passionate, emotional sport. The result remains intriguing until the last moment. Football, unlike hockey, can be played by anyone.

Listing popular sports games, basketball is called the second after football. Unlike football, the origin of this game is known for sure. Basketball was invented by an American doctor, coach and priest - James Naismith. The basis of the new sport was the school entertainment “duck on the rock”. The very first basketball game in 1891 featured peach baskets and a soccer ball. The game was liked by the general public and soon spread throughout the world. Naismith's original rules have evolved since then.

But the main principles remain the same:

• Two teams of 12 people participate;
• From 3 to 5 people can play on the court at the same time;
• Players must shoot the ball into the opponent's basket, and not allow the balls to be thrown into their own basket;
• All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands;
• You cannot hit the ball with your fist;
• The ball is moved only by hitting it on the floor.

Basketball is played outdoors and in gyms. It is popular because of its gambling, swiftness and external aesthetics. Professional basketball players are tall, slender, long-legged. Everyone wants to be like them. Moreover, women can also play basketball.

This sport, like basketball, was also artificially invented in the USA. Christian Association coach William Morgan came up with an original mix of basketball, tennis, handball and baseball. In 1895, the first game took place, at which the modern name was invented. For volleyball you need a platform with a net stretched across. The net is placed at a height of 2.43 m and 2.25 m for men and women, respectively. In teams of 5 people. Players change places as the ball is served. The goal of the game is to land the ball in the territory of the opposing team. Volleyball players use only their hands. It is forbidden to touch the mesh with your hands. No more than five parties are played up to 25 points each.

Children and adults all over the world love volleyball as it develops reactions, gives a feeling of friendship and team support. Characterizing various sports games, volleyball can be called the most democratic. This sport is available everywhere - in the yard, on the beach. Anyone can play, no special training is needed.

Sports games with a ball

Ball games, as seen in the example of football, basketball and volleyball described above, are the most dynamic and popular. Balls were invented at the dawn of human civilization. Many national sports and yard children's games use large, small, leather, rag, wooden, and alabaster balls. Modern sports games with a ball are mainly team games.

Actions with the ball can be varied:

• Hitting a ball into a goal (football, polo, basketball, handball).
• Hitting the ball with a special tool - a racket, a bat (bast shoes, baseball, etc.).
• Throwing the ball over an obstacle (volleyball, tennis).
• Non-team games with hitting the target (bowling, billiards).

There are many exciting ball games for children that are common in backyards, camps, and also in physical education classes. For example:

• Potato. Players standing in a circle throw the ball to each other as quickly as possible. Anyone who did not have time to catch or hit the ball sits in the center of the circle. He can get out of there if he has time to intercept or hit the ball from another player.
• Bouncers. Two lines are drawn on the ground at a distance of 5 meters from each other. Players stand between the lines, on which two bouncers occupy positions. The bouncers take turns throwing the ball towards each other, trying to hit the players with the ball. If the ball does not touch anyone, it is caught by the opponent's bouncer, and the players must run back. When the last player is eliminated, the first eliminated take the place of the dodgers.

Military sports games

In our time, military sports games have become widespread, involving the inclusion of elements of combat tactics. Weapons are used here, army methods of moving around the playing space are used. Teams are formed according to the military principle: squad, platoon, etc. The scope of action is close to the usual for conducting real hostilities - a field, a forest. Teams can conduct defense, attack, reconnaissance. Military sports strategy involves the interaction of team members, creates a situation of combat. The group that hits all members of the opposing team wins.

The most famous games in our time are:

Paintball. Rival teams shoot paintballs at each other with air guns. The balls break on a live target and "mark" the achievement of the goal.

Hardball. This competition uses pneumatic recreational weapons with a bullet speed of 180 meters per second

Laser tag. As a weapon, a laser emitter is used that affects sensory sensors.

Airsoft. Weapons - pneumatics and electro-pneumatics with plastic balls (caliber - 6 mm).

Olympic Games: Sports

Many of the games listed are featured in the Summer and Winter Olympics. The list expands every year. In recent years, Olympic sports have been considered:

• badminton;
• basketball;
• water polo;
• volleyball;
• Beach volleyball;
• handball;
• table tennis;
• tennis;
• football;
• field hockey.

• curling;

Many games are not included in the official program of the Olympics, although they are not inferior in popularity to Olympic sports.

• Rugby;
• Golf;
• Billiards;
• Darts;
• Squash.

Yard outdoor games

These days, many children and teenagers are addicted to computer games. This addictive hobby can perfectly develop fantasy, thinking and determination, but it sharply reduces physical activity and negates sociability. Parents of modern teenagers remember the wonderful children's sports games that they played for hours at summer camps, school sports sections and just in the yards.

• Russian lapta;
• Ali Baba;
• Break chains;
• Aram-shim-shim;
• Santiki-wrappers-limpompo.

Parents, camp counselors and physical education teachers must necessarily involve children and adolescents in active physical activity. Joint play fosters friendship and mutual assistance, aims for victory, develops the habit of active leisure and improves health.

I. Test items

Tasks in a closed form, i.e. with suggested answers.

1. The first post-war Olympic Games after the First World War were held in the city…

• a) London
• b) Paris;
• c) Amsterdam;
• d) Antwerp.

1. What sport was not included in the program of the 1st modern Olympic Games?

• a) cycling
• b) athletics;
• c) shooting;
• d) equestrian sport.

1. Russian athletes took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in…

• a) 1900;
• b) 1904;
• c) 1908;
• d) 1912

1. Which figure in the international Olympic movement has led the International Olympic Committee for the longest time?

• a) Juan Antonio Samaranch;
• b) Pierre de Coubertin;
• c) Avery Brundage;
• d) Siegfried Edström.

1. What is the hallmark of sports?

• a) performance in competitions;
• b) classes in a fitness club;
• c) performing physical exercises;
• d) increasing the level of physical development.

1. How many exercises traditionally include morning exercises?

• a) 2–3;
• b) 10–12;
• c) 20–25;
• d) no restrictions.

1. What procedures are classified as hardening?

• a) taking a shower after class;
• b) all procedures related to cold exposure;
• c) all procedures related to thermal exposure;
• d) all procedures during which the body adapts to environmental influences.

1. Which sport is considered cyclical?

• a) cycling
• b) freestyle wrestling;
• c) judo;
• d) luge.

1. Which of the sports is classified as an individual game?

• a) volleyball
• b) table tennis;
• c) floorball;
• d) curling.

1. When is motivation formed?

• a) when performing physical exercises;
• b) before performing physical exercise;
• c) after physical exercise;
• d) is formed separately from the process of physical education.

1. What is the normal resting heart rate?

• a) 40-50 beats per minute;
• b) 60-70 beats per minute;
• c) 90-100 beats per minute;
• d) 100-110 beats per minute.

1. In which sport is there no dribbling technique?

• a) football
• b) handball;
• c) volleyball;
• d) floorball.

1. What styles of swimming are used when transporting casualties?

• a) applied;
• b) sports;
• c) health;
• d) all of the above.

1. What problem does physical education solve?

• a) raising the mood;
• b) education of physical qualities;
• c) movement training;
• d) removal of the first signs of fatigue.

1. What indicators should the heart rate correspond to when performing cyclic exercises to develop general endurance?

• a) 90-100 beats per minute;
• b) 110-120 beats per minute;
• c) 140-150 beats per minute;
• d) 170-180 beats per minute.

II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without suggested answers

1. The USSR national team competed at the Olympic Games for the first time in ___________.
2. The first Olympic Games were held in Asia in ___________.
3. The data of the heart rate during exercise is an indicator of ____________.
4. What physical quality provides the level of performance? ___________.
5. What mandatory test exercises are performed at the fifth stage of the VFSK TRP? _________.

1. Establish a correspondence between sports discipline and distance.

1. Match the sport with the game time.

1. Establish a correspondence between the physical qualities of a person and motor actions.

1. Establish a correspondence between the nature of the work and the number of muscle groups involved in the work.

1. Match the city with the year of the Olympic Games.

Year	City
1. 1896	A) Moscow
2. 1920	B) Antwerp
3. 1980	B) Turin
4. 1998	D) Athens
	D) Nagano

Answers

I. Test items

question number	Correct answer
	"A"	"b"	"V"	"G"
1				G
2				G
3			V
4		b
5	A
6		b
7				G
8	A
9		b
10		b
11		b
12			V
13	A
14				G
15			V

II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without the proposed answers.

1. 1952;
2. 1964;
3. load or load intensity;
4. endurance;
5. run 100 m; pulling up on the crossbar or bending and unbending the arms in a lying position (push-ups); run 2000 m (girls), 3000 m (boys); lean forward from a standing position.

III. Tasks for correlating concepts and definitions (tasks for compliance).

21	1 - G 2 – D 3 - A 4 – B 5 - IN
22	1 - G 2 - A 3 – B 4 – D 5 - IN
23	1 - IN 2 – D 3 - A 4 – B 5 - G
24	1 - A 2 - IN 3 – B
25	1 - G 2 – B 3 - A 4 – D

Handball literally translates as "hand and ball." It is a team sport with a ball. All games are played on the parquet floor in special indoor halls. Handball appeared as a game at the very beginning of the 20th century, when players of other sports were looking for something to do in the off-season so as not to lose their sports form. At that time, Danish football players decided to play with their hands as a change, however, due to the fact that there was much less space in the hall than on the football field, the number of field players was reduced to 6 people, and the goalkeeper was the seventh. As for the ball, it was similar to a volleyball, but slightly smaller in size, so that it was more convenient to hold it in your hands.

But the real date of the birth of handball can be safely considered 1898, when the official handball discipline was introduced in Denmark for women. Similar games existed for a long time, where everything came down to the elementary throwing of the ball in motion. But the creation of clear rules was carried out directly in Denmark. In order to form the rules, some aspects from basketball were taken, for example, the size of the court, the time the opponent was in someone else's court, as well as the "three seconds" rule. All these nuances added noticeable dynamics and entertainment to the game.

For quite a long time, until the Second World War, there were two types of handball at once - summer and winter. In the summer form, 11 players in each team took part at once, who competed in the open air. In winter, handball was played on the parquet by teams 7x7. Since 1954, the winter game has been recognized as the only one in which many international competitions have been held. In the same year, the first world championship was held in Sweden among men. Handball world championships began to be held by analogy with football once every 4 years. In 1972, men's handball was recognized as an Olympic sport, and the first Olympic champions were the players of the Yugoslav national team. Four years later, in 1976, women's handball teams made their debut at the Olympics. It is worth noting that the handball team of the Soviet Union became the Olympic champion twice in a row. This happened in 1976 and 1980. Among other things, the European Championships are held on an ongoing basis. Especially popular is the European Champions Cup, where only the strongest club teams take part.

The game of handball takes place on a rectangular area measuring 40x20m. Plays two teams, each with 7 people. The essence of the game comes down to throwing the ball into the opponent's goal, while trying not to overstep the line of the six-meter zone, which is concentrated near the goal. The ball in handball can be thrown, caught, and also pushed with the help of the head, hands, knees, hips, except for the legs below the knees. The goalkeeper, in turn, must save his goal by hitting the ball with any part of the body. He can also take a direct part in scoring the opponent's goal, that is, be a field player. The game goes on for two halves. Each one is 30 minutes long.

Beach volleyball

Somewhere in the 1910s, the very first mention of such a sport as beach volleyball was observed. It was at this time that surfers in Hawaii, while waiting for a good wave, were engaged in volleyball directly on the beach. After some time, this sport began to get involved in California, where each team had 6 people at the same time. And in 1930, the very first match was held in Santa Monica with teams, each of which had 2 people.

In Europe, the first mention of beach volleyball can be seen in France. In 1927, this game became one of the most popular on the beaches of the small town of Franconville, which is located near Paris. Relatively quickly, beach volleyball gained its popularity throughout Europe. As for South America, here this game became widespread only in the 1950s.

The game was gaining really great popularity, while attracting more and more attention from numerous sponsors and television. Various federations and associations began to appear. Competitions were held directly under their auspices, and the first professional teams began to appear. Beach volleyball has already acquired shades of a professional sport.

Despite the fact that the first official beach volleyball games were already held in 1947, it became a professional sport only in the late 1970s. In 1987, the first unofficial world championship was held. And at the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, beach volleyball was included in the program as a demonstration sport. A year later, this game was officially recognized as an Olympic sport. At the first such tournament in 1996, 24 men's and 16 women's teams were represented at once.

The essence of the game of beach volleyball is quite simple. There are two teams of two players each. The game itself takes place on a sand court, which is divided by a grid. The main goal of each team is to ensure that the volleyball touches the opponent's court, while not allowing it to hit in their own half. It is worth noting that beach volleyball players have the ability to hit the ball with any part of the body. A point is played from the ball served from the corner of the site. When the ball flies to the opposite side, the players of the team have the right to hit the ball only three times, after which they must send it to the opponent's side. One player is not allowed to hit the ball twice in a row. The rally continues until the ball touches the ground, goes out of bounds, or until one of the teams makes a mistake. The team that has earned the next point gets the right to serve.

Beach volleyball is a two-part game. The team that won them wins, respectively, the victory. In case the score is 1:1, an additional third game is played. The game itself is considered winning when the team scored 21 points, while the difference in points must be at least two. If the score is 20:20, then the game continues until the difference of these two points is reached.

Badminton

Badminton is one of the oldest games on the planet. There are many different versions of its origin. For example, the inhabitants of Japan have long been fond of a game called "oibane", the meaning of which was to throw a shuttlecock, which was made from a cherry bone, as well as several feathers. Directly for the game itself, special wooden rackets were used. In Stockholm, in 1650, a playground was built near the palace, designed to play the "feather ball", by order of Queen Christina herself. She practiced this game on the court along with her courtiers, as well as guests from other countries. A similar game was played in France, where it was called "Je-de-paume", which means "game with an apple". In medieval England, badminton was called "racquet and shuttlecock". This game was one of the most popular at that time.

The roots of modern badminton go far back to India, where it was called "roopa". The rules of the game were quite simple: the children picked up special rackets, stood in a circle and threw a cork into which feathers were stuck. The goal of the game was to keep the shuttlecock in the air for as long as possible. As for England, the famous game of shuttlecock was brought here by the military, who were in the service of India in the 1860s. In addition, they slightly supplemented the rules by deciding to throw the shuttlecock over a stretched net. As a result, the game was called "poona". The place where modern badminton was founded is considered by many to be the estate of the famous Duke of Boshore in Gloucestershire, England. It was here that the game got its current name in 1893, when the duke's invited guests, along with their friends, went out onto the lawn to play a "game of badminton".

Badminton is played on a special area, which is divided equally by a net. This game is usually played by two people facing each other. Two teams of two people each can also participate. Opponents stand on opposite sides of the court. The essence of the game is to throw the shuttlecock over the net so that it lands within the opponent's area. Directly the feed itself is made from the left or right feed zone. The shuttle, in turn, must fly diagonally into the opponent's zone. The serve must be done from the bottom up, while the shuttle must be within the level of the lower edge when serving. If the player was unable to repel the shuttlecock before it landed on the ground, then a point is awarded to his opponent.

The first European badminton championship was held in 1968 in Germany. A year later, the first European Youth Championship was held, and in 1972 the first team championship was held. Since then, European championships have been held every two years. The official World Championship was held in 1977 in Sweden.

As for the first demonstration Olympic badminton performances, they were held in Munich in 1972 at the XX Summer Olympic Games. Badminton became an Olympic sport in 1992. At the moment, there are more than 50 million fans of this sport all over the world. Badminton is very popular in many Asian countries, as well as in European countries such as Germany, Denmark, England and Sweden.

Table tennis

According to many, games that use rackets, balls and figures originated in East Asia. In the Summer Palace of China, namely on the walls of the summer residence of the emperors, you can see several paintings confirming the fact that table tennis games were observed here in the Middle Ages. For a long time, tennis existed in two varieties. In the first case, the game was played outdoors, and in the second - on specially designated indoor areas. In England, lawn tennis was very popular, in other words, playing on grassy playgrounds in nature. The game instantly covered all of Europe, including Russia. As for indoor games, they were replaced by table tennis, which was developed in England at the end of the 19th century.

At the very beginning, the place of the ball was occupied by an ordinary cork from a champagne bottle, after which a rubber ball was already used. They played with wooden rackets covered with parchment. The handle of the racket was relatively long, which was often inlaid with gold or precious woods. Basically, table tennis was played in aristocratic circles, especially among fans of cricket.

The turning point in the history of table tennis is considered to be the end of the 1890s, when the Englishman D. Gibbs brought celluloid balls from America to play in his family. After this event, his friend Jacques, who was a sporting goods dealer, started making rackets, balls and tables. Instantly, a “ping-pong fever” arose in England, which spread throughout Europe, and soon throughout the world.

Gradually, the rules of the game appeared. First, they kept score up to 30, 50 and 100 points. In 1926, the counting system was already unified. From that moment on, table tennis was played up to 21 points. Due to the great popularity of table tennis, it was decided to create an International Federation for this sport, which happened all in the same 1926. At the same time, the first World Championship was held, after which such tournaments were held every year. In 1934, women's teams also joined the World Table Tennis Championships.

In 1957, the European Table Tennis Union was created, and a year later the first European Table Tennis Championship was held. Due to the huge popularity of this sport, the issue of recognizing table tennis as an Olympic sport was raised, which took place in 1977. In 1988, table tennis was already accepted into the program of the Summer Olympic Games.

There are two players at the table. Each draw begins with a serve from one of the players. The first server is determined by lot. In the future, the servers alternate every two innings. Each game lasts up to 11 points. If the score becomes 10:10, then the game continues until the gap is two points. There can be from 3 to 7 games in total - all depending on the type of competition. The server in table tennis must hit the ball so that it first hits on his own half, and then on the opponent. If the ball hits the net when serving, then a re-serve is made. A point is counted when the opponent failed to hit the ball.

Football (Fig. 2) is a team sports game with a ball on a special site (field) measuring 100-110 X 64-75 meters with a goal. Players are divided into teams of 11 people. The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponents' goal as many times as possible with any part of the body (except for the hands). Football is the most popular sport game in the world.

Different peoples played games with leather balls many centuries ago. All these were varieties of football, for example, in Italy this game was called "Calcio", in France - "Pasup". However, the oldest form of football originated in the 2nd century BC. in China. It was her FIFA Federation in 2004 that recognized the prototype of the game that we know today. The development of the history of football in Europe began with the Roman Empire, after the disappearance of which there was practically no data on the history of the development of football. After the execution of King Charles I in England in the 17th century, his supporters fled to Italy, where the British got acquainted with the game and later brought it to their homeland.

The modern name "football" ("foot" - foot, "ball" - ball) the game acquired in England, so it can be argued that the history of football originates in England. The first football rules were adopted at Cambridge University in 1846, and already in 1857 the first football club was established in the city of Sheffield. To work out uniform rules, at the suggestion of John Carlight, in 1863 they held meetings of representatives of football clubs. The first official football rules were drawn up on October 26, 1863. They differed significantly from modern ones, for example, there was no ban on touching the ball with your hands. Another important fact in the history of football is associated with Sheffield. This is the creation in 1867 of the Football Association. It was thanks to her that a set of rules was developed, of which eight were adopted by the modern Football Association. In those days, it was forbidden to pay players for playing as part of a team. A club protest in 1884 abolished this rule and football became professional in 1885. It is not surprising that the founders of modern football won the first three Olympiads: 1912, 1908 and 1900.

Today, football captivates millions of fans around the world and is the most popular team sport game.

Fig.2

Hockey (Fig. 3) is a game sport in which two opposing teams try to score a puck into the opponent's goal with a stick. The peculiarity of this game is that the players move around the ice area on skates. In the history of hockey, its homeland - Canada, or rather Montreal, traditionally plays an important role. It was there that the first competitions in the history of hockey were held. It happened on March 3, 1875 at the local Victoria skating rink. Two teams of nine people competed (all in baseball defense). The next significant event in the history of ice hockey is the appearance of the first rules. They were invented by students at Montreal McGill University, there were seven rules in total. Hockey has become very popular in Canada. It was even included in the program of the Winter Carnival. And already in 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was created (also in Montreal). In 1886, the first international match Canada - England was held. In 1893, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Stanley, bought the cup, for which Canadian teams began to compete. This is how the most prestigious trophy in the history of hockey appeared - the Stanley Cup. At the 1908 congress in Paris, the International Ice Hockey Federation was founded. In Russia, the history of hockey begins on December 22, 1946, when the first matches of the first ice hockey championship of the USSR were played in Moscow, Leningrad, Riga, Kaunas and Arkhangelsk. Today it is impossible to remember without a smile, for example, the players' immense bloomers, awkward attempts by hockey players to throw the puck into the air, the suffering of goalkeepers burdened with a heavy, unyielding stick, the penalty box, nicknamed both “punishment cell”, and “cage”, and “frontal place”. The courage of hockey players who performed without any protective equipment is also striking. Contrary to that, from match to match the number of spectators in the stands was constantly growing. The hockey industry was also getting better. From quilted jackets on the farm, they got the hang of sewing protective equipment, hockey shorts. Goalkeepers put on boxing helmets, and field players - bicycle helmets. Canadian hockey on Russian soil took from football a taste for passing, an addiction to multi-way combinations, and from bandy - cosmic speeds, virtuoso possession of skates.

In the spring of 1953, at the LIHG congress, the Soviet hockey federation was accepted as a member of this international organization. And a year later, in 1954, in Stockholm, domestic hockey conquered the world hockey top. The true heroes of that tournament were goalkeepers Nikolai Puchkov and Grigory Mkrtchyan, defenders Alfred Kuchevsky, Dmitry Ukolov, Alexander Vinogradov, Pavel Zhiburtovich, Genrikh Sidorenkov, forwards Vsevolod Bobrov, Viktor Shuvalov, Alexei Guryshev, Yuri Krylov, Mikhail Bychkov, Alexander Uvarov, Valentin Kuzin, Evgeny Babich, Nikolai Khlystov, Alexander Komarov. Almost the same composition won Olympic gold after 2 years.

The next generation of Soviet hockey masters picked up and successfully carried this victorious baton. In the 60s, such outstanding masters as Viktor Konovalenko, Konstantin Loktev, Veniamin Aleksandrov, Alexander Almetov, Boris Mayorov, Vyacheslav Starshinov, Viktor Yakushev, Stanislav Petukhov, Anatoly Firsov, Eduard Ivanov, Alexander Ragulin, Viktor Kuzkin shone in the USSR national team , Vitaly Davydov. Our team then became the recognized leader of the world amateur hockey. 1972 is a special year in the history of Russian hockey. There is a change of players, a change of coaches. Vsevolod Bobrov took the baton from the star couple Chernyshev-Tarasov. And under his leadership, our ice team for the first time crossed sticks in full-time rivalry with the Canadian team, made up of the strongest NHL players. In these matches, the hockey talent of a new generation of players was revealed: Vladislav Tretyak, Valery Vasiliev, Gennady Tsygankov, Vladimir Lutchenko, Vladimir Petrov, Boris Mikhailov, Valery Kharlamov, Alexander Yakushev, Vladimir Shadrin, Alexander Maltsev. They failed to repeat the victorious streak of their predecessors, but the national team won the world championships in 1973, 1974, 1975 and the Olympic tournament in 1976 in Innsbruck. In 1977, the national team and the CSKA club were headed by Viktor Tikhonov. Under his tutelage, the skill of Vyacheslav Fetisov, Alexei Kasatonov, Helmut Balderis, Sergei Makarov, Igor Larionov, Vladimir Krutov, Viktor Zhluktov and many other masters sparkled. Under him, Valery Kamensky, Sergey Fedorov, Alexander Mogilny, Pavel Bure received a ticket to big hockey. Today hockey is known in all countries. World Championships attract millions and billions of viewers around the world to TV screens. Now hockey is more popular than ever in the history of hockey.

Fig.3

Team sports contribute to strengthening physical health, development of team spirit.

Sports games (football, basketball, volleyball, hockey, handball, tennis, etc.) are characterized by a variety of movements. They include running, jumping, throwing the ball from a place and in a jump, hitting various power elements, etc. All these movements are performed in the conditions of interaction (in the struggle) of the players. Changes in the structure of movements and their intensity occur continuously during the game.

Some types of games (ice hockey, basketball, rugby, handball, etc.) are speed-strength orientation, which is reflected in the training process. Sports games contribute to the development of speed, strength, agility and other qualities. Depending on the type of games, physiological changes in the body are different.

Energy consumption in team sports depends on the size of the site, the pace and rhythm of the game, martial arts, the qualifications of athletes and their fitness. So, the energy consumption of volleyball players, basketball players is 4200-4500 (for men) and 3600-3800 kcal (for women). IPC in basketball players 44 ml/min/kg (J.Wilmore, 1980), in male basketball players - 53 ml/min/kg, in football players, volleyball players (men) - 58 ml/min/kg and 57 ml/min/kg respectively (J.Wilmore, 1980). The respiratory rate (RR) in games can range from 20-30 to 60 ex./min. VC ranges from 3500 to 5000 ml, and in women - 3000-4500 ml. Heart rate at rest ranges from 45 to 55 beats / min, while playing ice hockey it can reach 160-200 or more beats / min, in basketball, football, handball - 140-180 or more beats / min.

Lactate after a game (training) can be 8-14 or more mmol / l.

Water polo is a game played with a ball on the water. Water polo players perform in sports swimming trunks (with a shell) and special caps. Water polo is characterized by crawl swimming technique, when the head is raised above the water, and the stroke is shorter. To dribble the ball, athletes use the bow wave and move the ball with their heads. The main techniques are grabbing the ball with a turn of the hand, catching the ball and throwing.

The work of the water polo player is mainly carried out in the aerobic-anaerobic mode. The lung ventilation of the water polo player is high and can be (reach) 100-160 or more liters per minute, oxygen uptake is 5.5-6 liters. MIC - 58 ml / min / kg, VC - more than 5 liters. Heart rate at rest is 45-50 beats / min, and during the game it can increase to 160-190 or more beats / min.

martial arts

Wrestling (freestyle, Greco-Roman, sambo, judo, etc.) refers to martial arts. The means of wrestling are techniques by which the opponent is captured, unbalanced, and thrown to the ground (carpet).

The wrestling combines speed-strength work with static stresses, it develops strength, speed, dexterity. For successful motor activity of a wrestler, it is necessary to develop proprioceptive sensitivity.

The wrestlers have a well-developed muscular system, it is adapted to work mainly in an anaerobic mode. The energy consumption during the fight is very high. During contractions, it reaches an average of 10-12 kcal or more in 1 minute. The respiratory rate during a fight increases to 35-40 or more ex./min. The moments of holding the breath and straining were noted - during the capture, preparation for the execution of the throw and during the throw. Energy consumption from 3700 to 6000 kcal or more, depending on the weight category. Oxygen demand depends on the intensity of work. Oxygen debt by the end of the fight can reach significant values. The MIC is 57 ml/kg/min.

At rest, the heart rate averages 45-60 beats / min. During a contraction and especially after a contraction, the heart rate reaches 180-200 or more beats / min. BP can rise up to 150-160 mm Hg. (systolic) and 80-100 mm Hg. (diastolic).

Lactate in the blood after a contraction is increased and is 8-10 or more mmol / l. Wrestlers are characterized by an increased function of the sweat glands - this must be taken into account when preparing a wrestler for a fight: he cannot be massaged with oil and rubbed with oils.

Boxing is a widespread type of martial arts. Boxing requires great endurance, strength, courage, dexterity, speed, firmness and determination, as well as other specific qualities.

Energy consumption depends on the intensity of work, it is higher in athletes of small weight categories and reaches 15-25 kcal per minute. In total, after training, energy consumption can range from 3700 to 6000 kcal, depending on the weight category, ambient temperature and the athlete's fitness. The IPC is 55 ml / min / kg (G. Cumming, 1968). Respiratory rate can reach 35-50 ex./min, and pulmonary ventilation ranges from 80 to 120 or more liters. Oxygen uptake can be as high as 4-5 l/min and there is an oxygen debt. VC in boxers on average 3500-4500 ml.

Heart rate tends to slow down and at rest is 45-55 beats / min. During the fight, the heart rate reaches 180-200 or more beats / min. After the fight, lactate in the blood rises sharply and is 8-12 or more mmol / l.

Fencing - This is a sport based on martial arts in one of the types of sports edged weapons. Fencing develops speed, agility, endurance, self-control, the ability to make lightning-fast decisions and actions in difficult situations.

In fencing combat with rapiers, swords or sabers, the goal of the athlete is to inflict a certain number of blows (or injections) on the opponent at a given time.

In modern fencing, the following types of weapons are distinguished: rapier, sword, saber. The rapier and sword are piercing weapons. The saber is a cutting weapon.

In fencing with rapiers and swords, electrical equipment is used - after applying an injection, the electrical circuit closes and the light comes on.

Heart rate during the fight increases and can be 160-180 or more beats / min. MIC in men is 56 ml / min / kg, in women - 44 ml / min / kg.

In fencing, the visual, vestibular and motor apparatus are of great importance. Visual perception basically determines the entire behavior of the fencer. The frequency rate increases during the battle to 30-40 or more ex./min. Energy consumption due to the short duration of injections and the entire fight is insignificant. Pulmonary ventilation in fencers during the competition increases to 60-100 l/min. Energy consumption is 3600-4200 kcal for men and 3000-3600 for women.