I. Test tasks
Tasks in a closed form, i.e. with suggested answers.
- The first post-war Olympic Games after the First World War were held in the city…
- a) London
- b) Paris;
- c) Amsterdam;
- d) Antwerp.
- What sport was not included in the program of the 1st modern Olympic Games?
- a) cycling
- b) athletics;
- c) shooting;
- d) equestrian sport.
- Russian athletes took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in…
- a) 1900;
- b) 1904;
- c) 1908;
- d) 1912
- Which figure in the international Olympic movement has led the International Olympic Committee for the longest time?
- a) Juan Antonio Samaranch;
- b) Pierre de Coubertin;
- c) Avery Brundage;
- d) Siegfried Edström.
- What is the hallmark of sports?
- a) performance in competitions;
- b) classes in a fitness club;
- c) performing physical exercises;
- d) increasing the level of physical development.
- How many exercises traditionally include morning exercises?
- a) 2–3;
- b) 10–12;
- c) 20–25;
- d) no restrictions.
- What procedures are classified as hardening?
- a) taking a shower after class;
- b) all procedures related to cold exposure;
- c) all procedures related to thermal exposure;
- d) all procedures during which the body adapts to environmental influences.
- Which sport is considered cyclical?
- a) cycling
- b) freestyle wrestling;
- c) judo;
- d) luge.
- Which of the sports is classified as an individual game?
- a) volleyball
- b) table tennis;
- c) floorball;
- d) curling.
- When is motivation formed?
- a) when performing physical exercises;
- b) before performing physical exercise;
- c) after physical exercise;
- d) is formed separately from the process of physical education.
- What is the normal resting heart rate?
- a) 40-50 beats per minute;
- b) 60-70 beats per minute;
- c) 90-100 beats per minute;
- d) 100-110 beats per minute.
- In which sport is there no dribbling technique?
- a) football
- b) handball;
- c) volleyball;
- d) floorball.
- What styles of swimming are used when transporting casualties?
- a) applied;
- b) sports;
- c) health;
- d) all of the above.
- What problem does physical education solve?
- a) raising the mood;
- b) education of physical qualities;
- c) movement training;
- d) removal of the first signs of fatigue.
- What indicators should the heart rate correspond to when performing cyclic exercises to develop general endurance?
- a) 90-100 beats per minute;
- b) 110-120 beats per minute;
- c) 140-150 beats per minute;
- d) 170-180 beats per minute.
II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without suggested answers
- The USSR national team competed at the Olympic Games for the first time in ___________.
- The first Olympic Games were held in Asia in ___________.
- The data of the heart rate during exercise is an indicator of ____________.
- What physical quality provides the level of performance? ___________.
- What mandatory test exercises are performed at the fifth stage of the VFSK TRP? _________.
- Establish a correspondence between sports discipline and distance.
- Match the sport with the game time.
- Establish a correspondence between the physical qualities of a person and motor actions.
- Establish a correspondence between the nature of the work and the number of muscle groups involved in the work.
- Match the city with the year of the Olympic Games.
| Year | City |
| 1. 1896 | A) Moscow |
| 2. 1920 | B) Antwerp |
| 3. 1980 | B) Turin |
| 4. 1998 | D) Athens |
| D) Nagano |
Answers
I. Test tasks
| question number |
Correct answer |
|||
| "A" | "b" | "V" | "G" | |
| 1 | G | |||
| 2 | G | |||
| 3 | V | |||
| 4 | b | |||
| 5 | A | |||
| 6 | b | |||
| 7 | G | |||
| 8 | A | |||
| 9 | b | |||
| 10 | b | |||
| 11 | b | |||
| 12 | V | |||
| 13 | A | |||
| 14 | G | |||
| 15 | V | |||
II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without the proposed answers.
- 1952;
- 1964;
- load or load intensity;
- endurance;
- run 100 m; pulling up on the crossbar or bending and unbending the arms in a lying position (push-ups); run 2000 m (girls), 3000 m (boys); lean forward from a standing position.
III. Tasks for correlating concepts and definitions (tasks for compliance).
| 21 | 1 - G 2 – D 3 - A 4 – B 5 - IN |
| 22 | 1 - G 2 - A 3 – B 4 – D 5 - IN |
| 23 | 1 - IN 2 – D 3 - A 4 – B 5 - G |
| 24 | 1 - A 2 - IN 3 – B |
| 25 | 1 - G 2 – B 3 - A 4 – D |
Experienced athletes and coaches know how important physical activity is for adults, children and teenagers. The ability to play, move for pleasure and compete is essential for growth and development, keeping the body in good physical shape. Sports games for children are the greatest gift that adults can give to children. While playing, the child improves health, develops coordination, learns to act in a team and receives a lot of positive emotions. It is especially useful to play together - children, parents and teachers. This is the best way to create friendly and trusting relationships.
Varieties of sports games
Playing sports have been around since time immemorial. On the frescoes of the Egyptian pyramids and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, on the vases of ancient Greece and the wall paintings of ancient Crete, many figures are depicted engaged in outdoor games. Every nation has national sports entertainment. There are universal games popular in all countries of the world.
Any sports game is characterized by:
- The presence of rules;
- Interaction with partners;
- competitiveness;
- Physical activity;
- Ease of content;
- Strong emotional impact.
All gaming activities in sports can be divided into several groups. This:
- Games are paired with a small variety of movements;
- Team activities with a wide variety of movements;
- Team games with great physical activity;
- Military sports games;
- Mind games.
Types of the first group - table tennis, badminton, etc. Teams are football, basketball, volleyball. Hockey and rugby require increased workload. Examples of military sports games are paintball, laser tag. Intellectual games - chess, checkers.
In different cities, regions and countries, multi-level competitions in team sports are held.
Benefits of sports games
Sports and outdoor games are useful for people of any age. Physical activity, coupled with competition and passion, gives incomparable pleasure. Adults up to advanced years feel cheerful and young if they play tennis, golf, badminton. Playing physical activity gives children additional incentives for growth and development.
Playing sports is important for improvement:
- Movements (walking, running, throwing, catching, balancing);
- Fine motor skills (fine movements when eating, drawing, writing, dressing);
- Speech and communication;
- Thinking skills (learning, understanding. Problem solving, reasoning, memorization, reading, counting);
- Social and emotional interaction (family, friends, teachers).
Vigorous physical activity is essential for normal bone growth. Normal motor load on the skeleton helps to keep the bones strong, durable, resistant to pressure, shock absorption. Activity helps bones and muscles develop proportionately and efficiently. Games help to avoid the phenomenon of overtraining, which is often present in non-playing sports due to excessive stress during training.
Participation in team sports helps a person from childhood and throughout life to maintain the correct proportions of the body.
Sport allows you to prevent the accumulation of excess fat, strengthen muscles, strengthen ligaments.
Outdoor games develop sensory perception, namely: speed of reaction, orientation in space, peripheral vision, hearing, touch.
Many motor skills improve when a person plays. Running, jumping on one and two legs, throwing, fast walking, turns are worked out much better than in everyday life. There are no differences in age and gender in play activities. Boys and girls, young and old, all become equal. This is the advantage of the game.
Skills of mental activity - speech, memory, communication, concentration of attention also improve during sports activities. Fast, requiring instant reaction and calculation, the game sharpens all the senses, makes the brain work at an accelerated pace.
Participating in sports activities is a great way to expand social connections for adults and shape social behavior for children. Sports team games encourage a person to feel like a member of the community, teach him to empathize, help, compete.
Rules of sports games
Sports games are competitions in the form of a game, based on certain techniques and tactics. The fight can take place between two partners or two teams. In many games, a goal is defined - a goal, a ball, a shuttlecock, a playground. Each competition has a set of rules. Without knowing them, it is difficult not only to participate, but also to observe the course of the competition. There are general rules for all sports activities. This:
- safe behavior;
- Fair wrestling;
- Compliance with the rules of the game;
- Teammate support;
- Respect for rivals;
- Anti-doping.
The popularity of different sports is not the same. Statistics collected in 200 countries around the world show the following:
Percentage of popularity, sports games: football - 8.4%.
Basketball - 5.7%.
Volleyball - 5.4%.
One of the oldest sports. It is traditionally believed that football was invented in England in the Middle Ages. But the Chinese chronicles of the 3rd-2nd centuries BC describe the "competition of Tsu Chu". Its meaning was to kick a leather ball stuffed with feathers and hair into a net stretched on a bamboo base. Approximate descriptions are found in ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek authors. Consequently, the British did not invent football, but only developed and popularized it. The rules of this sport have changed over time.
The main principles of football:
The game is played by two teams of 11 players each. The goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal. Footballers direct the ball only with their feet and head, it is forbidden to use their hands. The team that manages to score the ball more times wins.
Here are the roles:
- Goalkeeper;
- 4 defenders;
- 3 midfielders;
- 3 attackers.
Equipment: ball, two goals with a net. All players are advised to wear spiked boots and shin guards. Typically, each team has uniforms of the same color. The goalkeeper's clothing is different in color, this player must have special gloves.
Football attracts a huge number of both adults and children, because it is a very passionate, emotional sport. The result remains intriguing until the last moment. Football, unlike hockey, can be played by anyone.
Listing popular sports games, basketball is called the second after football. Unlike football, the origin of this game is known for certain. Basketball was invented by an American doctor, coach and priest - James Naismith. The basis of the new sport was the school entertainment “duck on the rock”. The very first basketball game in 1891 featured peach baskets and a soccer ball. The game was liked by the general public and soon spread throughout the world. Naismith's original rules have evolved since then.
But the main principles remain the same:
- Two teams of 12 people participate;
- From 3 to 5 people can play on the court at the same time;
- Players must shoot the ball into the opponent's basket, and not allow the balls to be thrown into their own basket;
- All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands;
- You cannot hit the ball with your fist;
- The ball is moved only by hitting it on the floor.
Basketball is played outdoors and in gyms. It is popular because of its gambling, swiftness and external aesthetics. Professional basketball players are tall, slender, long-legged. Everyone wants to be like them. Moreover, women can also play basketball.
This sport, like basketball, was also artificially invented in the USA. Christian Association coach William Morgan came up with an original mix of basketball, tennis, handball and baseball. In 1895, the first game took place, at which the modern name was invented. For volleyball you need a platform with a net stretched across. The net is placed at a height of 2.43 m and 2.25 m for men and women, respectively. In teams of 5 people. Players change places as the ball is served. The goal of the game is to land the ball in the territory of the opposing team. Volleyball players use only their hands. It is forbidden to touch the mesh with your hands. No more than five parties are played up to 25 points each.
Children and adults all over the world love volleyball as it develops reactions, gives a feeling of friendship and team support. Characterizing various sports games, volleyball can be called the most democratic. This sport is available everywhere - in the yard, on the beach. Anyone can play, no special training is needed.
Sports games with a ball
Ball games, as seen in the example of football, basketball and volleyball described above, are the most dynamic and popular. Balls were invented at the dawn of human civilization. Many national sports and yard children's games use large, small, leather, rag, wooden, and alabaster balls. Modern sports games with a ball are mainly team games.
Actions with the ball can be varied:
- Hitting a ball into a goal (football, polo, basketball, handball).
- Hitting the ball with a special tool - a racket, a bat (bast shoes, baseball, etc.).
- Throwing the ball over an obstacle (volleyball, tennis).
- Non-team games with hitting the target (bowling, billiards).
There are many exciting ball games for children that are common in backyards, camps, and also in physical education classes. For example:
- Potato. Players standing in a circle throw the ball to each other as quickly as possible. Anyone who did not have time to catch or hit the ball sits in the center of the circle. He can get out of there if he has time to intercept or hit the ball from another player.
- Bouncers. Two lines are drawn on the ground at a distance of 5 meters from each other. Players stand between the lines, on which two bouncers occupy positions. The bouncers take turns throwing the ball towards each other, trying to hit the players with the ball. If the ball does not touch anyone, it is caught by the opponent's bouncer, and the players must run back. When the last player is eliminated, the first eliminated take the place of the dodgers.
Military sports games
In our time, military sports games have become widespread, involving the inclusion of elements of combat tactics. Weapons are used here, army methods of moving around the playing space are used. Teams are formed according to the military principle: squad, platoon, etc. The scope of action is close to the usual for conducting real hostilities - a field, a forest. Teams can conduct defense, attack, reconnaissance. Military sports strategy involves the interaction of team members, creates a situation of combat. The group that hits all members of the opposing team wins.
The most famous games in our time are:
Paintball. Rival teams shoot paintballs at each other with air guns. The balls break on a live target and "mark" the achievement of the goal.
Hardball. This competition uses pneumatic recreational weapons with a bullet speed of 180 meters per second
Laser tag. As a weapon, a laser emitter is used that affects sensory sensors.
Airsoft. Weapons - pneumatics and electro-pneumatics with plastic balls (caliber - 6 mm).
Olympic Games: Sports
Many of the games listed are featured in the Summer and Winter Olympics. The list expands every year. In recent years, Olympic sports have been considered:
- badminton;
- basketball;
- water polo;
- volleyball;
- Beach volleyball;
- handball;
- table tennis;
- tennis;
- football;
- field hockey.
- curling;
Many games are not included in the official program of the Olympics, although they are not inferior in popularity to Olympic sports.
- Rugby;
- Golf;
- Billiards;
- Darts;
- Squash.
Yard outdoor games
These days, many children and teenagers are addicted to computer games. This addictive hobby can perfectly develop fantasy, thinking and determination, but it sharply reduces physical activity and negates sociability. Parents of modern teenagers remember the wonderful children's sports games that they played for hours at summer camps, school sports sections and just in the yards.
- Russian lapta;
- Ali Baba;
- Break chains;
- Aram-shim-shim;
- Santiki-wrappers-limpompo.
Parents, camp counselors and physical education teachers must necessarily involve children and adolescents in active physical activity. Joint play fosters friendship and mutual assistance, aims for victory, develops the habit of active leisure and improves health.
Sports are always spectacular and therefore popular. What games and sports are there and how are they classified? For gambling people, this is a chance to get their share of adrenaline, an opportunity to be in the thick of things, to evaluate aggression, pressure, will. For people leading an active lifestyle, sport allows you to express yourself, show what you are capable of. There is a division among the disciplines, it is carried out according to the features common to sports according to the rules, nature or principle of evaluating competitions. We can find out what games are.
Kinds of sports
In game types, the main thing is action, since the presence of rivals is obligatory, and, according to certain conditions of the game, they must earn points. It is the one who, at the end of the set period, has more of them, is the winner. Or these points, according to the established rules, a certain number. What sports games are there? This category is divided into two subcategories:
- individual;
- command.
Individual involves the competition of two athletes. One of the features of such games is that it is impossible to replace a team member (for example, tennis). In this case, there is a knockout game, substitution is not allowed. We list what types of individual games there are:
- tennis;
- checkers;
- golf;
- chess;
- table tennis;
- billiards, etc.
In team rivalry, the competition takes place between two groups of athletes, and the rules are different here. Each member of the team has its assigned role, and only cohesive actions can achieve results. A certain goal can be achieved only if all the actions of the players are coordinated, well thought out. Substitution is allowed and therefore the line-up may be larger than required in the course of the game. So what are the sports in team competition? This:
- hockey;
- football;
- curling;
- basketball;
- handball;
- volleyball, etc.
Cyclic Views
In this sport, the task of the athlete is to repeat the body movements with maximum efficiency, to move in such a way that at the same time there is a greater speed or height. These include:
- ski race;
- rowing;
- cycling;
- Athletics;
- swimming;
- biathlon, etc.
Combat sports
What games are there to demonstrate strength and skill? These are combat sports, and they are especially spectacular. Opponents compete, demonstrating physical fitness (the strongest wins), but the use of edged weapons can be considered a distinctive feature. There are martial arts that have international status, and there are those that are common only in one single country. Often such martial arts go beyond the borders of the state in which they originated, and become popular all over the world. These include:
- boxing;
- judo;
- sambo;
- classical wrestling;
- Greco-Roman wrestling;
- karate etc.
Strength sports
Athletes who strive to show their best qualities and abilities compete in this category. It is by the way the participant demonstrates his physical abilities that the best one is determined. It includes sports such as:
- Weightlifting;
- powerlifting;
- body-building.
Complex coordination species
In this case, important criteria for performing elements are the complexity and quality of body movements. It takes into account how beautifully this or that exercise was performed, how artistically and accurately the athlete worked it out. The more often you train, the more skills improve, motor coordination allows you to complicate the program, to do it better. The winner is determined by the judges, whose level must be high. They determine the quality and artistry of the performance. These are types such as:
- figure skating;
- windsurfing;
- trampolining;
- sports and rhythmic gymnastics;
- freestyle etc.
Olympic Games
All sports are divided into summer and those that can be held only in winter. So what are the Olympic Games? When are they held and for how long?
Competitions such as the Olympics are held every four years, while the time period between summer and winter is two years. The Paralympic Games have also become very popular, with the number of sports included in the list increasing all the time. People with disabilities, just like ordinary athletes, participate in competitions, in olympiads (both in summer and in winter). Having found out what the Olympic Games are, we can say that they are all popular among sports fans, they are eagerly awaited and prepared for them.
Winter sports
These are special types, as certain conditions are required for the competition. Residents of not all countries can afford to engage in them, since weather conditions here are a decisive factor. So what are the winter games and types of There are many of them, there are those recognized by the international committee, and there are those that are considered national. Among the most popular are:
- bobsled;
- hockey;
- luge;
- ski sports;
- skating;
- curling;
- biathlon.
For the younger generation, sport is a great opportunity to express themselves, throw out the energy that is concentrated in adolescence. It is extremely useful to know what games and sports are. Now a large number of sports halls are opening, stadiums, swimming pools are being built, so that everyone can choose an activity to their liking. The past Olympic Games showed that all efforts were not in vain. Our winners deserve recognition. This is a good example to follow as their drive to win is truly fantastic. And the Paralympic athletes showed a record result, we have someone to be proud of.
Sports games are a kind of outdoor games, a kind of sport. Sports games are diverse in content and effects on the body. As a physical exercise, they have a number of features. The continuous change of game positions during the game forces the participants to immediately respond to the actions of opponents and partners, making the necessary, often new, movements. Thanks to this, sports games, more than other physical exercises in which the sequence of movements is predetermined (as in gymnastics) or they are mostly repeated (running, etc.), develop such valuable qualities as resourcefulness, determination, the ability to quickly navigate in unexpected situations. environment. The need to comply with the established rules instills discipline in the players; playing in a team also brings up the ability to act in a team, a sense of mutual assistance. A variety of variations and combinations of movements and techniques contribute to the development of muscle strength, motor response (speed), coordination of movements (dexterity). All sports games to some extent develop the eye, increase the sensitivity of the motor and functional stability of the vestibular analyzer. Strengthened muscle activity during sports games improves the regulatory activity of the nervous system and increases the functionality of the respiratory system, blood circulation, improves metabolism, and increases the overall endurance of the body.
The degree of impact on the body of sports games depends mainly on the volume and nature of the muscular work performed during the game. The more varied and complex the game techniques, the more movements in it associated with intense muscular work (fast running, jumping, power struggle, etc.), as well as the more and faster the players move on the court, the stronger this game affects the body and the more valuable it is for versatile physical development. Any game in terms of a variety of techniques, pace, physiological load for experienced and novice players is different. However, regardless of this, each game always retains its inherent features of the impact on the body. This determines the possibility and expediency of using individual sports games among people of different sex, age and health status.
In this regard, all the most popular sports games can be divided into 3 groups.
The first group - badminton, volleyball, table tennis. These games are characterized by a relative variety of movements (hitting the ball, jumping, etc.), which contributes to the development of motor reactions and coordination of movements. However, the limited movement of players on the court, especially beginners, reduces the importance of these games for physical development (in particular, physical endurance). On the other hand, a small physical load and the simplicity of the initial techniques make these games widely accessible to people of both sexes, different in age and physical fitness.
For medical reasons, these games are also used in (see). Tennis also belongs to this group of sports games. Due to the wide variety of movements and mobility, the value of this game for physical development is incomparably greater. Despite the relative complexity of the initial techniques of the game, tennis, due to the possibility of dosing the load, is available to men and women, including the elderly. Teaching children these games can be started from 8-9 years old.
The second group - basketball, handball (handball) - differs from the previous one in a large variety and intensity of movements (fast running, jumping, catching and throwing the ball in different positions, etc.), frequent and quick changes in the game environment, and fast movement of players around the court. All this determines the versatile - speed, agility, strength, as well as physical endurance. The games of this group are available to both men and women not older than 40 years, since the abundance of speed and power movements, fast pace and mobility create a high physical load. Teaching teenagers the technique of the game can be started from 9-10 years old, training - from 11-12 years old.
The third group is men's sports games, among which the most common are football and ice hockey. The peculiarity of these games is the predominance of speed-strength movements in them.
The whole complex of techniques and movements is also much more diverse and more complicated: running (in hockey - on) with frequent and sharp changes in pace and direction, various techniques for dribbling the ball or puck and hitting them, techniques for fighting for the ball, permitted by the rules of the game, etc. More than the games of other groups, these games develop skeletal muscle and muscle strength, as well as general physical endurance. Along with a positive impact on physical development, football and hockey are more conducive to the development of strong-willed qualities (courage, determination, etc.). The general nature of the games, a lot of physical activity make them accessible only to young men (up to 36-38 years old). It is advisable to start teaching teenagers how to play the game no earlier than at 10-11 years old, training - from 12 years old (with a reduced load). The same group of sports games includes rugby, which is similar in its effect on the body to football, and water polo, the physical load and effect on the body of which are great due to the rapid movement of players in the water.
Sports games occupy a prominent place among the main means of physical education. The beneficial effect of positive sports games on the state of the nervous system determines the great value of non-fatiguing sports games as a means of active recreation.
At systematic training and competitions on sports games medical control is necessary (see). In the training of adolescents, especially those involved in the games of the 3rd group, general physical fitness is of great importance. In the medical control of sports games, special attention is paid to the prevention of injuries, especially in games in which power struggle techniques are allowed (football, hockey). This requires strict observance of the rules of the game and discipline among the players, the prevention of rough and dangerous games, the use of protective devices (shields in football, helmets, bibs in hockey, etc.). See also .
Characteristics of sports games, their specific features
Sports games were formed on the basis of the gaming activity inherent in man. The game occupies a large place in a person's life. In childhood, the game is the main activity, a means of preparing for life, for work, an effective means of physical education. Games related to sports, based on competition, stand out in a separate group - sports games, or team sports.
Features of sports games are determined by the specifics of competitive activity, which distinguishes them from other sports.
Competitive confrontation in the game takes place according to the established rules using competitive actions inherent only in a particular game - game techniques (techniques). In this case, the presence of an opponent is mandatory. In team-game types, the goal of each fragment of the competition is to deliver the object of the competition (ball, puck, etc.) to a certain place on the opponents' site and prevent it from happening to oneself. This defines the unit of competition - a block of actions of the "defense-attack" type, which also includes actions for intelligence, disinformation, conspiracy, etc.
In team games, the team as a whole wins and loses, not individual athletes. No matter how well an individual athlete plays, if the team lost, then he lost too. And vice versa, no matter how bad the athlete plays, if the team won, then he won too. Thus, a sports team is the same integral sports unit as an athlete in individual sports.
This specificity of team games determines a number of requirements for athletes, their views, attitudes, personal qualities, and the nature of actions in the competition. Ideally, the main psychological attitude of an athlete to the game should be the desire for the complete subordination of his own actions to the interests of the team (even in spite of personal well-being, it may be “to the detriment of himself” in one way or another). In the absence of such an attitude, each athlete of the team cannot have a strong, well-coordinated team as a whole, even if it consists of individually well-trained players technically, physically and tactically.
Consequently, the education of collectivism, the ability to sacrifice one's own interests for the sake of team victory, the desire to see and understand the collective interest at every given moment of the competition is one of the most important tasks of the preparation process in team games. Practice shows that the very conditions of team competitive activity contribute to the development of this attitude through the impact of the team on the participants in the game. Often such an impact is very tough, strong, effective, which contributes to the development of appropriate personal qualities in a person.
In this regard, team games are an effective means of education, of course, with the appropriate activities of coaches, educators, teachers, etc.
The complex nature of competitive gaming activity creates constantly changing conditions, makes it necessary to assess the situation and choose actions, as a rule, with a limited time. An important factor is that the athlete has a wide arsenal of technical and tactical actions, which would make it possible to optimize strategies that ensure the effectiveness of the team's actions to achieve results in conflict situations.
An important feature of sports games is a large number of competitive actions - game techniques. It is necessary to perform these techniques repeatedly in the process of competitive activity (in one match, a series of matches) to achieve a sports result (winning a match, competition) - hence the requirement for reliability, stability of skills, etc.
In team games, competitive activities are carried out by several athletes and much depends on the coordination of their actions, on the forms of organization of the actions of athletes in the process of competitive activity in order to achieve victory over an opponent.
A feature of sports games is the stepwise nature of achieving a sports result. In sports with single competitive actions (for example, jumping, throwing), the optimal combination of two factors - motor potential and rational technique (in principle, even with a single attempt) leads to fixing a sports result (jump height, throwing distance, etc.). In games, this is only a kind of first step - "technical and physical". It is also necessary to organize the actions of athletes - individual, group and team as a way to realize the technical and physical potential in competitive activities specific for games.
The main criterion for the effectiveness of competitive activity in sports games is the victory over an opponent. The number of victories determines the place in the standings of all participants. In many years of sports practice, it has developed so that the sports result - the place taken in competitions - has become a criterion for assessing the level of sportsmanship of the team and its members. Studies have shown that such an expression of a sports result in terms of position in the standings in team sports does not fully reflect the level of skill of an athlete due to the lack of objective indicators in quantitative terms. With the same high level of skill of all teams participating in the competition, their different positions in the standings (first and last places) are inevitable. Even with the participation of obviously weak teams in the tournament, the (theoretically) champion of the country will be revealed, and the players of the winning team will receive the right to confer a high sports title. Thus, it is necessary to establish objective indicators on the basis of which it would be possible to successfully plan the preparation process and exercise control.
The number of objective indicators in sports games includes: an elemental set of game techniques (aspect of tactics); the ability to quickly and correctly assess the situation, choose and effectively apply the optimal attacking or defensive action for a particular game situation (technical aspect); special qualities and abilities on which the effectiveness of the direct performance of an action depends (requirements for temporal, spatial and power parameters of performance); energy mode of the athlete; sensory-motor control, etc. It is very important to express all this in quantitative terms. The availability of such information serves as the basis for determining the content of the training of athletes and managing this process, for developing model characteristics, programs, plans, standards, etc.
Along with the specifics of gaming and competitive activities, sports games have a number of other features. Figure 1 shows the classification of team and individual-team games in relation to the Olympic Games (Yu. M. Portnov, 1996). As you can see, team sports are widely represented in the programs of the Olympic Games, with the participation of men and women.
Team and personal-team sports games have differences in the nature of the relationship between the participants in the game: partners - between players of the same team; between rivals - players of opposing teams.
Rice. 1. Classification of sports games
The relationship between the players of one team is determined by the specifics of a sports game, the structure of competitive gaming activity, taking into account the actions of their team and the opponent's players. In this complex environment, a number of "competitive structures" can be identified for each team based on the "joint competitive structure" formed by the competitive activities of both rival teams.
Role structures are based on the relationships “to play a role”, “to hold a position”, “to perform duties” and the relationships between such roles. Each team member is assigned his "playing function" ("playing role"). Each role is determined by a set of functional responsibilities given by the plot of the competition (game). In this case, the role can be modified depending on the characteristics of the athlete and the nature of the competition. Role structures cannot be rigidly defined due to the fact that they are always functions of the actions of all teammates and all rivals (in their unity), and these functions depend on the dynamics of specific circumstances that develop in each competition.
The functional structures of playing teams are formed by functional relationships between role responsibilities
athletes. These relationships form certain roles into groups for the joint solution of tactical tasks. Within each group, specific relationships arise that distinguish it from the rest. Each such group is connected by certain relations with all other groups of its own team, uniting them to perform tactical actions, as well as with rivals in order to implement the tasks of the game as a whole. Groups are a kind of links from which defensive and attacking lines are formed. On this basis, collective actions are formed - group and team tactical actions in attack and defense.
The structures of subordination of playing teams are formed by the relations of leadership, organization, coordination, commonwealth, subordination, independence, etc. between the players of the team and their groups. These structures exist precisely in the process of competition (game), are generated by the meaning of the plot of the game, the rules and regulations of the competition, the specifics of each team, strategy and tactics. The set of relations that form the structure of subordination determines the systemic orderliness, organization, integrity or disunity of the team's actions in each competition (game). This structure is very labile due to the fact that its components largely depend on situational factors.
The information structures of the playing teams are formed by the relations of information connectivity both within each team and between rivals in the course of the competition (game). The nature, quality, reliability, timeliness of information flows make it possible to make decisions, to perform reflexive procedures with one quality or another, in general, to act with varying degrees of adequacy to the dynamics of the situation of the competition (game). It is important to take into account that the information connections of the opponents are determined by the desire of each side to learn everything about the opponent and not allow him to do the same.
The formal structures of the competing teams are formed by the prescriptions of the plot of the competition and its rules. They seem to be set in advance and do not depend on the conjuncture of specific competitions. Therefore, their accounting and analysis are the simplest of all.
Informal (natural) structures of competing teams may differ from formal ones, complementing them to real systems. These structures are formed by competitive-personal business (competitive) relations in the process of competition and are determined by the personal-sports abilities of each player, his competitive attitudes, emerging situations, the effectiveness (or inefficiency) of certain joint actions, a common understanding of the situation, tactics, strategy, etc. There are cases when athletes, formally playing one role in a team, perform another in a competition.
Collective-psychological structures of competing teams also take place outside the competition - in the joint process of preparation, as well as outside sports life. They are expressed by the peculiarities of interpersonal relationships between team members. Practice shows that relations in the process of competition and outside of them can differ significantly. However, consideration of this structure is essential for adequate planning of the preparation process.
And the real work with teams in their preparation, in the education of athletes, in the development of certain sports and general abilities, the types of structures described above must first be molded, and then, by their “overlay”, combination, association with oh, turn into a single functional structure that determines "morphology", "physiology" and "psychology" of teams in the process of competition. The result of such work is a reliable basis for the leadership and management of the team, for the development of strategy and tactics, the process of preparing the team as a whole, as well as for individual education, improving the skills of athletes.
The relationship between the players of rival teams is determined by the presence or absence of direct contact between the players in the process of game confrontation. On this basis, two groups of sports games are distinguished: the first - games with direct struggle and contact with an opponent; the second - games without direct contact with an opponent (Yu. I. Portnykh, 1986). The games of the first group are characterized by the desire to master the ball (puck) and direct it to the goal (football, handball, basketball, etc.). The games of the second group are characterized by alternate possession of the ball, the desire to send the ball to the opponent's side so that the players can play it back (volleyball, tennis, etc.). The clock of the game is singled out with the alternate participation of players and the unhindered performance of the roles assigned to each of the competing teams (towns, rounders, golf).
1.1. Sports games as a means of physical education
Sports games can be safely called a universal means of physical education for all categories of the population - from preschool children to pensioners. With their help, the goal is achieved - the formation of the foundations of the physical and spiritual culture of the individual, the increase in health resources as a system of values that are actively and long-term implemented in a healthy lifestyle. The role of sports games is great in solving the problems of physical education in a wide age range, such as the formation of a conscious need for mastering the values of health, physical culture and sports; physical improvement and health promotion as a condition for ensuring and achieving a high level of professionalism in socially significant activities; natural and individually acceptable development of physical potential, ensuring the achievement of the necessary and sufficient level of physical qualities, a system of motor skills and abilities; physical culture general education aimed at mastering the intellectual, technological, moral and aesthetic values of physical culture; actualization of knowledge at the level of skills for conducting independent studies and the ability to involve others in them.
The effectiveness of sports games in promoting the harmonious development of the individual is explained, firstly, by their specificity, as mentioned in section 1.1; secondly, a deep versatile impact on the body involved in the development of physical qualities and the development of vital motor skills; thirdly, accessibility for people of different ages and preparedness (the level of physical activity is regulated in a wide range - from insignificant in occupations with a health-improving orientation to the maximum physical and mental stress at the level of elite sports); fourthly, with an emotional charge, here, on this basis, everyone is equal - “both old and young”; Fifthly, sports games are a unique spectacle; on this basis, other sports cannot be compared with them.
Sports games are widely represented in physical education in institutions of general and vocational education. In academic work, these are basketball, volleyball, handball, football; in extracurricular physical culture, sports and health work, in addition to those mentioned, table tennis, badminton, hockey, tennis, etc. are cultivated.
In the system of additional education, sports games are quite widely represented: in children's and youth sports schools, specialized children's and youth schools of the Olympic reserve, children's and youth physical training clubs, various health clubs, physical culture and sports classes in recreation areas, etc.
Sports games are widely used in the training of athletes in almost all sports as an effective means of general physical training, development of physical qualities and enrichment of the motor experience of athletes, especially young ones. In team sports, “other” (in relation to the chosen game) sports games are also included in the number of means of general and special physical training.
1.2. Basic concepts and terms in the theory and methodology of sports games
The definition of concepts and terms is important for conducting classes in sports games at the proper professional level in educational institutions, in training athletes-players, for mutual understanding of specialist teachers and coaches, and researchers. In concepts and terms, the subject of study and teaching of any discipline is revealed, the knowledge accumulated by science is concentrated in them. A concept is considered complete if it formulates criteria for distinguishing one concept from others, ways of repeating and using it.
Below is a definition of the main concepts and terms that are used in the textbook. Unfortunately, in the practice of work on sports games, in the methodological literature, these issues have not yet been clearly established. Some concepts and terms are given additionally in the chapters of the textbook.
Game activity is a consciousness-controlled internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of athletes, aimed at achieving victory over an opponent in a confrontation with specific means and subject to established rules.
Competitive activity - game activity of athletes in the conditions of official competitions.
Reception of the game is a motor action (technique) determined by the rules for conducting game and competitive activities. Distinguish between offensive and defensive techniques.
Game technique - a set of game techniques for the implementation of gaming and competitive activities in order to achieve a win, victory. Distinguish attack technique (attack) and defense technique (defense).
Technical training is a pedagogical process aimed at the perfect mastery of game techniques by athletes and ensuring the reliability of skills in game and competitive activities.
Tactical action is the rational use of game techniques, a method of organizing the competitive activity of athletes to defeat an opponent. Allocate individual, group and team tactical actions in attack and defense.
Tactics of the game - theoretical foundations and a set of tactical actions - individual and collective (group and team), aimed at achieving victory over an opponent.
Tactical training is a pedagogical process aimed at the perfect mastery of the theory of tactics and tactical actions by athletes, ensuring high efficiency in game and competitive activities.
Tactical combination - group action with a clear definition of the plot for the participating players. Typical for an attack, each combination has a code name, a gesture.
The game system is a team action, when the actions of all team players at a certain moment of the game in attack or defense are specified.
Style of play - the characteristic distinctive features of the game of a team, an individual player, their "handwriting".
The physical abilities of athletes are individual personality traits that create conditions for the successful mastery and implementation of game and competitive activities by them. They are largely genetically predetermined.
Physical qualities - individual qualitative manifestations of physical abilities (strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, speed-strength, coordination).
Physical training is a pedagogical process aimed at developing physical abilities and increasing functional capabilities, strengthening the musculoskeletal system, ensuring effective mastery of game skills and contributing to high reliability of game actions.
Psychological training is the upbringing of moral, volitional and those mental qualities that are adequate to the specifics of a sports game and contribute to the formation of the personality of athletes and the high reliability of competitive activity.
Theoretical (intellectual) training - equipping athletes with special knowledge that increases the effectiveness of training in sports games, solving problems of training and competitive activities.
Integral training is a pedagogical process aimed at integrating the training effects of technical, tactical, psychological, intellectual and physical training into a holistic effect of game and competitive activity.
The training system is a set of interrelated elements that form an integral unity and are focused on achieving the goal; a set of activities aimed at training athletes who meet the model characteristics of the strongest athletes in the world (in a particular game) and are able to show the highest sporting achievements.
Training is an integral part of the system of training athletes, a pedagogical process aimed at teaching game techniques, tactics and tactical actions, improving technical and tactical skills, developing physical abilities, educating mental, moral and volitional qualities, mastering the knowledge system, creating conditions for high sports achievements .
Training activity is a joint activity of a coach, athletes, a team of specialists to successfully achieve the training goals.
The structure of the training - the initial component of the structure is a training task, a set of tasks constitutes a training session; two or more training sessions form a small cycle (microcycle), several small cycles form an average cycle (mesocycle); average cycles form an annual cycle (macrocycle), several annual cycles form a long-term cycle.
Training load - an integral part (component) of training, reflects the quantitative measure of the impact on athletes in the process of training sessions. The magnitude of the load is determined by its intensity and volume. The nature of the training means (specialization, focus, complexity) is of great importance. Expressed in academic hours.
Sports competitions are an integral part of the system for training athletes in game types; on the one hand, they serve as the goal of training and the criterion of its effectiveness, on the other hand, they are an effective means of special competitive training.
Competitive activity is the joint activity of athletes, coaches and specialists in the effective implementation of training effects in the conditions of official competitions. In terms of its content, this activity consists of individual actions and interactions of teammates and counteractions to individual and collective actions of opponent players.
The structure of competitive activity is a set of attacking and defensive actions and operations that athletes of both teams perform in specific conditions of confrontation. The components of the structure are organically interconnected, forming an integral unity of the competitive activity of two opposing teams.
Competitive load - the volume of competitive activity in a certain period of time, expressed in the number of games (calendar and control).
The structure of competitions in a sports game is a variety of types of competitions, ordered hierarchically according to certain criteria: scale, skill level and age limit.
Management is a process to ensure the achievement of the goal of the athlete training system based on the receipt, transmission and processing of information, the development and adoption of decisions. Allocate the management of the preparation of athletes, the management of their training and the management of the competitive activities of the team and individual players.
Planning and control are the main functions of management. Planning is the process of choosing the direction of movement (trajectory) of the system for training athletes and determining the means and methods for achieving the final goal. This is the definition of the content of the activity for a period of time lying in the future. Control - a process aimed at ensuring the coincidence of the course of training of athletes with the planned task, coordination and correction of the components of the training system to achieve the goal based on the information received.
The selection of athletes is an integral part of the system of training athletes, a set of measures to identify individuals with a high level of abilities for a particular game and body properties that ensure the effectiveness of training and competitive activities in a sports game.
Control questions and tasks
1. Tell us about the role of sports games in the physical education of various categories of the population.
2. What is the role of sports games in the training of athletes of various sports?
3. Give a classification of sports games.
4. What are the specific features of sports games?
5. What are the main concepts and terms in sports games?
Chapter 2. COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
IN SPORT GAMES
AND COMPETITION SYSTEM
Competitions are the hallmark of sport, they are an essential component of the athlete training system (see Chapter 5) and a guideline for building sports training.
The specifics of competitive activity largely determines the direction and content of long-term training of athletes (principles, means, methods, programming of the training process, selection, assessment of fitness, assessment of an athlete's abilities, control over his current state, etc.).
Competitive activity is closely related to sports results. This necessitates a thorough study of the content of competitive activity, identification of factors that determine the achievement of high sports results.
The structure of competitive activity and the factors that determine its effectiveness serve as the basis for building the process of training athletes and effective management of this process.
2.1. The structure of competitive activity in sports games
The main parameters of competitive activity in sports games are identified and fixed through special observations in the conditions of the largest competitions for the actions of the strongest athletes in the world. The signs that reflected the parameters of competitive activity are called target ones, since their implementation ensures the achievement of the goal - to win the competition.
Victory in competitions is the ultimate goal of competitive activity, its achievement consists of the consistent solution by athletes of a number of particular tasks that arise in front of them in the process of moving towards the main goal. Elements of activity for the performance of particular tasks are called actions, which, in turn, consist of operations. The content of actions, operations and the conditions in which an athlete performs them during the competition determine the structure of competitive gaming activity.
Only having indicators of the competitive activity of each athlete, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of his actions and determine ways to improve his skills in the process of training.
The structure of competitive activity in sports games is made up of components that are conventionally hierarchically arranged into several levels. Components and levels of the structure of competitive activity are arranged according to the principle of "matryoshka dolls" nested one inside the other; the first component is the largest, all the subsequent ones are “embedded” in it (Fig. 2).
The first component (upper level) is a system-holistic confrontation between athletes of two teams, in which all components of the structure are represented and “result” in their interconnection.
The second component is team tactical actions in attack and defense: if at the moment for one team the actions are attacking, then for the other team at the same moment the actions will be defensive. The teams take turns in the role of attackers and defenders. Team tactical actions - systems of play in attack or defense - are the determining factor for the choice of technical and tactical actions and their development in time and space. One team takes into account the capabilities of its players and the characteristics of the game in the defense of the opposing team when choosing one or another system of play in the attack. The defending team, taking into account the peculiarities of the opposing team's game system, opposes its own defense system.
The third component is formed by group tactical actions in attack (combinations) and defense - they find realization 
Rice. 2. Systemically interconnected components of competitive
confrontation between athletes of opposing teams
command tactical actions. By analogy with team tactical actions, group actions are carried out simultaneously: the players of one team perform a tactical combination in the attack, the players of the other team interact with each other, organizing defensive actions against a specific combination and its performers. Thus, group tactical actions depend on the accepted game system and are its development.
The fourth component of the structure is formed by individual tactical actions in attack and defense - the next step in the development of competitive activity. Individual actions are associated with specific group actions and are determined by them: in attack, depending on the tactical combination, on the one hand, and the defensive actions of specific players of the opposing team, on the other; in defense, depending on the defense system and their group actions, as well as on specific performers who complete the tactical combination in attack in the opposing team
.
The fifth component of the structure consists of game techniques (technique), with the help of which athletes carry out competitive activities with direct impact on the ball, puck, etc. This is, as it were, the final step in the development of competitive actions: team - group - individual (tactics) - game technique (technique ). This component "results", i.e. the quality of its implementation directly affects the effectiveness of competitive activity (winning the ball, a point or losing). Techniques of the game are divided into methods of playing in attack and defense.
The sixth component consists of physical abilities (motor potential) that ensure the effectiveness and reliability of technical and tactical actions in game competitive activity (speed, power, speed-strength, endurance, coordination abilities, flexibility). Of paramount importance here is the level of development of physical abilities and the ability to implement them in the process of performing technical and tactical actions.
The seventh component is the mental qualities and personality traits of athletes; the level of their formation and the degree of manifestation in the conditions of competitive activity significantly affect its effectiveness. This is especially important when the level of sportsmanship of rivals is equal.
The eighth and ninth components are the functional capabilities and morphological features of the body of athletes, providing them with the reliability and effectiveness of technical and tactical actions throughout the entire time during which the competitive activity is unfolding.
2.2. Factors that determine the effectiveness of competitive activity in sports games
Based on the analysis of the structure of the competitive gaming activity of athletes, identifying the significance of its components in relation to the sports result, the factors that determine the effectiveness of competitive activity and the level of sports achievements in a sports game are determined. The most significant are the following factors.
The first factor is the equipment of athletes with game techniques (arsenal of equipment). The significance of this factor is determined by the fact that competitive confrontation in a sports game is regulated by the rules, according to which players can carry out competitive activities with the help of special actions in each game - game techniques. This factor is of great importance: on the one hand, without mastering the techniques of the game, competitive game activity is impossible; on the other hand, the wider the arsenal of playing techniques and the more perfect the skills of mastering the techniques of the game, the higher the competitive potential of athletes.
The second factor is the equipment of athletes with tactical actions (an arsenal of tactics). The degree of perfection and the arsenal of tactical actions serve as a decisive condition for the realization of the technical potential (arsenal of equipment) in the conditions of the game and competition.
The first and second factors are interrelated: tactical actions (arsenal, efficiency) directly depend on the arsenal of techniques and technical skills of athletes, and the maximum implementation of the arsenal of techniques in the game depends entirely on the variety of tactical actions and tactical skills of the players. Therefore, it is legitimate to talk about the technical and tactical skills of athletes.
The third factor is the “applicability” of the technical and tactical arsenal. It is not enough to study and perform the game techniques and tactical actions well - team, group, individual in attack and defense. The ability to fully apply technical techniques and tactical actions in the conditions of the game and competition is of decisive importance. It is known from practice that most athletes know and are able to do much more than what they use in competitions, especially in the game with an equal opponent and in extreme conditions.
The fourth factor is the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions in the conditions of competitive activity. Efficiency is determined by indicators determined for each sports game - winning and losing a ball (puck), scoring a goal, etc. Based on these indicators, the winner of the meeting is determined (in some games, a draw is possible). Winning a meeting and the number of wins (draws) in competitions constitute a sports result in sports games.
The fifth factor is the skill of performing the game function (role) by each player in the team, which is determined for him on the basis of individual characteristics, taking into account the level of preparedness by game components, etc. This makes it possible to complete the team in such a way that it represents a well-coordinated ensemble that is effective both in attack and in defense, giving each athlete the opportunity to show himself in the best possible way in the conditions of competitive activity.
The sixth factor is activity (“aggressiveness”), creativity (“game intelligence”), the level of strong-willed and moral qualities aimed at the effective implementation of the tactical game plan and maximum mobilization of the efforts of athletes in extreme competition conditions.
The seventh factor is the level of development of physical and mental qualities and abilities specific for competitive gaming activity in a sports game.
The sixth and seventh factors turn out to be decisive when the other factors are in balance.
The eighth and ninth factors are the level of functionality and morphological indicators in relation to the specific requirements of competitive activity in a particular sports game.
