Art. Lecturer, FSBEI HPE "Kazan Federal University",

Kazan

The formation of a healthy lifestyle (HLS) has long been the dominant direction in the system of preserving the health of the nation. The law "On physical culture and sports in Russian Federation» emphasizes that it is physical culture and sports in educational institutions that should be a means of preserving and strengthening the health of student youth. The purpose of physical education in higher educational institutions, according to the educational standards of the 3rd generation, is: mastering the means of independent, methodically correct use of methods of physical education and health promotion, readiness to achieve the proper level physical fitness to ensure full-fledged social and professional activities.

This means that a university graduate must have the necessary knowledge about his body and have knowledge in the field of physical culture. Regular classes physical exercises should become an important part of his lifestyle, and the unity of the content, form, means and methods of education should stimulate the physical and spiritual development of the future specialist. Insufficient awareness of young people in matters of the importance of physical culture, as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle, and in conditions of an academic load - a factor in removing mental and muscle tension, leads to the formation of a deficit motor activity and poor health. To increase students' motivation for regular physical culture lessons, it is necessary to give a full amount of information about the means and methods of physical culture.

The means of the practical section (including sports) in the work program for the academic discipline " Physical Culture» departments of physical education are determined in each educational institution independently. At Kazan Federal University, classes are traditionally held in the following areas: weightlifting, aerobics, sport games(volleyball, basketball, football, etc.), OPT and SMG groups, in which students have been engaged for several years.

The federal state educational standard of the third generation in the subject of "physical culture" involves the inclusion of the following mandatory topics in the curriculum: Athletics(100m run, women's 400m run, men's 1000m run), sports games, ski race, exercises professional-applied physical training and swimming.

Until recently, some topics fell out of the curriculum due to the lack of a sufficient material base. Based on the requirements of the State Standard (from which we have no right to deviate), each student of a higher educational institution and applying for a diploma of higher education is required to master the curriculum in the subject "Physical Education" on all topics. But based on the realities, we have to state that there are some contradictions in teaching the discipline "physical culture" at the university: between the high educational and methodological potential and its ineffective use in the versatile, harmonious training of students in the process of physical education.

Swimming, due to its exceptionally high sports, applied, health-improving and general developmental effect, is one of the most important topics of the discipline "Physical Education" in higher educational institutions. Swimming is one of the main sections of social health improvement and physical education programs of various age groups population. Swimming lessons - basic preventive measure in the fight against accidents on the water. Boys and girls who know how to swim well will always be able to help a drowning person. As they become parents in the future, they will be able to teach their children how to swim.

For the subject “Physical culture”, the federal state educational standard provides for 400 hours of study load, of which a certain part should be allocated to classes on the topic “swimming” and each student must master the training program on this topic. In connection with the commissioning of a new modern swimming pool"Bustan", there was a need to create a new, better work program on the subject of swimming. To create it, it is necessary to analyze the basic level of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as to study the motivating factors for attending swimming classes and the reasons for not wanting to go to the pool. We have compiled several questionnaires for the study, the respondents were students of the 1st year of KFU (400 people).

To study the motives for attending swimming lessons, students were offered 16 motives and were asked to choose the 5 most significant for them. The main motives were:

— I like to swim (48%);

— Swimming strengthens my health (41%);

— I want to improve my swimming skills (37%);

I want to improve my physical form (31%);

- Swimming improves overall well-being (25%).

The data obtained as a result of the survey indicate that it is the personal attitude to this sport that is of great importance for attending classes, which indicates the underdevelopment of the concept of the importance of swimming and its influence on the body of those involved.

At the same time, students have a false idea about the sanitary and hygienic state of the swimming pool, this is confirmed in the results obtained when identifying the reasons for unwillingness to attend swimming classes:

- inconvenience in the schedule of classes (18%);

- additional hassle (purchase medical certificate and purchase of swimming accessories) (14%);

— high concentration of chlorine in water (12%);

— not comfortable water temperature (8%);

— I do not see the need to attend classes, as I swim quite well (10%).

Of course, in order to improve the quality of the educational process, it is necessary to take into account the negative aspects associated with the organization of swimming lessons.

Examining the level of knowledge, it was revealed that 86% of students need knowledge in the field of swimming, 81% of students consider their knowledge sufficient to apply it in life. Of the total number of students, only 8% have an idea about the ways of swimming. To the question: do you know how swimming affects the human body, 99% of respondents answered positively, however, as a result of an oral survey, it turned out that 75% of students could not say which physical quality, swimming has a more pronounced effect, which once again indicates that students have a low level of knowledge in the field of swimming. It can also be assumed that if we further examine the level of knowledge on other topics of the curriculum, the “picture” will not differ significantly. Despite the abundance of sources of access to information these days, with a small margin, students still receive basic knowledge from physical education teachers - 36%, from friends - 34%, from the Internet - 20% and only 2% from their parents, and after all it is they who, first of all, should instill an interest in the physical culture and sports lifestyle.

Analyzing the skills and abilities of students who can swim, it turned out that 83% learned to swim in school age, of which 17% of the respondents are over the age of 17, and having learned to swim at an older age, students have a desire to improve their swimming skills, which positively affects the motivational-value attitude to physical culture and the need for regular classes for physical self-improvement. To the question: do you have the skills to provide assistance to victims on the water, 41% of students answered in the affirmative, 11% of them had to provide assistance in real life. Therefore, 87% of respondents believe that swimming lessons at the university are necessary, 2% of respondents do not need lessons, and 11% of students find it difficult to answer.

Today, KFU students attend swimming classes at will. Of course, one cannot argue with the fact that the opportunity to engage in physical culture, taking into account sports interests, is a powerful motivational factor. But analyzing the requirements of the state standard and the studies of other authors, that the awareness of the role and importance of physical culture comes at an older age, students must master all the mandatory topics in the discipline "Physical Education" in full. Such an approach to organizing and conducting classes will increase their efficiency and effectiveness, will contribute to positive dynamics in changing the level of physical fitness of students, improving their psycho-emotional state, social well-being and health in general, and will also form a lot of skills, abilities and knowledge among students, as future parents for the successful upbringing of a healthy generation.

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• Voronina Kristina Sergeevna, student
• Shaimardanova Lucia Sharifzyanovna, Senior Lecturer
• Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University

• HEALTH
• STUDENT
• PHYSICAL CULTURE
• SWIMMING

Swimming lessons provide positive effect on the level of the student's health, as well as on his intellectual abilities of brain activity. Everything in the human body is interconnected. In turn, swimming is the active process by which you can achieve a full recovery of the body.

• Comparison of programming languages ​​on the example of array sorting
• Should physical culture be included in the educational program?

Introduction

Nowadays there are many various kinds sports both to improve the health of students and to improve physical activity student. From various types physical activity It is worth highlighting swimming lessons. Swimming is one of the most important means of physical education, due to which it is included in the content of the programs of preschool, secondary and higher specialized educational institutions.

In addition, some features are characteristic of swimming, first of all, when swimming, the whole body is involved, that is, movements are made both upper and lower limbs. Therefore, the musculoskeletal system is strengthened. According to many authors, swimming lessons have a positive effect on the indicators of the objective health of students, which is manifested in the normalization of their bone, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It should be noted that classes have a positive effect on the subjective health of those involved: the number of complaints about vegetative disorders and psycho-emotional fatigue decreases, self-assessment of one's health becomes more adequate. And this, in turn, has a positive effect on the general strengthening of the student's health. Since the educational process is very stressful, it is necessary to relieve stress, and for this, doctors recommend visiting the pool and swimming.

At present, our state faces quite acute problems of the health of the younger generation, maintaining the need for healthy way life, as well as healthy leisure, and it is quite interested in the means of attracting the younger generation to sports. And this is a rather urgent problem for this moment. Swimming is a unique form of physical activity. In addition, it is swimming classes that are popular with young people. Studies of various problems of improving the level of health and quality of life in active occupation swimming are presented in the works of such authors as: Kondakov V.L., Gorelov A.A. (2013); Kurko Ya.V. Fedchishin O.Ya. (2012); Kozina Zh.L., Ermakov S.S., Bazylyuk T.A., Voloshina E.V. (2012); Skirene V.V., Skyryus E.R. (2012); Drogomeretsky V.V., Ganchar A.I. (2012); Balamutova N.M. (2012); Balamutova N.M., Sidorenko G.M. (2011); Khimich I.Yu. (2009). These authors have shown ways effective solution existing problems and led practical advice relating to students with different levels of training. At the same time, many authors note a noticeable decrease in the health level of student youth. Therefore, one should not miss the opportunity to promote the improvement of one's own body with the help of swimming as a sports and recreational process.

The aim of the work is to highlight the features of the impact of swimming as a sports and recreational process on the level of students' health.

The task of the work is to analyze significant research in this sport, in order to indicate positive dynamics swimming on the health of students as a sport health complex.

Theoretical methods were used in the work, we were based on studies conducted earlier. And also we have applied such methods as experiment and observation.

As materials for the analysis, specialized journals were used, which contain materials on research on student health.

Main part

Taking into account the goal set, the question arises what are the pedagogical conditions for development and the model of an effective process that has a positive effect from swimming lessons on the general condition of the student? Swimming lessons and their effectiveness largely depend on the correct organization of the educational process, appropriate technical and staffing. Recommendations of Ganchar A.I. worth highlighting in this respect. The author notes five main aspects in the theory and practice of formative skills. Each of them characterizes in detail the qualitative implementation of educational and educational, health-improving and hygienic, professional and applied, medical and preventive and sports and pedagogical influences of the swimming process on people. different ages taking into account their anatomical, morphological, functional and gender differences.

The author especially focuses on the level and degree of formation of swimming skills and considers it necessary to adjust state tests and physical education programs different groups population. At the same time, this approach made it possible to establish the dominant aspects of the formation of swimming skills for different age groups.

Analyzing the results of the research, it was noted that swimming as a sport healing process has a beneficial effect on the heart vascular system. Regular exercise in this sport increases the functionality of the heart and allows the heart system to work more economically. This is achieved due to: an increase in the strength of the heart muscle and the volume of blood expelled in one cycle, directly during movements occurring in the water; decrease in heart rate (the less often the heart contracts at rest, the more powerful the heart muscle, the heart works in a more economical mode - more blood is ejected in one contraction, and pauses for rest increase, the heart has time to plentifully bathe in blood through the network of blood vessels, therefore , less effort is spent and the heart strains much less); increased endurance to physical exertion (the heart learns to adequately respond to overcoming a heavy load and even overload, since it has learned to push the amount of blood necessary for this into the vessels).

In addition, if you attend swimming lessons as physical activity, there will definitely be a positive impact on respiratory system. First of all, the respiratory muscles are trained: the strength of the respiratory muscles increases, their tone increases; the respiratory rhythm improves, deeper and rarer breathing is developed; ventilation of the lungs increases, the number of alveoli and their elasticity increase; little-used lung tissues are included in the work; increases the body's resistance to low oxygen content in the body.

Thanks to research, we have been able to establish that swimming as a sports and health complex contributes to the strengthening, as well as the process of training the musculoskeletal system. This is especially useful for students, since we know that a school day at a university is about 6–8 hours. Also, time is spent on self-study, and it fluctuates on average 3–4 hours, during the session it increases to 7–8 hours This is a very significant psycho-physiological load on the body of young people, which ultimately shows that the educational process is very stressful.

Prolonged restriction of motor activity leads to a decrease in mental performance, weakening of skeletal muscles, and impaired posture. Mostly at lectures, students take sitting position. And of course, after lectures, every student needs to relieve tension in the spine. Those who go in for swimming have a great opportunity to improve their posture, because during swimming: the static tension of the body decreases, there is a natural unloading of the spine from the pressure of the body weight on it; the muscles of the spine and the entire skeleton are strengthened; improves coordination of movements; asymmetry in the work of the intervertebral muscles disappears; conditions for the normal growth of the vertebral bodies are restored; a sense of correct posture is formed.

When performing motor actions in the water, the body of a floating person is in a horizontal position. In order to stay on the surface of the water and swim a certain distance, overcoming the frontal resistance of the water, a person in the water has to perform specific movements that are characteristic only for swimming and have no analogues in other types of physical activity such as sports and recreation complexes. All muscle groups are involved in swimming, including those that are quite difficult to strengthen on land. During swimming, the alternation of tension and relaxation different muscles increases their strength and performance, thanks to this, swimming does not overstrain the muscular apparatus and allows you to correctly dose the level of physical activity. And the uniform work of the muscles of the whole body contributes to the formation of a beautiful harmonious figure.

As part of our study, an experimental group was organized, which included ten boys and ten girls, aged 18 to 22 years old, their duties included visiting the pool after lectures three times a week, students had to visit the pool for four weeks . The results were crowned with success because, as a result of our survey, the students participating in the experiment expressed a desire to continue physical education at this pace, conditioned by the fact that water and movements in water relieve fatigue, tension and stress directly from training sessions. . And some students managed to feel the healing effect of swimming lessons.

Figure 1. Results of the student survey

Thus, we found that the majority of students have a great desire to go in the pool, arguing that when swimming, they feel how the process itself affects their level of health. According to students from our organized experimental group, after swimming, it became much easier to breathe; swimming affected posture correction; and also the students did not feel tired from mental activity in which students invest their strength directly in the classroom and lectures in educational institutions.

conclusions

Based on the results of numerous studies, we have found that general movements in the water stimulate breathing, blood circulation, improve activity gastrointestinal tract, improve thermoregulation, the body becomes less susceptible to colds, the psycho-emotional state is normalized. Swimming exercises develop and strengthen the musculoskeletal system, as a result, the nutrition of the joints improves. Swimming is an effective prophylactic against osteochondrosis and articular pathology. I would also like to note that the researchers found an increase in the level of students' health on the body as a whole during swimming lessons.

Swimming is a wonderful process physical development and health promotion, which students need to maintain their own level of health. Thus, conducting swimming lessons as a sports and recreation complex has a pronounced healing effect, which affects the power of the apparatus. external respiration; in the development of the respiratory organs, in physical performance, in the adaptive capabilities of the body to the environment, that is, there is active work immune system body, which is especially useful for the physical and mental activity of students of universities, colleges, lyceums and other higher educational institutions.

Bibliography

1. Bazylyuk T.A., Kozina Zh.L., Beznes E.E., Koverya V.N. The use of aqua fitness game orientation in the physical education of female students // Physical education students. - 2010. - No. 6. - S. - 8 - 12
2. Bulgakova N.Zh. Swimming: textbook. allowance. -M.: Physical culture and sport, 2001. - 400 p.
3. Ganchar A.I. Garkusha S.V. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of swimming skills among different groups of the population in the process of physical education and sports, taking into account gender differences in students // Physical education of students. - 2012. - No. 3. - S. - 24 - 28.
4. Ganchar A.I. Dynamics of indicators of swimming and physical readiness of cadets of the marine profile in the process of physical education and sports, taking into account gender differences // Physical education of students. - 2012. - No. 4. - S. - 37 - 41.
5. Drogomeretsky V.V., Kondakov V.L., Gorelov A.A. The use of means of health-improving swimming in order to correct disorders of the articular-ligamentous apparatus of students // Physical education of students. - 2013. - No. 5. - P. 46-54.
6. MacLeod Yen. Swimming Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide to Strength, Speed, and Endurance Development. – M.: POTPURRRI, 2010.200 – S.

OMSK STATE TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY

Department of Labor and Organizational Psychology

THE METHOD OF ACCELERATED SWIMMING STUDENTS

Styles: butterfly (dolphin), front crawl

Completed:

student of group IP-318

Ponomareva I.A.

Omsk 2010

1. Sources and driving forces of society…………………………………3

2. Butterfly (dolphin)……………………………………………………….5

3. Crawl on the back……………………………………………………….…….11

4. Errors in exercises, guidelines, exercises to correct errors………………………………………………………..

5. List of used literature……………………………………

Sources and driving forces of society

The formation of the correct swimming skill is possible if the teacher, in the process of teaching schoolchildren to swim, most appropriately uses the laws of human interaction with the aquatic environment. In recent years, with the help of objective research methods, experimental work has been carried out to determine effective ways improving the technique and methodology of teaching swimming to children and adolescents. The results of these studies are used in the present work. In our time, hardly anyone would deny that swimming is a life skill, swimming is the most valuable sport. exercise.

People knew how to swim well in ancient times. This helped them to hunt, fish, escape from enemies or pursue them. IN Ancient Greece believed: that an educated person is a person who can read, write and ... swim. The figures of swimmers, carved on stones, depicted swimming men on the oldest papyri and grooves, tell about the use of swimming in military affairs, work, and everyday life for more than three thousand years BC. It is known from history that famous swimmers there were, for example, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, who competed in swimming for speed more than 2000 years ago in Japan.

Sports swimming originated at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. In 1538, the first navigation manual was published by the Dane N. Vinman. The origin of sports swimming in Russia dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The first officially registered sports swimmers in history according to the "Rules for competitions of swimmers for special prizes" were organized in the Engineering Corps of the Russian Army in the early 30s of the last century. In those years, special swimming teams were created in the First and Second engineer brigades of this corps. The cumulative experience was studied and summarized by one of the corps officers L. Konkin. Later, he published in St. Petersburg a special book "Swimming teams in the combat units of the engineering troops and swimming training for lower ranks."

The first indoor pool in Russia was built in 1891 in Moscow at the central baths. In tsarist Russia, a very limited circle of people were engaged in sports swimming. In 1890, the first competition in Europe was held, and a little later, in 1898, swimming was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games and has since been consistently included in the number of Olympic Games. Sports swimming includes competitions at distances from 50 to 1500 meters. The following swimming styles are used in competitions: butterfly (dolphin), front crawl, breaststroke, front crawl (freestyle).

Butterfly (dolphin)

Consider one of these methods - butterfly (dolphin). Butterfly is one of the power ways of swimming.

Swimming in the dolphin way is characterized by simultaneous and symmetrical movements of the arms and legs, as well as the wave-like movement of the torso.

In terms of swimming speed, the dolphin ranks second (after the crawl on the chest). Its importance in applied swimming is small.

The dolphin is used in swimming competitions at distances of 100 and 200 m, in medley at distances of 200 and 400 m (the first segment is 50 or 100 m) and in the third stage of the 4x100 m combined relay.

When swimming as a dolphin, there are several options for coordinating movements (one-stroke, two-stroke and three-stroke coordination). The most common is the two-stroke version. Each cycle of movements in this variation consists of one arm movement, two kicks, one inhalation and one exhalation.

The origin of this method began in 1935 and continued until 1950. Butterfly (dolphin) is a fundamentally new type of breaststroke - butterfly (from the English. Butterfly - a butterfly, because an athlete swimming with a butterfly resembled a giant butterfly from a distance). This method was demonstrated in competitions at a distance of 100 m breaststroke. The results shown exceeded the world record. The following was characteristic of him: the stroke with the hands is performed not in a horizontal, but in a vertical plane - from front to bottom and back. Then the hands were thrown out of the water, swept through the air forward for a new stroke, and the movements of both hands were simultaneously and symmetrical, which corresponded to the international breaststroke swimming rules. Butterfly turned out to be much faster than the classic breaststroke.

The butterfly (dolphin) swimming method is reserved for 50, 100, 200 m distances in competitions. It is also used in the 4x100 m medley relay race in the third stage, in the first segments of 200 and 400 m distances in integrated swimming. Outwardly, the butterfly (dolphin) swimming method is distinguished by simultaneous symmetrical movements both from top to bottom, like a dolphin's tail, and by stroking hands under water along the longitudinal axis of the body along a curvilinear trajectory, followed by carrying them under water.

Body position. When swimming as a dolphin, the body of the swimmer is located on the surface of the water in an extended position. The head is lowered face down into the water. Due to the undulating movements of the body and significant fluctuations in the vertical plane of the shoulder girdle, the angle of "attack" changes during one cycle within ±20°.

Leg movement. In the "dolphin" method, the legs perform continuous simultaneous movements from top to bottom and from bottom to top. The body of the swimmer actively participates in these movements.

preparatory movement(down up). The upward movement begins with the extension of straight legs in hip joints with simultaneous flexion of the body in the lower back (back) and lowering of the pelvis. To about a horizontal position, the legs move straight up, and then bend into knee joints, making an angle between rear surface thigh and lower leg approximately 115-135°. During this movement, the feet turn inward, and the knees are spread apart to a width of 15-20 cm.

Working movement (top to bottom) begins with a sequential extension of the legs in the knee and ankle joints (at the end of the movement), simultaneous bending legs in the hip joints (down) and torso in the lumbar part (up). Then the legs and feet quickly move down, and the lower back and pelvis approach the surface of the water.

Hand movements. When swimming as a dolphin, the cycle of movements of the hands consists of the following phases: the entry of the hands into the water and the influx, the supporting part of the stroke, the main part of the stroke, the exit of the hands from the water, the movement (carrying) of the hands above the water.

The entry of hands into the water and the influx. When the movement over the water is completed, straight, but relaxed arms are lowered into the water approximately shoulder-width apart in this sequence: hand, forearm and shoulder. Then straight arms begin to move in the water in a forward and downward direction. The influx ends when the hands make an angle of 10-20 degrees with the surface of the water.

The supporting part of the row. This part of the stroke is characterized by the beginning of bending of the arms in the elbow and wrist joints. The arms continue to move down, with the hands approaching a perpendicular position with respect to the direction of the swimmer's movement. The supporting part of the stroke ends when the angle between the surface of the water and the arms is 30°.

The main part of the row. Moving down and back, the arms continue to bend at the elbow joints, providing the hands with translational movement from front to back, at which the traction force becomes maximum.

During the stroke, the elbows move back and to the sides, and the cyst is shoulder-width apart or approaches a vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the body. To facilitate the removal of hands from the water, it is necessary in the final stage of the main part of the stroke to move the hands back and somewhat away from the body.

Getting hands out of the water. From the water, the arms rise in the following sequence: shoulders, forearms and hands. In this case, the arms are slightly bent at the elbow joints.

Movement of hands over water. Almost straight arms simultaneously perform a movement over the water through the sides, without undue tension, but with great speed. During the carrying, the hands are turned with their back to the water and only before entering the water they turn their palms down.

Breath. Shoulder girdle occupies the highest position at the end of the main phase of the arm stroke. At this moment, the head rises from the water and the breath begins, which ends in the first half of the carrying of the hands over the water. Then the head descends face down into the water, and the hands complete the carrying. After a short pause, exhalation begins and continues throughout the rest of the cycle.

General coordination of movements. Coordination of movements is carried out as follows. At the moment when the straight arms extended forward begin to inflate (the head is immersed face down in the water), the legs produce the first blow from top to bottom, which ends approximately when the arms end the influx. Next, the arms perform the supporting and the first third of the main part of the stroke, and the legs rise to the highest position. The second kick from top to bottom coincides with the execution of the hands of the remaining two-thirds of the main part of the stroke. The kick ends at the moment when the hands pass the line of the pelvis. During the removal of the hands from the water, carrying them over the water and entering the water, the legs again rise to the highest position. After that, the cycle of movements is repeated.

Foot movement on land

1. I.p. - o.s.: right foot on the toe. Stand side by side. capture right hand for support, left on the belt. Movement of the right foot back, pelvis forward, bend. Do not take your feet off the floor.

2. I.p. - OS: hands up together. Simultaneous movements of the pelvis and abdomen back and forth. Bend your legs at the knee and hip joints. Bend as much as possible.

3. I.p. - bending over, arms up on the support. Perform a squat, back round hands on a support. Socks together, heels to the sides. Support height to chest level.

4. From the emphasis while sitting, take the emphasis on the hands horizontally due to the repulsion of the feet from the support. Raise the pelvis up. You can take emphasis on the hips.

Foot movement in water

1. I.p. - lying on the chest, grip with one hand on the side at the water level, with the other - support on the side at a depth of 30-50 cm. Move the pelvis up and down. Don't bend your knees.

In ex. 2 movements are the same as in exercise. 1, but bend your knees. Big toes together, heels out to the sides.

3. I.p. - a narrow grip on the side, arms straight, head lowered into the water to the ears. Leg movements - dolphin.

4. Swimming with dolphin leg movements, hands at the hips. The chin is pressed to the chest, the arms are relaxed. Perform the first movements in the water column, then on the surface.

5. Dolphin feet swimming on the back with a board (pressed to the chest), look up, knees do not come out of the water. In the upper position, the pelvis is at the surface of the water.

6. Swimming on the chest with legs like a dolphin, hold the board by the near edge with straight arms, head lowered into the water to the level of the ears.

In ex. 7 and 8 - hold the board with one hand, the other - at the hip, then vice versa.

9. Swimming on the chest with legs like a dolphin, arms up. Accentuate the movement of the pelvis up. There is a small angle of flexion at the knees. The chin is pressed to the chest. Perform by holding the breath.

In exercise 10; 11 - one hand at the top, the other at the hip, then vice versa.

Learning to move on land and in water

1. I. p. - bending over, hands on the lower back, head back - inhale; head forward-exhale, chin pressed to the chest.

Ex. 2 is similar, but performed in water. Depth of water to the level of the abdomen. Lower your head into the water to the level of your ears and open your eyes. The emphasis is on the strong ending of the exhalation.

Movement of hands on land and in water

1. I. p. - about. With. (facing the wall), dolphin hand movements. The brushes move along the wall. The distance to the wall is the length of the shoulder, between the hands -10-20 cm.

2. I.p. - bending over, hands at the hips, circular movements of the hands forward. Then the movements of the hands are varied: forward (dolphin), the end of the stroke - with the hands at the hips. Observe the symmetry of the movement of the hands.

Crawl on the back

But already at the II Olympics in 1900 in Paris, they took into account that when swimming different ways participants reach various speeds and singled out a separate number of the program of games for a distance of 200 meters per st. During the first decade of the 20th century in this method of swimming, athletes used the so-called inverted breaststroke. But as the crawl became more established in freestyle swimming, some athletes who specialized in backstroke tried to “turn over” the crawl as well. Harry Hebner from the USA was the first to succeed in backstroke swimming. At the V Olympiad (Stockholm) in the 100-meter backstroke, he defeated all swimmers who used the breaststroke on their back: including the world record holder in swimming at this distance, the German Otto Faar. After that, Hebner's style gained general recognition and was used for a long time by all the strongest athletes who swim on their backs. Fundamental improvements in the technique of rowing solutions with arms and legs were introduced into this method by multiple world athletes in backstroke American swimmer Adolf Kiefer (1935-44) and swimmer from the GDR Rolland Matthes (1967-75).

A truly rapid increase in speed in backstroke allowed athletes to achieve outstanding results. But this is for athletes. In the meantime, the reader is faced with a more modest task - to learn to swim crawl on his back. To do this, first of all, you need to get an idea about the technique of swimming in this way.

The crawl on the back is characterized by alternating continuous movements of the arms and legs. Its main difference from other sports methods of swimming is in the position of the body and breathing (exhalation is performed above the water). In terms of speed, the back crawl ranks third after the front crawl and the dolphin. In applied navigation, it is used to transport the victim, various cargoes and tow them through the water.

Body position. The body of the swimmer is located near the surface of the water and is in a well-streamlined, close to horizontal position (the angle of "attack" is 6-10 °), the shoulders are slightly raised. The head rests on the water, the face is turned upwards, and the chin is slightly lowered on the chest.

Leg movements. Just like in the front crawl, the back crawl legs perform continuous alternating movements from top to bottom and from bottom to top with an amplitude of about a third of the swimmer's height. These movements provide the body with a stable horizontal position and maintain forward speed. The movement of the leg up is called rowing (working), and down - preparatory.

Preparatory movement (from top to bottom). In the extreme upper position, the leg, straightened at the knee joint with the relaxed foot turned inward, is at the surface of the water and occupies a somewhat inclined position with respect to the body. The downward movement begins with the extension of the straight leg at the hip joint. After passing the horizontal position, the straight leg continues to move down, bending at the hip joint (backward) to about an angle of 170 °. Next, the leg begins to bend at the knee joint, while the lower leg and foot continue to move down, and the thigh, unbending at the hip joint, begins to move up. When the angle between the front surface of the thigh and the body (in the hip joint) is approximately 130-140°, the movement of the leg from top to bottom is considered complete.

Working movement (from bottom to top). The upward movement begins with successive extension of the leg at the knee and ankle joints(in the latter, extension is carried out at the very end of the stroke), the leg continues to bend at the hip joint. At this point, the thigh, lower leg and foot move up. When the knee joint is at the surface of the water, the thigh begins to move down, ahead of the lower leg and foot, which continue to move up. The advancing movement of the hip down contributes to the rapid extension of the leg in the knee joint and thereby increases the speed of the overflowing movement of the foot up and back. As a result of this movement of the foot, the foot creates some traction force, which helps the swimmer move forward. When the leg straightens at the knee joint, the working movement is considered complete.

Hand movements. The cycle of movements of one hand consists of the following phases: the entry of the hand into the water and the influx, the supporting part of the stroke, the main part of the stroke, the exit of the hand from the water, the movement (carrying) of the hand above the water. There are two options for the arm stroke technique in backstroke: the straight stroke and the bent arm stroke. Stroke with a straight arm is simpler, but less effective due to the short period of maximum traction.

The entry of the hand into the water and the influx. At the moment of putting the hand into the water, the body begins to turn around the longitudinal axis towards the hand that entered the water. In this regard, the straight arm drops down and forward and to the side. At the end of a very short influx, the arm begins to bend into elbow joint, and the brush moves to a position perpendicular to the direction of movement and begins to "capture" the water. All this happens at a depth of no more than 15 cm.

The supporting part of the row. Continuing to move down and forward and to the side, the arm is bent at the elbow joint to an angle of 160 °; while the elbow goes down, and the hand is perpendicular to the direction of movement of the body, remaining above the elbow.

The main part of the stroke begins at the moment when the hand begins to move back. Moving back along the body, the arm continues to bend at the elbow joint, forming an angle between the shoulder and forearm of approximately 120° in the middle of the stroke. The hand continues to be near the surface of the water, and the elbow is below the hand. In the second half of this phase, the arm gradually unbends at the elbow joint and ends the main part of the stroke when the hand reaches the hip. Throughout the main part of the stroke, the brush maintains a position perpendicular to the direction of movement and is located at the surface of the water. The rotation of the body around the longitudinal axis by about 25-30 ° also contributes to the strengthening of the rowing movement.

Hand out of the water. By the time the movement of the hand in the water is completed, when the hand is near the thigh, the tension of the muscles involved in the stroke stops. IN next moment the hand, forearm, shoulder sequentially rise from the water and the arm begins to be carried over the water.

Movement of the hand over water. The rapid movement of a straight arm over water is carried out in a plane passing through shoulder joint and located either vertically or at some angle (not more than 15 °) outwards. At the end of the passage, the palm also turns outward.

Breath. Despite the fact that in the crawl on the back, breathing does not depend on environmental conditions (inhalation and exhalation are performed above water), it must be continuous and rhythmic. Inhalation is performed through a wide open mouth while carrying the hand over the water, and exhalation is performed while it is moving in the water.

General coordination of movements. Coordination of movements with arms and legs is carried out as follows: when the right hand performs an influx, left leg strikes from the bottom up (at the same time the right one goes down); continuing the movement, the right hand performs the support and the beginning of the main part of the stroke, and the left leg moves down (at the same time the right one makes a kick up); then the right hand performs the main part of the stroke, and the left leg again strikes from the bottom up (the right leg moves down). The coordination of the rowing movement of the left hand with the movements of the legs occurs in the same sequence.

Starts and turns. Start when swimming on the back, unlike other methods, is performed from the water. After a preliminary command to “take places” or a corresponding signal, the swimmer descends into the water, grabs the handrails on top of the starting block with straight arms shoulder-width apart, bending his legs, and securely rests his forefoot on the side of the pool below the water level (according to the rules of the competition). After the command “to start”, the swimmer pulls himself up to the rails, bending his arms at the elbows, takes a stationary position and immediately, on the command “march” or another signal, swings his arms and pushes with both legs from the side, which allows you to make a small flight low above the water, enter water and after a little gliding under water - up to 15 m - start performing crawl movements on the back. The backstroke turns must ensure the continuity of the swim and are differentiated between closed and open. The main condition of the latest competition rules when turning is the provision that before touching the turning backboard, it is allowed to turn from adopted position on the back, and also to perform only rotational movements. In addition, you can touch the rotary shield with any part of the body, not necessarily with your hand.

Foot movements on land

I.p. - sitting on the front edge of the bench, grasping the bench with your hands from behind. Alternate movements of the legs from top to bottom (crawl), the socks are pulled back, the thumbs touch each other. Do not bend your knees, the range of motion of the legs is 40-60 cm. Perform the exercise while sitting on the floor.

I.p. - lying with your back on a bench with support on the pelvis and forearms on the floor. Crawl leg movements. Socks inward, change the pace and amplitude of movement with your feet.

Foot movements in water

1. I.p. - lying on your back, hands reverse grip over the side, reliance on it. Crawl leg movements. The pelvis is 10-30 cm from the surface of the water. Throw water up with feet.

Leg movements with a swim board

1. I.p. - lie on your back, press the board to your chest. Crawl leg movements. In ex. 2 hold the board behind your head. In ex. 3 hold the board with straight arms at the top. Ex. 4, 5 are performed holding the board with one hand, the other at the top and vice versa. In ex. 6, 7 hold the board with one hand, the other at the hip and vice versa. In all crawl leg exercises, the pelvis is at the surface of the water, the chin is pressed to the chest, the leg movements are from the hip.

Leg movements without a swim board

The same exercises as with the board, but without it.

Hand movements on land and in water

Ex. 1. I.p. - legs apart. Circular movements back with one, then with the other hand. In ex. 2, 3, respectively, alternate and alternate circular movements of the arms back.

Ex. 4. Water level to the waist. Semi-squat inclined on the right leg, left on the toe, circular motion with the right hand, left at the hip. In ex. 5 perform alternate circular movements back, follow the turn of the brushes outward. Bend your arms at the elbows up to 900, the chin is pressed to the chest.

Ex. 6, 7. Exercises are performed similarly to 4, 5, but with the back moving forward. Active brush repulsion from water. The end of the stroke with the hand at the hip. Arm forward straight.

The study of breathing and the coordination of hand movements and breathing on land and in water

1. When studying breathing preparatory exercises are performed with the aim of mastering a rapid inhalation and maximum full exhalation. The movements in these exercises are performed with an accentuated inhalation at the moment of the arcuate movement of one arm up and exhalation at the moment of bringing the brush of the same hand to the thigh.

Coordination of arm, leg and breath movements

1. Swimming on the back with crawl legs and one hand crawl, the other at the hip, then the movement of the other hand, the second at the hip. In ex. 3 crawl arm movements alternate with a stop at the bottom, and in exercise. 4 hand movements alternate. The hand enters the water exactly at the top, the hand is turned with the thumb up.

Ex. 5-8. Swimming on the back with crawl legs and with one hand crawl, the other up, then the movement with the other hand: the second up. In ex. 6 crawl arms movements alternate with a stop at the top, and in exercise. 7 hand movements are alternate. After 3-4 cycles, stop them at the top with your hands and move only with your legs. Initial execution of exercise. 1-8 with free breathing. After mastering the coordination of movements of the arms and legs, these exercises are performed with an emphasis on the end of the exhalation, performed at the end of the stroke of one of the hands.

In the process of learning to swim, it is necessary to constantly monitor the assimilation of the technique of performing exercises, for which it is necessary to take into account certain features in the control methodology, which include:

 the technique of movements at the first stage of training (learning) should not be too detailed.

 the main sources of information in the quality of the exercises are the word of the teacher and their own visual control.

 to facilitate self-control, it is necessary to introduce visual orientations at the most important moments of a motor act.

 comparative tasks, which should make it possible to compare the correct and incorrect performance of exercises.

Errors in exercises, guidelines, exercises to correct errors

Mistakes	Guidelines	Correction exercises
Flexion in the hip joints and lowering the pelvis down (as a result, the swimmer sits instead of lying on the water)	Raise your stomach higher, do not sit, but lie on the water. follow the right starting position	Standing at a distance, arms along the body, crouch, pushing off, lie on your back, then perform leg movements
Bending of the legs at the knee joints, socks pulled back (there is no foam trace on the surface)	Legs should be straight, ballerina-like socks. Sharply unbend the legs at the knees as if hitting the ball	Lying on your back, take hold of the protective path with your hands - crawl leg movements on your back under the command
Stroke with one hand and carry with the other hand not produced at the same time	Change hands at the same time. Take your hand out of the water with shoulder movements	Swimming on the back at the command of the movement of the legs, one hand in front, the other at the hip, change the position of the hands, make a stroke with one hand, then at the same time carry with the other. Continue to move your legs and switch arms again
Narrow insertion of hands into the water behind the longitudinal axis of the body	Focus on execution circular motions hands	Swimming crawl on the back with a hold on the water
Short arm stroke	Stroke with hands to finish at the hips. Keep your arms tense and stretch forward in the direction of movement	Swimming on the back with the movement of the legs, one hand at the hip, the other in front
Swinging the shoulders, the arm moves away from the body during the stroke.	Strain your palm, do not lower your elbow during the stroke, do not tear off your shoulders	Hand Holding and Breathing Exercises
Inspiratory hold, incomplete exhalation through the nose	Inhalation is performed only at the end of the stroke, when the hand is at the hip	Simulation exercises on land and in water
Raising your head above the water	Press your head to your chest	Backstroke in full coordination

Experts emphasize that the basis of the initial swimming training for adults should be modern swimming techniques. Therefore, it is impossible to consider it expedient to start learning to swim by studying the technique of leg movement, but to master it more fully and naturally with the movements of the hands in a crawl on the back, studying the trajectory of the stroke with the hands. As the experience of practical work at the university shows, there are sufficient opportunities for the formation of swimming skills among students.

List of used literature

1. Vankova Zh.S. The evolution of backstroke. "Swimming" .- M .: Physical culture and sport, 1975. Issue. 2. S. 12-16.

2. Volesov V.I. Accelerated swimming training for young people. "Swimming". M.: Physical culture and sport, 1986.- S.50-54.

3. Makarenko L.P. Learn to swim on your back. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1984.- 31 p.

4. Melnikova O.A., Malakhovskaya N.I. Methods of accelerated swimming training for students: Guidelines. - Omsk - 2003. - 19 p.

5. Farafonov M.S. Backstroke. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1984.- 49 p.

Shokina Sofia

The work is aimed at developing a positive attitude towards swimming among students.

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Scientific and practical conference

"Your first steps into science"

Subject

"Swimming is my favorite sport"

Work completed

Student 3 "B" class

MOU "National (Tatar) gymnasium"

Shokina Sofia

Scientific director

Tugusheva R.R.

Saratov, 2014

1. Introduction

2.Main part

a) The history of the emergence of swimming

b) Swimming like olympic view sports

c) Basic rules, styles, benefits of swimming

D) Interesting facts

f) My research (questionnaire)

3.Conclusion

4. List of references

5. Applications

Introduction

I decided to choose this topic because it is very close and interesting to me. There are several athletes in my family: my grandfather is a skier, my father is a master of sports in fencing. Therefore, I decided to continue the sports family tradition - I took up swimming. I learned to swim at the age of 7 on the Black Sea. At the age of 8, I came to the pool and firmly decided to become an athlete. In my work, I want to talk about the benefits, history, styles, interesting facts this sport. And thus to interest, to attract students to swimming.

Swimming is a sport that consists in overcoming the swim for the leasttime of different distances.

Swimming is very important for a person. They improve metabolism and blood circulation, strengthen the heart, blood vessels and lungs, develop muscles, relieve many diseases, have a positive effect on the psycho-emotional sphere, make a person slimmer and more beautiful, help us to always be active, efficient, maintain interest in life until the end of our days. .

Research objectives:

Explore and explore one of the most popular types sport is swimming. WITHto form a positive attitude towards swimming among students, acquiring the skill of reliable and long-term swimming in deep water.

Project tasks:

1. collect during the research maximum amount information on this topic, to form ideas about the formation and occurrence of swimming.
2. prepare and conduct surveys

1. based on the survey I conducted, draw conclusions, show and tell how swimming and sports in general affect the upbringing and development of the younger generation.

The implementation of this goal is ensured by the solution of the following tasks:

1. To develop students' motivation for the qualitative fulfillment of the requirements of the program.
2. Strengthen the health of students, develop and improve physical qualities throughout the years of schooling.
3. To teach students the technique of two or three ways of sports swimming, to improve a variety of swimming skills.
4. To develop students' coordination and conditioning (mainly endurance) abilities.
5. To promote the education of moral and volitional qualities.

Research hypothesis:

Swimming is not only a pleasure, but also a way of life for a person.

Main part

The history of swimming.

From the time of its appearance on Earth, man has always been associated with water. It is in the valleys big rivers- Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Huang He and Yangtze, Indus and Ganges - human civilization was born. Water was of great importance in the life of primitive people, which was the reason for the deification of this element, which inspired a feeling of admiration and fear, still weak in the struggle with nature. The cult of water has existed among almost all peoples since ancient times. One of the main Olympic gods, the lord of the seas among the ancient Greeks was Poseidon. Much later (3rd century BC), the ancient Romans began to identify it with Neptune.

The fact that the ancient Greeks attached great importance to the ability to swim is also evidenced by the famous saying of Plato: "Can people who are the opposite of the wise, who cannot swim and read, be entrusted with the service?" In Athens, a person who could not swim was considered flawed. The extreme degree of human lack of culture was expressed by the saying "He can neither swim nor read"

The first swimming competitions were of a pronounced applied nature. An example is the mass competitions of the ancient Slavs on the Pochaina River, a tributary of the Dnieper, where the best swimmers-divers gathered. All of them simultaneously jumped into the river and had to catch fish with their hands for a certain time. The one who managed to catch the largest fish was declared the winner and received a silk fishing net as a gift.

In 1890, the first European swimming championship was held, in 1896 it was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games.

In 1889 the first international competitions in swimming with the participation of swimmers from Hungary, Austria, Germany and Sweden. In 1896, swimming was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games, which had a great influence on its further development.

Swimming as an Olympic sport

P Swimming has been known to man since ancient times. hunting and fishing, fleeing from enemies, the primitive man overcame water barriers by swimming.

At the end of the 19th century, when the construction of artificial pools began, sports swimming gained wide popularity in various countries of the world. A reflection of this was the inclusion of swimming competitions in the program of the first modern Olympic Games, held in 1896 in Athens, and since then this sport has been invariably included in the program of all Olympic Games.Women began to take part in the Olympic swimming competitions from 1912.

Participants of the first Olympic competitions they swam mainly in the breaststroke and sideways methods without taking their hands out of the water. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new style of swimming appeared, which turned out to be the most perfect and fastest of all. known to man swimming methods. It outwardly resembled the movements of a crawling person and therefore received the name "crawl". This word translated from English means "to crawl". For the first time, this style of swimming was demonstrated by Alain Wickham, who was born in the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean and learned how to swim from the locals. In the future, the original crawl, freestyle swimming technique - the so-called two-stroke crawl, in which one leg movement per stroke of each hand - was repeatedly improved.

Currently, the following styles are also used at the Olympic Games:

Backstroke

Butterfly

Pool length per Olympic Games 50 m, depth over the entire area - 3 m. All lanes are marked with lines and numbered from 1 to 8. The water temperature during the competition should be from 25 ° C to 27 ° C.

Basic Rules

There are several basic swimming rules:

1. You should swim with an empty stomach. Water exerts strong pressure on the entire abdominal cavity. To avoid problems, it is better not to eat 2 hours before class. An hour after training, you can have a light snack (fruit, yogurt). Best time for load period between 16 -19 hours.

2. Swimming should be in a bathing suit that fits snugly to the body.

3. A rubber cap is worn on the head to protect the hair roots from loosening by streams of water. Therefore, the hair must be carefully hidden.

4 .In the pool, such a nuisance as a fungus may lie in wait. Therefore, in no case should you walk barefoot in the pool, shower, sauna. Experts advise lubricating the feet with an antifungal cream.

5 .Before you dive into the pool, you need to take a warm shower. It will replace a light warm-up before swimming, under the skin, which is beginning to be affected. hot water from the shower, activates blood circulation, the muscles are warmed up. If you immediately jump into the water without a warm-up, there is a high probability that the muscles of the lower leg can reduce, this is not only painful, but also dangerous.

6. To lose weight and strengthen muscles, you should train regularly, at least 3 times a week. You need to swim non-stop for 40 minutes.

Each swimming style provides good load on the muscles. The champion in energy consumption is the crawl. Breaststroke is a little behind, but it perfectly trains the respiratory system. There's a secret: SWIMMING WILL BE BIGGER IF YOU ENJOY IT. A regularly swimming person protects himself from all diseases.

Swimming styles

Crawl

The crawl on the chest is characterized by alternating and symmetrical movements of the arms and legs. This is the fastest sports way swimming and the most popular. The swims of master rabbits, especially on short distances, always look with great interest. The popularity of the front crawl is also explained by the fact that it is mainly used when playing water polo, figure swimming and when swimming in reservoirs.

Breaststroke

This way of swimming was known in ancient times. In some instructions of the last century, this method was called “frog swimming”. Breaststroke is easier than in other ways to swim in clothes, to transport any objects on the surface of the water, to navigate in the direction of movement. It is economical and is easier for most people to master.

Butterfly
Butterfly (eng. Butterfly - butterfly) is the most tiring and technically difficult style of swimming, the second fastest after crawl.

Butterfly is characterized by simultaneous symmetrical movements of the arms and legs, as well as undulating movements of the torso, which help the movements of the arms and enhance the work of the legs. The individual elements of the technique of this swimming method (the movement of the arms and legs) are not much different from the front crawl technique.
At the Olympic Games from 1935 to 1953, breaststroke and butterfly athletes competed together. Jimmy Higgins was the first to demonstrate it. In 1953, the butterfly became an independent swimming style, at the same time (instead of alternately) synchronous up and down movement of the legs was allowed. So there was a high-speed variety of butterfly - "dolphin", in which the athlete makes a wave-like movement with his whole body.
In terms of swimming speed, the butterfly takes the second place (after the front crawl).

The benefits of swimming

The therapeutic effect of swimming on the body is noted by many experts. It has a beneficial effect on the main indicators of human physical development:

Height Weight
- is an excellent means of preventing and correcting posture disorders, scoliosis, flat feet
- Strengthening the cardiovascular and nervous system

Slides captions:

The work was done by a student of the 3rd "c" class of the MOU "National (Tatar) gymnasium" Shokina S.V. Scientific adviser Tugusheva R.R. Swimming is my favorite sport

Research objectives: To explore and learn one of the most popular sports - swimming. To form a positive attitude towards swimming among students, acquiring the skill of reliable and long-term swimming in deep water.

Research hypothesis: Swimming is not only a pleasure, but also a way of life for a person

Introduction Swimming is a sport that consists in overcoming various distances by swimming in the shortest time.

The history of swimming Ancient pools

In 1889 Budapest hosted the first international swimming competitions with the participation of swimmers from Hungary, Austria, Germany and Sweden.

Swimming as an Olympic sport Swimming was included in the program of the first Olympic Games in Athens in 1896.

Participants in the first Olympic competitions swam mainly in the breaststroke method. Currently, the following styles are also used in the games: “Swimming on the back” “Butterfly” The length of the pool at the Olympic Games is 50 m, the depth over the entire area is 3 m.

Basic rules 1. You should swim with an empty stomach. 2. Swimming should be in a bathing suit that fits snugly to the body. 3. A rubber cap is worn on the head to protect the hair roots from loosening by water flows. Therefore, the hair must be carefully hidden. 4. In the pool, such a nuisance as a fungus may lie in wait 5. Before diving into the pool, you need to take a warm shower 6. To lose weight and strengthen muscles, you should exercise regularly, at least 3 times a week. You need to swim non-stop for 40 minutes.

Swimming Styles Crawl This is the fastest and most popular way of swimming.

Breaststroke This method is also called “frog swimming”.

Butterfly Butterfly is the most tiring and technically difficult style of swimming. In terms of swimming speed, the butterfly takes the second place (after the front crawl).

The benefits of swimming - correction of posture disorders, scoliosis, flat feet - strengthening of the cardiovascular and nervous systems - development of the respiratory apparatus and muscular system

Interesting facts In water, a person feels 90% lighter. A newborn can be taught to swim as early as the third week. Swimming is the second sport after skiing that trains all major muscle groups. Even if you stand for a minute in water at a temperature of +20 degrees, the level of hemoglobin in the blood rises. .

Kinds of sports

Conclusion In conclusion, I want to say that swimming is not only a pleasure and a great benefit, but also a way of life for a person. I recommend to everyone: go swimming!

Thank you for your attention!