Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.
Sports equipment - this is the way to do it sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.
The role of sports equipment in various types sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports equipment:
1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of the competitive exercise.
2. Sports with the manifestation of endurance (running long distances). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.
3. Sports, with the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.
4. Sport games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability in the changing conditions of competitive struggle.
The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique. A high level of technical proficiency is called technical skill.
The criteria for technical excellence are:
1. Scope of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.
2. Versatility of technology - the degree of diversity of technical methods. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions - sports games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating.
3. Efficiency of possession of sports equipment, proximity of sports action equipment to an individually optimal option. Evaluation of the effectiveness of technology is carried out in several ways:
a) its comparison with some biomechanical standard. If the technique is close to biomechanically rational, it is recognized as the most effective;
b) comparison of the evaluated movement technique with the technique of highly qualified athletes;
c) comparison of the sports result with the results in technically simpler tasks that characterize the athlete's motor potential - power, speed-strength, etc. For example, running from 30 m from a low and then a high start is performed. The difference in time will characterize the effectiveness of the low-start technique;
d) comparison of the shown result with the expenditure of energy and forces during the performance of a motor action. The lower the energy costs, i.e. the economy of his movements, the higher the efficiency of the technique.
4. Mastering the technique of movements. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed.
For well-mastered movements are typical:
a) the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;
b) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);
c) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;
d) automation of actions.
Types of training:
General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and skills necessary in sports activities. Special training aimed at mastering special techniques inherent in a particular sport and sports specialization.
Tasks of general technical training:
1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.
2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training.
Tasks of special technical training:
1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.
2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of an athlete.
3. To form the skills necessary for successful participation in competitions.
4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).
5. To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before (for example, the “fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” in skiing, etc.).
In the process of technical training, a set of tools and
sports training methods. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:
Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-correctional influence. These include:
a) conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;
b) showing the technique of the studied movement;
c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;
d) the use of subject and other landmarks;
e) sound and light leading;
f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.
Means and methods, which are based on the performance by an athlete of any exercise:
a) preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;
c) methods of integral and dissected exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;
d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.
The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.
Assessment of technical readiness. Control over technical readiness consists in assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the technique of the athlete's actions during the performance of competitive and training exercises.
Control of equipment is carried out visually and instrumentally. The criteria for the technical mastery of an athlete are the volume of technique, the versatility of technique and efficiency:
· The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs in training sessions and competitions. He is controlled by counting these actions.
· The versatility of technique is determined by the degree of variety of motional actions that an athlete owns and uses them in competitive activities. They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left side(in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.
The effectiveness of a technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal variant. An effective technique is one that achieves the maximum possible result within a given movement.
Sports result is an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of a technique. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a technique are based on the implementation motor potential athlete.
IN cyclic types In sports, the indicators of the efficiency of technology are especially important, since there is a quite clear pattern - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical costs per unit of the indicator of sports result (meter of the way).
Purposeful long-term training and education of high-class athletes is a complex process, the quality of which is determined by a number of factors. One of these factors is the selection of gifted children and adolescents, their sports orientation.
1. Sports Selection - this is a set of measures that allows you to determine a high degree of predisposition (giftedness) of a child to a particular type of sports activity (sport).
Sports selection is a long multi-stage process that can be effective only if, at all stages of the long-term training of an athlete, a comprehensive methodology for assessing his personality is provided, which involves the use of various research methods (pedagogical, biomedical, psychological, sociological, etc.).
Pedagogical methods allow assessing the level of development physical qualities, coordination abilities and sports and technical skills of young athletes.
On the basis of biomedical methods, morphofunctional features, the level physical development, the state of the analyzer systems of the body and the state of health of the athlete.
By using psychological methods the abilities of the athlete's psyche are determined, influencing the solution of individual and collective tasks during wrestling, as well as assessing the psychological compatibility of athletes in solving the tasks assigned to the sports team.
Sociological Methods allow to obtain data on the sports interests of children, to reveal the cause-and-effect relationships of the formation of motivations for long-term sports and high sports achievements.
2. Sports orientation – a system of organizational and methodological measures that allow to outline the direction of specialization of a young athlete in a particular sport.
Sports orientation comes from an assessment of the capabilities of a particular person, on the basis of which the choice of the most suitable type of sports activity is made.
Thus, sports selection should solve the problem of identifying promising people from whom it is possible to prepare outstanding athletes, and sports orientation- to determine the strategy and tactics of this training in the system of education and training.
A weak manifestation of physical abilities and personality traits in relation to one of the sports cannot be considered as a lack of sports abilities. Poorly preferred features in one type of sports activity may turn out to be favorable factors and provide high performance in another type.
3. Athletic ability – it is a set of personality traits that meets the objective conditions and requirements for a particular activity and ensures its successful implementation.
In sports, both general abilities (providing relative ease in mastering knowledge, skills and abilities and productivity in various activities) and special abilities (necessary to achieve high results in a particular sport) matter.
Sports abilities largely depend on hereditary (genetic) inclinations, which are stable and conservative. Therefore, when predicting sports abilities, one should pay attention, first of all, to those relatively little changeable signs that determine the success of future sports activities.
Along with the study of conservative signs, the forecast of sports abilities involves the identification of those indicators that can change significantly under the influence of training. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account both the growth rates of indicators and their initial level.
It is important to bear in mind that sports selection and orientation are not one-time events at one stage or another. sports improvement, but an almost continuous process, covering the entire long-term training of an athlete.
Selection and orientation are closely related to the structure of the athlete's many years of improvement. In accordance with this, it is advisable to distinguish five stages of selection, as a result of each of which an answer should be given to the question: is the subject capable of solving the tasks that stand at a particular stage of many years of preparation?
In accordance with this, the main task of selection is established at each of its stages.
Connection of sports selection with the stages of long-term preparation
| Sports Selection | Stage of many years of preparation | |
| Stage | Task | |
| Primary | Establishment of expedient sports improvement in this sport | Stage of initial training |
| Preliminary | Identification of abilities for effective sports improvement | Stage of preliminary basic training |
| Intermediate | Identification of abilities to achieve high sports results, transferring high training and competitive loads | Stage of specialized basic training |
| Basic | Establishing the ability to achieve world-class results | The stage of maximum realization of individual capabilities |
| Final | Identification of the ability to maintain the results achieved and improve them. Determination of the expediency of continuing a sports career. | Preservation of the highest sportsmanship. Gradual decline in achievements. |
The selection and orientation process uses a variety of studies that allow you to get enough full information about the athlete:
Health status and level of physical development;
Features of biological maturation;
Properties nervous system;
Functionality and prospects for improving the most important systems of the athlete's body;
The level of development of motor qualities and prospects for their improvement;
Ability to master sports equipment and tactics;
Ability to transfer training and competitive loads, intensive recovery processes;
Motivation, hard work, perseverance, determination, mobilization readiness;
Competitive experience, the ability to adapt to partners and opponents, the peculiarities of refereeing.
The level of sportsmanship and the ability to implement it in extreme competition conditions.
The tasks of a particular stage of selection and orientation determine the role and significance of the information received in each of these areas.
Health information is equally important for each of the five stages.
Data on the physique, the characteristics of the nervous system, the possibilities and prospects for improving the most important functional systems of the body are especially necessary at the first and second stages.
The level of sports results, the ability to show the highest results in extreme conditions, competitive experience, the ability to adapt to the conditions of specific competitions are of decisive importance at the fourth and fifth stages.
Sports selection starts at childhood and ends with the selection to the national teams of the country in sports and identifying the ability to maintain the highest sporting achievements. It is carried out in five stages.
Introduction
Rapidly developing sport, steadily increasing competition in the world sports arena with an ever-increasing level of sports results, more and more new problems are put forward for athletes.
The high level of modern sports results requires from the athlete not only a high level of physical fitness, but also a perfect mastery of the rational technique of movements, as well as the ability to act creatively and independently in non-standard situations. Therefore, one of the urgent problems of sports training is the problem of improving technical skills. Previously, this issue was not given due attention. The fragmentation of sports research has led to a narrow understanding of the problem and different views on the improvement and evaluation of technical skill. Research in the field of systems and methods of sports training (N.G. Ozolin, L.P. Matveev), training in motor actions (V.D. Maznichenko, M.M. Bogen), physiology and biomechanics in cyclic sports (N.V. Zinkin, D. D. Donskoy, V. M. Zatsiorsky, V. B. Issurin), sports psychology (I. P. Ratov, A. Ts. Puni) are fundamental in many respects, but consider the problem of technical improvement from highly specialized positions.
We consider technique in any kind of sport as a specialized system of simultaneous and sequential movements aimed at the rational organization of the interaction of internal and external forces involved in the motor act, in order to use them most fully and efficiently to achieve higher sports results. Depending on the specifics of the sport, the concept of technology is somewhat concretized.
Technical mastery usually means the perfection of the motor component, but this is far from enough. Technical mastery is a broader concept, which includes not only the motor side of the action, but also all those processes that are involved in the regulation and control of movements and ensure their high final effect (V.M. Dyachkov, V.M. Klevenko, N. A. Khudadov).
The technical skill of an athlete is determined not only by the ability to show high results, maintain the stability of the biomechanical structure or, conversely, make changes depending on the conditions and factors that interfere with work, but also by the ability to find that unique individual style of performing an action that corresponds to him (the athlete) in a given period of time, the ability to be in a state of "search" throughout the entire sports career.
Objective assessment of technical skill.
Theoretical aspects of the technical skills of athletes
Concepts - technical training, sports equipment and technical skills of athletes
Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection (L.P. Matveev, 1982: N.G. Ozolin, 2002; V.N. Platonov, 2004; V.P. Savin, 1990, 2003, etc. ).
Sports technique is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.
The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.
1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, when performing final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc.
2. Sports that are characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.
3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.
4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high efficiency, stability and variability of athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle (Yu.F. Kuramshin, 1999).
The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique of mastered actions. Enough high level technical proficiency is called technical proficiency.
Distinguish between general and special technical training.
General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.
The tasks in the process of general technical training are solved as follows:
1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.
2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training.
Special technical training is aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides the following tasks:
1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.
2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of the athlete.
3. To form the skills necessary for successful participation in competitions.
4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).
5. Form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before.
The technical mastery of athletes is an integral concept of the theory and methodology of sports training. It, in turn, is based on such fundamental concepts as sports equipment and technical training. Technical excellence is the result of development efficient technique a specific sport and the successful implementation of the pedagogical process of the actual technical training. High quality technique and the process of technical training, as a rule, leads to the fact that athletes acquire such a high level of technical prowess that provides them with a sufficiently high probability of achieving record results.
In order to significantly increase the efficiency of training athletes for major competitions, it is necessary, at a minimum, to solve all the problems that arise on the way to improving their technical skills.
The first problem is that the most significant aspects of the development of rational models of sports equipment in various sports have not been sufficiently studied in theory and practice.
The second problem is that in the methodological support training process highly qualified athletes in most sports, the main emphasis of training is usually aimed at increasing the functional capabilities of athletes and there are practically no special developments in the field of methodology for improving their technical skills.
Thus, it is obvious that in order to radically improve the quality of training of highly qualified athletes, one should:
Significantly increase their level of technical proficiency, mainly through increased efficiency research work in this direction;
· to identify the biomechanical structure of competitive activity in each specific sport;
· to develop biomechanical models of the best samples of technique of motional actions;
· to create a methodology for mastering these models, based on the technology of didactic biomechanics and psychomotor, adequate to the motor skills of each sport;
provide a system of objective pedagogical control the process of technical training and assessment of the level of technical skills of athletes;
· provide athletes with such technical and training facilities, uniforms and equipment that meet the requirements of ergonomic biomechanics.
Based on the above, one of the main directions for improving the quality of the training process can be considered the development of more effective means and methods for improving the technical training of athletes on the basis of objective knowledge about the systemic and structural organization of competitive exercises.
Significance of the level of development of the athlete's motor qualities for technical mastery
The technical mastery of an athlete depends on the level of development of motor qualities - strength, endurance, flexibility, speed, coordination abilities. Somatic features involved, topography muscle strength, body proportions also affect the technique of performing competitive exercises. The level of manifestation of motor qualities, in particular, endurance, is closely related to the efficiency of technique, the development of mental resistance to overcoming severe fatigue, the ability to implement rational tactics during competitions. Each of these factors, as shown by numerous works, has a significant impact on the sports achievements of athletes. True, the plasticity of the organism allows compensatory mechanisms to somewhat smooth out the absence of one of them, but this comes at a very high price. The degree of development of compensation factors should significantly exceed their average level of development, which is usually sufficient with a normal ratio the most important characteristics. In the study of V. G. Semenov, there is evidence that the discrepancy between the level of development of qualities to a sport is always compensated by the excessive development of other qualities that allow you to perform a movement with the strength or speed necessary to win. However, some features of athletes, which are the most important for this sport, cannot be compensated at all. For example, the lack of a certain massiveness of the body in a hammer or shot thrower can hardly be effectively replaced by some kind of functional or mental factors. “Only a comprehensive constitutional - pedagogical - functional approach in its trinity allows an objective assessment of the individual, his functional capabilities and predicting the further development of the soma and functions. There are no functional changes that would not be based on morphological changes, just as there are no morphological changes without a change in functional indicators.
Indicators of technical skill
Technical readiness (or, in other words, technical skill) of athletes is characterized by What an athlete can do and How he owns mastered actions.
The first group of indicators includes: a) volume; b) versatility; c) the rationality of the technical actions that the athlete can perform. In the second: a) efficiency, b) mastery of implementation.
Scope of technical readiness is determined by the number of technical actions that an athlete can perform or perform. In this case, the technique is usually evaluated by the fact of execution (performed - did not perform, knows how - does not know how).
Distinguish between general and competitive volume technical readiness.
Overall volume characterized by the total number of technical actions mastered by this athlete;
Competition Volume- the number of different technical actions performed in competition conditions. So, for example, gymnasts - masters of sports of international class are able to perform 120-200 elements on each of the apparatuses (except for the vault). Thus, on all six apparatuses, high-class gymnasts can perform approximately 750-1000 different elements. In other sports, for example, in wrestling, the picture is similar. only a small number of attacking actions (often only one or two) to perfection This, of course, does not mean that qualified wrestlers can perform only these actions, in fights with unskilled athletes they can demonstrate a large amount of technical actions, but in decisive fights they prefer only their favorite methods.
Versatility of technical readiness
Versatility is characterized by the degree of variety of motor actions that an athlete owns or uses in competitions. Accordingly, general and competitive versatility is also distinguished here. Sportsmen who are more versatile in technical terms have more harmonious physical fitness, in particular, the topography of strength.
Scope and versatility of technical readiness are important indicators of the skill of athletes, especially in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions (games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, etc.).
Rationality of technical actions is determined by the possibility to achieve the highest sports results on their basis. The rationality of the technique is not a characteristic of the athlete, but the very way of performing the movement, the type of technique used. In the history of almost every sport, there were periods of replacement of some ways of performing movements by others, more rational ones.
Considered three indicators of technical readiness of an athlete(volume, versatility and rationality of technical actions) speak only about what an athlete can perform. But they do not reflect the quality of performance - how the athlete performed the movements, how well he masters them. After all, it may happen that out of two athletes with equal physical abilities, the one who has mastered the irrational technique well will win. Therefore, when evaluating technical readiness, it is necessary to take into account the qualitative side of the possession of a movement - the effectiveness and mastery of its implementation.
The effectiveness of owning sports equipment(or the effectiveness of the technique) of a particular athlete is the degree of its closeness to the most rational option. The effectiveness of technology (as opposed to rationality) is not a characteristic of one or another variant of technology, but the quality of mastery of technology.
Depending on how the rational technique (sample, standard) is defined, there are three groups of performance indicators.
Absolute Efficiency
The indicators of absolute efficiency characterize the proximity to the sample, which is chosen as the most rational version of the technique, determined on the basis of biomechanical, physiological, psychological, aesthetic considerations.
In the simplest case, the measure of efficiency technique may be the result shown by the athlete. In this way, the effectiveness of techniques in martial arts and sports games is often evaluated. For example, in basketball, the effectiveness of techniques; Free throws are naturally evaluated by the percentage of hits.
In most cases, another method is justified- comparison of the characteristics of the performed movement with some ideal. Rational technique can be based on different criteria:
a) biomechanical;
b) physiological: with irrational technique, those who specialize in race walking often experience sharp pain in the anterior tibial muscle due to poor blood circulation due to the fact that the time of its relaxation in one step is insufficient;
c) psychological; technique in sports games and martial arts is determined to a decisive extent by the desire to perform a movement in such a way that it is as uncomfortable as possible for the opponent (although it may be uncomfortable for the athlete himself or lead to a decrease in strength and speed of movement). For example, it is desirable that technical actions be unexpected for the opponent, so it is advisable to carry them out suddenly (without preparation) or after deceptive movements (“feints”). From the point of view of the mechanics of movements, such actions are irrational (strength, speed, and sometimes the accuracy of movement is reduced at the same time), but they allow you to outplay the enemy. Therefore, such methods of performing technical actions are the most rational in games and martial arts;
d) aesthetic: the criteria of this group are decisive in those sports where the beauty of movements is the basis of mastery (gymnastics, figure skating, etc.).
Comparative efficiency
In this case, the technique of highly qualified athletes is taken as a model. Those features of technique that naturally differ among athletes of different qualifications (i.e., change with the growth of sportsmanship) are called discriminatory 1 signs. Such signs of the effectiveness of the technique are used as the main indicators only when the technique of movements is very complex and on the basis of biomechanical analysis it is not possible to determine its most rational variant. In other cases, discriminatory features complement the indicators of absolute efficiency, very often coinciding with them.
When evaluating the effectiveness of a technique using discriminatory features, one must remember that the technique of even outstanding athletes may not be entirely rational. For example, in the early 50s, some champions in cross-country skiing had significant errors in technique (too low landing, incomplete hand and foot push, etc.). These mistakes were copied by young skiers.
To determine discriminatory features:
a) compare the technical performance of athletes of high and low qualification.
b) calculate the correlation coefficients and regression equations between the sports result, on the one hand, and the technique indicator, on the other.
Implementation efficiency (implementation efficiency)
The idea of these indicators is to compare the result shown by the athlete either with the achievement that he can potentially show in terms of the level of development of his motor qualities (option "A"), or with the expenditure of energy and strength in the performance of the estimated sports movement (option "B").
Option "A". In this case, the effectiveness of the technique is assessed by how well the athlete used his motor abilities in movement. With this approach, they rely on the existence of relationships between three indicators: sports results, the level of development of motor qualities, and the effectiveness of technology.
In practice, this is done by comparing the results of an athlete:
a) in a technically complex action (as a rule, this is the movement in which the athlete specializes);
b) in technically simpler tasks that require the development of the same motor qualities as the main ones.
Option "B". In this case, the efficiency of technology is evaluated by determining the energy consumption or the force manifested in the movement when performing the same task, in other words, by determining the functional economization. The economy of an athlete (i.e., the ability to perform work with as little energy as possible) depends both on his technical skill and on such functional indicators as MPC and anaerobic exchange threshold (ANOT). It is known from the biochemistry of sports that the efficiency anaerobic reactions energy conversion is much lower than that of aerobic processes. Therefore, if an athlete's levels of MIC and PANO are low (and these two values are interconnected), he begins to use energetically unfavorable anaerobic energy sources already at a relatively low exercise power. This increases the energy consumption of the body.
All described performance indicators of technology(absolute, comparative, implementation), complementing each other, characterize it with different parties. They usually match.
Mastery of technology
A technical action can be mastered (learned, consolidated) by athletes to varying degrees. Mastery of movement is a relatively independent characteristic of technical skill, independent of the effectiveness of the technique. An athlete can master this or that action well, but with significant errors in technique (his technique will be ineffective in this case) and, conversely, literally from the first attempts to perform the movement correctly, although not having mastered it well enough. He can quickly forget the correct performance and already in the next lesson be unable to repeat his first correct attempts.
It is in connection with the varying degree of mastery of movement that the concepts of motor skills and motor skills have long been introduced.
Motor skill is the acquired ability to perform movement.
Under motor skill understand a fairly well-mastered skill.
For well-mastered movements are typical:
1) the stability of the sports result and a number of movement characteristics when it is performed under standard conditions;
2) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing a movement in changing, in particular complicated, conditions;
3) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;
4) automation of execution.
Technique stability
An athlete who has mastered any movement well performs it in standard, unchanged conditions with a relatively small dispersion (dispersion, range of deviations) of essential characteristics. Of course, if he has to perform the movement several times, then neither the result nor the other characteristics of the movement remain completely constant from attempt to attempt. However, at the same time, the dispersion of sports results and essential characteristics of movement in its critical phases is less for qualified athletes than for unskilled athletes; deviations do not go beyond the allowable limits at which the movement is not performed or the sports result is significantly reduced.
Sustainability of technology
The stability of technology is characterized by the degree of change in its efficiency. The smaller the decrease in efficiency, the higher the stability of the technique. The main factors under the influence of which the effectiveness of the technique changes are: a change in the state of the athlete, the actions of the opponent, a change in external conditions.
1.Change in the state of the athlete, in particular, fatigue and emotional excitement associated with responsible competitions, the presence of spectators, overcoming fear. In conditions of responsible competition, the effectiveness of the technique may decrease. This is especially true for technical actions that require high precision. At the same time, emotional arousal contributes to the manifestation of large amounts of strength, speed, endurance, and flexibility.
2. Actions of the enemy. There is an old adage: "A player plays as well as the opponent allows him." This is true for martial arts as well. However, high-class athletes, when meeting with any opponent, retain a fairly high efficiency of actions.
Preservation of high efficiency of actions is achieved due to superiority in speed and power qualities, tactical skill, moral and strong-willed training. Technical skill is also essential. High-class athletes can perform the same technique with a wide variety of initial conditions and preparatory actions.
3. External conditions. Sometimes even a slight change in external conditions significantly complicates the execution of the movement.
Preservation of motor skills during breaks in training
The better the movement is mastered, the stronger the motor skill is retained. The degree of its preservation is estimated:
a) by the level (quality) of performance movements after a break (for example, if before a break in training an athlete always performed the movement correctly, and after a break only in half of all cases, then the degree of motor skill retention is 50%).
b) by speed (time, number of attempts) required for recovery skills to the initial level (for example, if a diver took 200 attempts to initially master the jump “three and a half ooo forward” from the tower, and after a long break he again reached the same marks for this jump after 50 attempts, then the degree of preservation will be: 100% x 150 / 200=75%)
For long-term movement it needs to be “overlearned”, i.e. long-term fixation, multiple repetitions after the necessary efficiency of the technique has been achieved, it has been experimentally shown that the longer the time during which the movement was performed; the more durable the sports equipment is preserved.
Automation
Automation is characterized by the ability to perform movements without paying special attention to the execution process. The degree of automation of movements is judged using the so-called method of additional tasks, which allows you to establish how much the athlete's attention is concentrated on the execution of the movement. To do this, they determine a person’s ability to process information in calm conditions (for example, they tell him three-digit numbers from a tape recorder, and he must quickly decide whether the next number is divisible by three; the total number of errors is counted), and then the same task is offered to him during execution any movement. At the same time, how much the number of errors increases, and then the degree of automation of the movement is determined.
Some movements, such as walking, can be so well mastered that mental work during their execution becomes even more effective than at rest.
Thus, the technical skill of athletes cannot be assessed by any one indicator. Its full characterization requires a multilateral approach. In addition to the volume, versatility and rationality of the technical actions that an athlete owns, it is necessary to take into account their effectiveness (using absolute, comparative or implementation criteria) and mastery of the technique.
The stage of sports improvement begins at the age of 16-17 and ends at the age of 19-20; it has the goal of maximizing sports results in the chosen sport. The main tasks of this stage:
- improvement in the chosen sport;
− improvement of sportsmanship;
− further development of physical qualities, technical
preparation;
− purposeful competitive training in selected disciplines;
− improvement of variants of individual technique and tactics;
- increasing the mental stability of an athlete to stress and competition;
− study and improvement of the methods of sports training and health-improving forms of physical culture.
The best students who completed their studies at a sports school continue to engage in sports improvement groups of the SDUSHOR, in schools Olympic reserve(UOR), schools of higher sportsmanship (SHVSM).
This period is characterized by stabilization of the growth rate of physical qualities, the end of the sensitive development of the body of adolescents, noticeable differences in the physical fitness of boys and girls. The period of puberty ends.
Continues to increase muscle mass, power abilities are differentiated and actively manifested both in complex devices and in isolation, in specialized directions and modes.
When moving from the stage of in-depth training to the stage of sports improvement, it is necessary to take into account the level of sports results and the rate of their growth, the level of health and physical fitness. At this stage, it is necessary to achieve high sports results at the level of a candidate and a master of sports.
Young athletes participate in the competitions of the senior youth group (16-17 years old), juniors (18-19 years old) and adults.
The age of 16-17 years is a kind of transition to the period of complete formation of the body. Therefore, it can be assumed that athletes who have undergone 4-6 years of training at the Youth Sports School can perform fairly large amounts of training and competitive loads. In this regard, the attitude towards the means, methods of directed special sports training of young athletes is changing.
Based on the theory of sensitive periods in the development of physical qualities, it is possible to identify age stages, formulate specific tasks and determine the means and methods for improving the motor qualities of young athletes. Evaluation of the quantitative relationship of sports results in the types athletics, reflecting special physical fitness, showed that indicators characterizing speed and speed-strength abilities, special and speed endurance, strength manifestations are of primary importance in achieving a high sports result.
The stage of higher sportsmanship in athletics provides for the training of athletes over 20 years old and combines youth group and a group of adult athletes. The main task of the stage is the maximum realization of the individual capabilities of the athlete and the achievement of the maximum result in the chosen form. The volume and intensity of training and competitive loads at this stage reaches its maximum values, while the intensification and specialization of training are priority areas in the training of highly qualified athletes. Of particular importance at the stage of higher sportsmanship is the individualization of training, and the selection special means training, their volume and intensity is determined strictly taking into account the individual capabilities of the athlete, the level and structure of the technical and physical fitness of the athlete, all previous training experience.
Training Features at the stages of sports improvement and higher sportsmanship in athletics are manifested in the following positions:
2) the number of training sessions increases to 2-3 per day;
3) significantly increases the volume and intensity of loads;
4) strict individualization of the training load;
5) physical training differs (from the previous stages) by a significant increase training loads with increasing specific gravity special work;
6) conducting systematic training in the conditions of training camps;
7) the distribution of classes in the load microcycles is modeled in accordance with the competition regulations;
8) the introduction of scientific and methodological support into the training process is mandatory in the organization and conduct of the training of athletes;
9) integral part the training process are activities aimed at accelerating the recovery of working capacity (sauna, massage, hydrotherapy, etc.);
10) the most important condition for the successful implementation of sports training is the correct planning and implementation of comprehensive control;
11) required condition a full workout- the acquisition of theoretical knowledge (about the construction of training, means, methods, regimen, medical supervision, hygiene requirements, etc.).
In sports improvement groups, 60% of the time is devoted to special physical activity, 30% - total physical training and 10% - exercises that increase the emotionality of classes.
We must not forget that young men and women are beginning to be actively interested in the prospect of their own development. Therefore, an athlete must know the tasks facing him, understand the means and methods of educating physical qualities, in the forms of training sessions and planning them, periodization of year-round training, and keep records of the work done in a sports diary. It is the athlete's responsibility to study the training literature and should be assisted in this matter.
Technical training at the stages takes enough time and is aimed at maximizing the individual style in the chosen form of athletics, eliminating shortcomings in the process of performing elements of technique.
For an in-depth understanding of the technique of track and field exercises, the formation of a rational individual version of the technique, it is necessary:
1) establish its characteristic features, its difference from other exercises;
2) highlight individual parts, phases in the exercise, understand the structure of movements in connection with the solution of particular problems;
3) to establish in the structure of movements the main (working) phases that determine the sports result, and the auxiliary and secondary phases, as well as the phases of relative rest;
4) clarify the main aspects and characteristics of the athlete's movements during each phase of the exercise, direction, amplitude, speed, strength, consistency, pace, number of repetitions.
Clarification of the main characteristics of movements allows you to determine the working muscle groups, the sequence of their inclusion in the work and the nature of the motor action itself when performing sports exercise. Knowing all this, it is possible to plan training means to improve the technical skills of an athlete using various special exercises.
Method of control. To date, accumulated a large number of tests recommended for use in the process of control and sports training. But not all of them are informative and available for the control of athletes. Therefore, one of the main tasks of control is correct selection a set of tests that must meet the differential factors that determine the sports result in the chosen form of athletics. For each type of athletics, it is necessary to choose those factors, the impact of which is optimal. For example, for sprinting these are: 1) reaction time at the start; 2) ability to accelerate; 3) maximum speed running; 4) speed endurance; 5) technical skill.
All of the above factors that have the strongest influence on the result in sprint, have different significance, and yet the main ones are maximum running speed and speed endurance. Other factors have a much smaller share. Therefore, the improvement of these qualities and the choice of tests for control should be given more attention than other factors.
This kind of approach is a constructive basis that contributes to the further improvement of the criteria in the process of special control of athletes.
Participation in competitions. It is impossible to achieve high sports results by rarely speaking at competitions. Therefore, the hallmark modern methodology training is considered an increase in the number of competitions each year. The participation of athletes in competitions has a multilateral impact on the physical and psychological qualities of an athlete. Frequent performances in competitions give the athlete knowledge and experience. The number of starts during the year is determined based on the type of sport and the individual characteristics of the athlete. The purpose, scale and degree of mental tension in competitions can be different. Therefore, the athlete is given tasks, taking into account the focus of the competition on a record, on victory, control of the level of preparedness, verification of tactical plans, accustoming to the conditions of the "battlefield".
Athletes with high sports results (at the level of CCM and MS) perform quite often at various competitions. In connection with the relocations, their own difficulties arise regarding the time of moving to competitions and acclimatization, changing the daily regime. Therefore, it is advisable for an athlete to take into account the direct preparation for the competition. Training work changes in the last days before the start, etc.
In direct preparation for the main competitions, it is necessary to correctly alternate training work and rest by planning classes with various loads, active and ordinary rest. After training session or a series of classes in a weekly microcycle by the appointed day to ensure the complete recovery of the athlete's body, before the competition, rest no more than one day. Not less than a week before the important competition, reduce the total amount of training work, and 24 hours before the competition, do a warm-up without allowing maximum effort.
Regularly participate in competitions, alternating one especially important competition with three or four smaller ones. Do not participate in competitions if unwillingness to compete appears after the warm-up. In this case, it is advisable to switch to other physical exercises.
When determining the number of competitions per year, it is necessary to provide for major and minor competitions.
Individual approach to sports training. At the stages of sports improvement and higher sportsmanship in the training process, it becomes necessary to approach the athlete in a differentiated way, in other words, to move from the individual-group training method to the individual one.
The experimental development of specific approaches in the individualization of sports training has been developed mainly in the last twenty years. Increasingly, individualization is widely used in practical work in sports. Several ways have been outlined in the individual construction of the training process. Within the framework of the micro- and mesocycle, the individual construction of training is carried out taking into account:
– biological fluctuations functional state in various phases of the endogenous rhythm;
- the current state of the athlete's fitness;
- measures of the individual value of the maximum load;
– data on factors and model characteristics in the preparedness of an athlete, identifying strengths and weaknesses in preparedness.
In the modern concept, individuality is a unique originality of a phenomenon, a separate human being. At present, in biology (anatomy, physiology, genetics, etc.), individuality characterizes the specific features of a given individual, organism and the peculiarity of the combination of hereditary and acquired properties, which is the result of ontogenesis and is expressed in the characteristics of the genotype and phenotype.
The individual approach presupposes the knowledge of individuality, that is, that special, unique thing that distinguishes one person from all others and includes natural and social, physical and mental, innate and acquired properties. The individual approach, considered in pedagogy as one of the essential principles education and upbringing is defined as the activity of the teacher, which involves a temporary change in the immediate goals regarding the content, methods and organizational forms of educational work, taking into account the individual characteristics of the student's personality in order to implement the most successful development of its social typicality and individual originality.
In theory and methodology physical education generally accepted is the position that the determining role in the training of young athletes is played by the actual training. However, training as an external cause acts through internal conditions, without taking into account which its impact will not be effective enough. The internal conditions that affect the training effect include the individual characteristics of the athlete. This suggests the need to organize the training process based on a deep consideration of individual differences in the physical, technical, tactical, psychological readiness, morphological features of the athlete.
For an objective judgment about the merits or demerits of an individual approach to sports training (building a training session as a whole, its individual parts, components, etc.), it is necessary to have criteria that meet the requirements of individualization: health status, level of biological maturity and physical development, level of technical and tactical readiness , mental and theoretical readiness, biomedical, morphological, physiological characteristics, social environment.
That is why, in understanding individuality, one should proceed from the characteristics as a functional optimum, which serves as the basis for achieving the planned results. In this regard, it is important that the target task for a certain training cycle corresponds to the individual characteristics of a particular athlete. This requirement is not fully met by the average group criterion for planning a training task.
Firstly, each person is individual and has an infinite number of properties and characteristics. Obviously, such infinity cannot be the object of special study. In this case, the study should be of an integral nature, that is, it is sufficient to study the relationships between a limited set of individual properties related to different hierarchical levels.
Secondly, in accordance with the principle of consistency, it is necessary to consider the specific areas of the athlete's individual characteristics not only in themselves, but also depending on the integral individuality.
In most cases, the preparation of an athlete is carried out by a group method. Therefore, the question always arises of how to individualize training within the framework of a group-wide plan. In addition, significant difficulties for individual training arise when searching for effective ways establishing individually-optimal means, methods, forms of sports training. Overcoming these difficulties lies in the way of individual differences in the training of young and adult athletes.
Methodology for determining individual norms. An individual approach to an athlete involves knowing the individual characteristics that distinguish one person from all others and include natural and social, physical and mental, congenital and acquired properties.
According to individual characteristics of physical fitness in speed-strength types of light athletics and endurance events, all athletes are divided into four groups: with the advantage of speed, strength, speed-strength qualities, endurance. Individual characteristics consist of many factors that are grouped around three main ones: genetic prerequisites, level of preparedness, social environment.
Features of physical fitness and functional state in accordance with the level of physical performance are divided into high, medium and low. Features of the psychological readiness of qualified athletes are classified according to age criteria, which are based on individual psychological characteristics of the individual and higher mental functions.
In this regard, one of the main requirements of the integration problem will be to limit the range of incoming indicators. This provision retains its validity in studies on sports training, including in youth sports. Currently, a wide range of various tests is used to assess the level of physical fitness. They have a different degree of correlation with sports performance. At the same time, from the point of view of the criterion of rationality, only those control exercises can be recognized as reliable, which reflect the dynamics of the physical fitness of athletes as their skills grow and have a strong relationship with sports results. This is due to the fact that the stages of initial sports specialization and in-depth training are characterized by high growth rates, and the stages of sports improvement and higher sportsmanship are characterized by stabilization of athletes' fitness indicators. The control over the studied parameters in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics makes it possible to reveal the dynamics of the individual characteristics of young athletes and serves as the basis for correcting the training process.
To assess the individual characteristics of athletes, the most adequate are complex criteria that reflect the power, efficiency and stability of the functioning of the musculoskeletal system, cardiorespiratory system and energy supply of the athlete's body. These criteria make it possible to identify the individual structure of the functional readiness of a young athlete's body for a competitive load. The procedure for determining an individual norm can be as follows:
- determination of the start time of the training and its duration;
- systematic testing of those involved in the complex of the most informative tests during a certain stage;
− determination of average values and standard deviations;
− acceptance of the value X ± 0,5 A for the average norm, and the rest of the gradations as low - high, very low - very high;
− the value of the result in the test over X ± 2 A be considered a very high standard.
The methodology for determining the individual norm of the functional state of the body of a young athlete is based on the study of the range of functioning of systems that determine the success of the main exercise.
On the basis of the data obtained, individual norms of physical fitness were calculated, corresponding to the best sports result at this stage.
