Skating not for nothing is called a sport for the strong and hardy. Willpower, the ability to concentrate is an excellent reward that every athlete receives. The ancient Cimmerians were the first to discover the advantages of skates. The features of modern ice skating competition hide many secrets that attract beginners.
Speed skating - what is it?
Speed skating is a sport in which a participant must complete a distance lap faster than others. It requires experience, an excellent sense of balance, the ability to calculate the speed of an opponent and correctly assess your capabilities. For the first time, skating competitions were held in the winter of 1763 in England, gold medal champion deservedly received Mr. Lamb.
In 1890, the first records arose, but it took about a hundred more years to prepare participants in major competitions. The women's world championships appeared in 1936, and the European ones in 1970, at the same time everyone learned about the world championships in sprint all-around. And already at the beginning of the 21st century, a team pursuit race was announced.
Short track and speed skating - differences
They share speed skating and short track, the latter in translation means “short track”. Short track is speed skating, competing on big stadiums. He recently became an Olympic, leadership on this moment reserved for Asian countries. What is the difference between short track speed skating and speed skating?
- Various sizes of sites. For a short track, the track is 111 meters long, the sides are protected by a fence.
- Circle length. In short track it is less.
- Skates for short track have a different sharpening system, they are very sharp, and the skids are arched to fit into the turn easily.
- Skaters perform on their lanes, while short trackers have no division into lanes.
Speed skating rules
Modern speed skating is represented by individual and team competition. Features of individual competitions:
- skaters compete in pairs;
- the race takes place on two tracks;
- all races are held once, only a distance of half a kilometer - twice.
Team race rules:
- teams compete in "threes";
- periodically leading races change;
- the competition is considered completed when the last member of the group has crossed the finish line;
- if the participant fell near the finish line, the end time of the distance;
- is fixed when the finishing line is crossed by his skates.
In both individual and team competitions, it is prohibited:
- make a second false start in a pair;
- cut the lines that separate the tracks;
- interfere with the opponent during the exchange of lanes.
Speed skating - pros and cons
According to doctors, speed skating and health are very closely related, it is especially useful for the physiological development of children. Positive points:
- Improves the functioning of the lungs and blood vessels.
- , contributes to the prevention of colds.
- Improves coordination of movements and the ability to navigate in space.
There are far fewer negatives:
- Getting serious injuries:, dislocations and fractures.
- In girls, deformation of the legs is noted due to overly inflated muscles.
Speed skating - benefits
Skating has always been especially valued for developing an excellent sense of balance in athletes. The positive effect of speed skating on coordination is noted by both doctors and coaches. It gives other, no less useful bonuses:
- trains flexibility and agility;
- develops the muscles of the lower body;
- improves the body's resistance to infections;
- gives a great mood, thanks to the production of endorphins, which are called;
- eliminates cellulite, an hour of skating burns up to 500 calories.
Speed skating - contraindications
According to statistics, the phrase "speed skating - injuries" is the most characteristic. High speed movements, collisions with rivals, sliding on ice become the main causes of fractures and dislocations in athletes. Taking into account these features, doctors have formulated a number of contraindications in which speed skating is not recommended:
- joint diseases;
- weak immunity;
- bone deformity;
- diseases of the nervous and vascular systems.
Equipment for speed skating
An important aspect is good equipment, the main component of which are skates. Experts note that a lot depends on the right model, so special skates for ice racing were developed, professionals order shoes for blades separately, according to casts of the feet. To create the best racing suit, aerodynamic research of various fabrics was carried out, and many world-famous manufacturers continue to work on improving their models. From the available arsenal, athletes recommend choosing the following equipment:
- Skates. The best skates for speed skating are clappers, in which the blade is fixed with a spring hinge in order to push off more strongly and develop greater speed.
- Overalls. A speed skating suit is tailored to the figure so that it fits the athlete tightly, but does not restrict movement. Inserts that interfere with the fit are not allowed.
- Skating goggles. Several pairs are selected, the color of the lenses depends on the weather: gold-plated - in the sun, pink - for cloudy weather. There must be a mirror coating that protects the eyes. The best frame is made of thermopolyurethane, a three-layer seal is provided: hard dense, soft and thin with microfleece.
Preserved Interesting Facts about speed skating:
- The Siberians used walrus bones for ice skating, the Kazakhs made horse bones, and the Chinese used bamboo.
- The first tournament is mentioned in the book "The Chronicle of the Noble City of London" by the monk Stephanius, published in 1174.
- For the Russians, Tsar Peter 1 brought skates, people adapted them for movement on icy streets.
speed skating stars
In the Soviet country, speed skating competitions were first held in 1918, after another 5 years competitions in the classic all-around started. Soviet skating runners made themselves known for the first time at the 7th Olympiad and won 7 prizes. Most Outstanding Achievements by Women:
- First champion Soviet Union recognized Maria Isakova who won the world championship three times.
- Lydia Skoblikova received the title of 6-time Olympic champion.
Most Outstanding Male Achievements:
- For the first time, a Soviet athlete won the gold of the Olympics Igor Malkov.
- Skater Nikolai Gulyaev received top honors European and world championships.
- Honorary titles of world and Olympic champions at various times were awarded to Valery Muratov, Sergey Marchuk, Evgeny Kulikov, Tatyana Averina.
Speed skating is one of the most popular sports today. There are different types of it depending on the distance covered. But general rules and the principles are the same for everyone. Therefore, to understand the issue, it is enough to know what speed skating is.
Speed skating is an Olympic sport. In it, the main goal is to run a certain distance on skates faster than opponents. According to modern rules, it is a vicious circle. At the same time, two athletes overcome it, a group of qualified judges monitors their race and notes the time it took them to finish the race. The athlete who ran the track faster than the rest is declared the winner of the competition.
History of origin and development
The first written references to the appearance of shoes for shoes date back to the medieval period. But there is evidence that people were skating as early as 1000 BC.
Therefore, speed skating can rightfully be considered one of the oldest. For the first time, it received the status of a competition already in the 18th century. According to historical chronicles, in 1772 the first rules for holding competitions were established. But at the same time it was called skating. The name of this sport was invented later after the rules were written.
For the next 100 years, speed skating developed in Russia, America and England and basically did not go beyond these countries. But until 1842, skaters competed exclusively on the ice of open water, until the first ice was flooded. artificial ice rink. And already in 1889, the first international speed skating competitions were held. The Russian athlete Alexander Panshin became the winner in them. After that, Russia created its own union of skaters, and this sport received active development.
This happened all over the world, was created international union skaters, competitions of various levels were regularly held. And finally, when creating winter Olympic Games speed skating has become one of the main competitions.
Speed skating rules
Since the inception of speed skating, its rules have changed several times:
- Only two athletes are on the track at a time.
- The movement takes place counter-clockwise along the circular track.
- After passing the circle, the skaters change lanes. This is done in order to neutralize the advantage of the athlete who runs on the inside of the track.
- During the change of tracks it is strictly forbidden to interfere with the partner, violation of this rule is punishable by disqualification.
- At the start there is a judge-starter who monitors the correct start of the race. In case of a false start, the results of the race are canceled and the race is restarted, after the third false start the athlete is disqualified.
- Athletes who showed the same time, according to the results of the race, occupy the same places, a second race is not allowed.
- Three athletes participate in team races, they ride along the inner track.
- Check-in time is fixed by the last participant.
Speed skating track
The skating track has an oval shape with a strip of ice 400 meters long. The straight sections of the route are about 100 meters long, and the turning radius in various cases is 25-26 meters.
On one of the straight sections of the track, there is an area for changing lanes between athletes on each lap.
Refereeing
At all speed skating competitions, a large group of judges, consisting of:
- the referee and his assistants;
- starter with assistants who monitor the start;
- judge fixing the finish;
- chronometer, automatic and manual;
- lap counter;
- a referee at the transition, who monitors the change of lanes between athletes;
- judges on the track, stand at every turn and monitor compliance with the rules;
- reserve judges;
- an expert who controls the condition of the ice.
speed skating competition
At the moment, speed skating competitions are held on different levels Every year:
- National championships.
- World Championships.
- Europe championship.
- World Cup.
And once every four years, the most prestigious competition for speed skating is held - the Winter Olympic Games.
Short track and speed skating: differences
It arose historically later than speed skating, and for a long time was considered one of its varieties. But recently it has split off and is now considered an independent species. In it, athletes also run counterclockwise on an icy track and compete to see who can reach the finish line the fastest. But still, these sports have fundamental differences:
- The length of the track is 111.12 m with a turning radius of 8 m.
- Races are held only for short distances, there are no races for long distances of 5000 and 10000 m.
- Up to 6 athletes can be on the track at the same time.
- No division into tracks. Also, there are no requirements for the mandatory movement of athletes along the track, they have the right to independently make decisions about how and along what trajectory they move.
- for short track they are sharpened differently to better fit into the turn. At the same time, they have a fundamentally different design, in which the blade is rigidly fixed.
Speed skating: pros and cons
- development of coordination;
- increased endurance;
- strengthening immunity;
- improvement of the cardiovascular system.
- girls who are professionally involved in speed skating may experience leg deformity due to the heavy load on them;
- trauma.
Speed skating: benefits
Any kind of ice skating develops a person's sense of balance and coordination, including speed skating. It also improves flexibility and dexterity and is good for health.
Attention! Therefore, this sport is well suited for weak children, it allows them to develop and improve their natural skills.
Speed skating: contraindications
Speed skating is quite traumatic, so doctors do not recommend it for people who have disorders of the musculoskeletal system, bone defects and increased bone fragility.
In addition, it is prohibited for people with weakened immune systems, problems with the nervous and cardiovascular system, in diseases of the joints.
Equipment for speed skating
In speed skating, special skates are used - claps. They differ from the usual ones in that the blade is attached to the boot using a spring hinge and only in its front part. This allows you to increase the skating phase and the athlete. In addition, clapboard skates give athletes more maneuverability and help them pay more attention to skating technique.
Boots and blades are made separately. Shoes should ideally follow the shape of the leg and sit comfortably on the foot. As a rule, boots are sold unfinished, they require thermal adjustment to fit the shape of the foot. At professional athletes shoes are immediately made according to the anatomical features of the feet.
The overalls in which the athlete performs should repeat the outlines of his body as much as possible in order to improve aerodynamics and increase running speed. Any inserts in the suit that change the shape of the body are strictly not allowed by the rules of speed skating.
In order to protect against injury, a helmet is also required, made in the form of a skater's head, and, if desired, protection for the elbows and shins.
speed skating stars
Russia
The first outstanding Russian speed skater was Alexander Panshin. It was he who launched the active development of this sport in our country. Panshin became the first world champion and Russia, set a world record in the 1500-meter speed skating race at the championship in Prague. After that, he took up the fact that he improved the shape and structure of skating skates.
Another honored Russian skater is Yakov Melnikov. During his active sports activities he set 27 national records, is a multiple champion of Russia and the world.
The first female speed skater from Russia to achieve outstanding results is Maria Isakova. She held the title of world champion for three years in a row. In 1951, she set a new world record in the 1500 meters. She is the first among Russian athletes took part in international competitions and showed the best results there.
During the first Winter Olympic Games, held in 1956 in Italy, Soviet skaters won 4 gold medals. Athletes received them: Yuri Mikhailov, Evgeny Grishin, Boris Shilkov. Evgeny Grishin subsequently became Olympic champion.
In 1984, a 10,000-meter speed skating marathon was held, and for the first time the Soviet athlete Igor Malkov won it.
The leaders of speed skating in modern Russia are Ivan Skobrev and Denis Yuskov.
Ivan put two national records at distances of 5000 and 10000 meters. He repeatedly became the champion of Russia and the world.
Denis Yuskov is a three-time world champion in the 1500 meters, he received two World Cups in 2016 and 2018. He is the current Russian record holder at a distance of 1500 meters. He actively continues to participate in competitions and reach new heights.
Among the world powers in speed skating, the United States, Canada, Japan and the Republic of Korea have achieved success.
For example, Korean Lee Sang Hwa has been the absolute leader in the women's 500 meters for the past few years and holds the world record.
Heather Richardson Bergsma, a native of the United States, set the women's world record in the 1000 meters. Also in 2011, she won the World Cup at this distance. At the same time, she began to go in for speed skating at the age of 18, but this did not prevent her from achieving high results.
Nao Kodaira is a Japanese speed skater. Conquered silver medal Winter Olympics 2018 in the 1000m team race and set new record among women at this distance.
Ted-Jan Blumen competes for the Netherlands, he won the world title three times in the 5000 and 10000 meters. At the 2018 Olympics, he won a silver medal, losing to the Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer.
Sven Kramer is one of the most titled modern speed skaters. He has 19 world championship awards in individual distances and 9 all-around awards.
Speed skating is one of the leading sports of our time. He raised many famous people. It is prestigious and honorable to do it, in addition, playing sports will strengthen the immune system, develop muscle strength, agility and endurance.
Academy of FK&S
Department of sports disciplines
ABSTRACT:
"skating sports"
Performed:
correspondence student
group 1 "A" 4, Zhilina E.G.
Checked:
Professor Burlakov I.R.
Rostov-on-Don
Introduction
Varieties of speed skating are considered to be winter sports. In many countries of the world adjacent to the Arctic Circle (including Russia), winter sometimes lasts more than six months. In addition, many of its regions in our country are located in the second climatic zone, in which the winter months are characterized by snowy and cold winters. Since ancient times, skates have been a means for independent games and competitions; they have been used for skating not only on ice, but also on densely packed snow roads. Over time, skates have become one of the most powerful means of improving people's health and popular view sports.
In modern conditions, skates are used in running on special skating tracks (open and closed skating tracks), in figure skating, ice hockey and bandy, short track.
In Russia, skates have long served people as a means of improving health, as well as a powerful tool for identifying the strongest in games and entertainment. In recent years, in our country, as in many countries of the world, the largest centers for speed skating have been created.
The 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi will serve as an impetus for the further development of speed skating in our country.
1. The emergence and development of speed skating sports
Where and when skates were invented is not exactly known. In 1948, six skates from the beginning of the 1st millennium were found in Kazakhstan. And in the British Museum, bone skates were exhibited, which were ridden almost 2 thousand years ago.
In shape, the skates were wide runners attached to shoes with straps and resembled miniature skis. Over time, skates gradually ceased to be only a kind of peculiar transport and became more and more a pleasure. (Fig. 1.)
In 1880, the Norwegians A. Paulsen and K. Werner invented the tubular cross-country skates already familiar to us. Skating boots appeared, to which skates are first screwed, and then blindly riveted. The advent of all-metal skates gave skaters the idea of racing on icy tracks. Yes, with early XIX century, speed skating began to develop in the world.
Ice-skating race.
Speed skating as a sport began to develop in Holland. The first competition was held by Dutch speed skaters from the province of Friesland in 1805, on a segment of 150m. however, from some sources it is known that the first speed skating competitions took place in Great Britain in 1763 and the world's first speed skating club was created in Edinburgh in 1742 in Foggy Albion. As a sport, speed skating was developed in the second half of the 19th century. The development of speed skating required the creation of certain organizations, in 1892 the International Skating Union (ISU) was founded. Speed skating competitions were held on a closed track (consisting of two straight lines and two turns). Speed skating was first included in the program of the first Winter Olympics 1924 in Chamonix (France).
The appearance and acquaintance with skates in Russia is associated with the name of Emperor Peter I. By order of Peter I, the first all-metal skates in the world were manufactured at the Tula Arms Plant, the appearance of which prompted skaters to the idea of skating competitions on ice paths. Since the 19th century, the development of speed skating in Russia began. In 1864, the first Russian skating club was organized in St. Petersburg. The first championship of Russia was held in 1889 and Alexander Panshin became the first champion of the country (Fig. 2.)
A. Panshin also won the first victory abroad - in 1868 he won the title of the strongest skater in the world in Amsterdam.
Russia also hosted extraordinary speed skating competitions. In particular, there were ultra-long races along the route Rostov - Taganrog. In 1892, in Moscow, the first speed skaters competed in metric distances. Since 1893, the World and European Championships among men have been held. Since 1901, in Russia, women began to participate in speed running competitions over a distance of 500m. Since 1914, the program of the Russian championships for men has included all the distances of the so-called classic all-around - 500,1500,5000 and 10000m.
Among world record holders and winners of major international competitions in speed running at the beginning of the 20th century there were Russian skaters E. Burnov, P. Ippolitov - the champion of Europe in 1913, Y. Melnikov, N. Naydenov, N. Sedov, N. Strnnikov - the champion of Russia in 1908 - 1910, the world and Europe in 1910 - 1911, N. Panin - Kolomenkin - the first Olympic champion of Russia in 1908. M. Isakova became the first Soviet women's world champion in 1948.
For the first time in history, women began to compete at the Olympic Games since 1960 in Squaw Valley, when our team won 6 gold, 3 silver and 3 bronze medals and took 1st place. Since 1970, the world championship in sprint all-around began to be held, where Lyudmila Titova distinguished herself - Olympic champion 1986.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the appearance on the world map of a new state - Russian Federation there has been a decline not only in speed skating, but also in most other sports. Only at the end of the 20th century did old traditions in skating begin to revive.
Short track
Short track is considered to be a special kind of speed skating - running on a short track 111m. How did short track speed skating appear in North America, however, there are two versions of his appearance - Canadian and British. It was in Canada in 1905 that the world's first national short track championship was held, and since 1906 championships have been held in the United States. Short track relatively young sport. His first presentation as olympic style took place in 1988 in Calgary, and since 1992 this kind of speed skating has become a full-blooded Olympic discipline.
Fig.1. Skates from different eras
Fig.2. The evolution of skates
Characteristics of speed skating sports
Ice-skating race
Speed skating competitions are held on a closed track, consisting of two straight lines and two turns. The classic length of such a track is 400m. Skaters participating in speed skating competitions run in pairs counterclockwise. For this sport, open skating tracks are arranged with natural ice, as well as closed specialized and ice centers - palaces with an artificial skating track. Distances for men: sprint - 500 and 1000m, all-around - 500,1500,5000 and 10000m. distances for women: sprint - 500 and 1000m, all-around - 500,1500,3000 and 5000m. Each race will start with 2 athletes. The time of the participants in the all-around is determined on a scale equivalent to 500m, then converted into points.
Short track
Competitions are held on a shorter speed skating track. This feature makes specific demands on running technique and tactics. There are two types of races in short track: individual competitions and relay races for teams of athletes. Men and women compete at the same distances: 500,1000,1500 and 3000m. In the relay distances for women -3000m, for men -5000m.
Classification of sports facilities for speed skating
Tracks for speed skating.
A special track 400m long with a 70m transition is arranged on the skating rinks. Turning radii are set at 25-26 and 30-32m. Running distances are marked separately for each track - large (outer) and small (internal).
Short track areas
For this kind of sport, it is expedient to build special grounds, but the most economical of all are the 61x30m ice hockey grounds already available everywhere. Their difference is only in the marking of the ice surface.
4. Speed skating stadiums, tracks for schoolchildren and short track
The competition track is a closed ring 400 or 333.3 m long with two lanes 4-5 cm wide. Inside the oval there is a warm-up track 3-5 m wide, with an inner radius of 25 m.
Around there is a security zone 1.5-2m wide with a protected barrier. There is a passage behind the barrier. The total width of the zone is 2.5-3m.
When skating tracks, it is necessary to have premises for judges, which are located in the area of the finish line at a height of 2-3m.
Short track areas
Short track is a kind of speed skating, one of the types of speed skating. It is a run on a shortened treadmill.
Conclusion
As you know, our country is located in difficult climatic zones, which are dominated by winter views physical training and sports, of which the most popular are speed skating.
An important feature of skating sports is the involvement of young people in these activities. This will significantly strengthen the young generation of the country, which in the future will restore the world-famous traditions of Russian and Soviet athletes in most modern species speed skating.
speed skating facility
Literature
.I.R. Burlakov, G.P. Neminushchiy "Specialized facilities for speed skating."
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(Speed skating - eng.) - a sport in which it is necessary to overcome a certain distance as quickly as possible in an ice stadium along vicious circle.
is one of the oldest sports. The most ancient skates discovered by archaeologists belonged to the Cimmerians, a nomadic tribe that lived 3,200 years ago in the Northern Black Sea region.
The first officially recorded competition was held in Great Britain in January 1763. The competition was won by Mr. Lamb, who ran 15 miles in 46 minutes. In 1742, the world's first skating club was established in Great Britain, and in 1830 in London and Glasgow. This country was the first in the world to organize a national championship, held on December 8, 1879.
The first official world champion is the Dutchman Eden, and the European champion is the Swede Eriksson. Both athletes won these titles in 1893. Records in skating began to be recorded from 1890.
The International Skating Union ISU (ISU) was founded in 1892 and unites more than 60 national federations. Since 1924, men have been on the program of the Winter Olympic Games, and since 1960 - men and women.
In 1889, the first world speed skating championship was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The International Skating Union declared these competitions professional and held the first official world championship among men in 1893 in Amsterdam. Women's World Championships have been held since 1936. World championships in sprint all-around - 500 and 1000 m have been held since 1972.
European Championships for men began to be held since 1893, and for women since 1970.
IN Winter Olympic Games speed skating for men has been included since 1924, and competitions for women have been held since 1960. The championship was played at four distances - 500, 1500, 5000, 10,000 meters and in the all-around.
In 1928, competitions at a distance of 10,000 meters were not held, there was no offset in the all-around total.
The modern program of the Winter Olympic Games includes the passage short distances at 500, 1000 and 1500 meters, and long distances at 3000, 5000 and 10000 meters.
Competitors run in pairs - one on the outside, the other on the inside lanes. At every distance from national team 3 athletes can compete. Until 1972, 4 athletes could compete at distances of 500 and 1500 m for men.
The absolute championship in the all-around is not played. Only in 1924, the Olympic champion was determined by the sum of places taken at four distances.
Soviet speed skaters first came to the start of the 7th Winter Olympics in 1956 and won 7 prize medals. Maria Isakova became the first Soviet world champion, she won the world championship three times in a row, won three Olympic awards. In 1957, at the 15th World Women's Championship, held in Imatra (Finland), Soviet athletes won 13 prizes out of 15 possible.
The first Soviet Olympic champion in the speed skating marathon was Igor Malkov in Sarajevo (1984). In 1987, the popular runner Nikolai Gulyaev won all the highest speed skating awards - he became the champion of Europe and the world.
In 1983, sprinter Pavel Pegov opened new era skating speeds, setting a world record at a distance of 500 meters.
Speed skating, or otherwise speed skating, is one of the traditional winter competitions. The main task of an athlete here is quite simple: the rules say that in order to win, he needs to overcome the declared competitive distance in a minimum time period. Competitions are held in a closed circle at the ice stadium.
The history of speed skating is one of the longest. Archaeologists date the oldest skates they have discovered to the second millennium BC. This artifact belonged to the nomadic tribe of the Cimmerians, who lived 3200 years ago on the territory of the Northern Black Sea region. official history speed skating began in the UK XVIII registered speed skating competitions. Distribution, though they did not receive: as a species sports competition speed skating in a closed circle began to develop only in the second half of the nineteenth century.
In the late 1880s, the first World Speed Skating Championship was held in the Dutch capital, Amsterdam. Competitions acquired official status, and already in 1893, the first official world championship among men was held in the same Amsterdam. Women's championships peace began to be held only in the twentieth century - since 1936. Sprint all-around (500 and 1000 meters races) became part of the Championship program even later from 1972. The European men's championship has been held since 1893, and the women's only since 1970.
In the 19th century, with the beginning of the popularization of speed skating, the International Skating Union appeared. It happened in 1892. Today it unites more than six dozen national federations.
Speed skating in Russia officially began its existence on February 19, 1889. On that day, the very first Russian speed skating championship was held in Moscow. The board of honor "famous skaters of Russia" was opened by Alexander Panshin, who became the first champion of Russia in competitions held at the rink of the Moscow River Yacht Club. Soviet speed skaters took part in the 7th Winter Olympics in 1956 for the first time. Then they managed to win seven prize medals. Maria Isakova was the first to be among the famous skaters of the world: three times in a row she won the world championship, having won three Olympic awards. The Soviet victories in speed skating did not end there: in 1957, Soviet athletes, speaking at the XV Women's World Championship, held in the Finnish city of Imatra, took almost all the prizes: 13 out of 15 possible. In 1984, in the speed skating marathon, Igor Malkov became the first Soviet Olympic champion at competitions in Sarajevo. And in 1987, Nikolai Gulyaev won all the highest speed skating awards of the European and World Championships.
The Russian history of speed skating is not so long, but it also pleases us sports achievements. At one of the stages of the World Cup in speed skating in 2011, which was held in the city of Heerenveen, the Netherlands, Russian Ivan Skobrev became the main winner at a distance of 1500 meters.
