Whether you hear the rustle of leaf fall, whether you see the first stalks of grass, the park will always be a place of relaxation for a city dweller. Sports fields in the parks attract fans active rest from toddlers to retirees.
Now the relevance of sports fields is increasing - healthy lifestyle fashion life. Many manufacturers, in addition to the traditional horizontal bar and bars, offer stationary simulators for exercises for all muscle groups:
- power;
- cardio equipment;
- simulators for the development of balance and coordination.
Proper organization of the sports ground is a guarantee of safety and comfort
For the safe organization of the sports ground, it is necessary to observe following rules selection of equipment and its installation:
- Select high-quality simulators either from a trusted manufacturer, or control the thickness of the pillars, the reliability of knots and fasteners. Those parts that are in contact with each other: a movable seat, stops must be equipped with rubber gaskets.
- It is best to entrust the installation of simulators to professionals, with a subsequent guarantee. The site must be hard but safe. The installation depth and fixing material must withstand the load of the simulator during operation. Usually, after installation, at least a few days (preferably about two weeks) should pass for reliable fixation of the simulators in the ground.
- The location of the simulators should be carefully thought out so that the trainees do not interfere with each other, and the possibility of injury is excluded. In a visited place, some simulators may be duplicated or presented similar to work with the same muscle group.
Features of organizing a playground for the elderly and children
Despite the versatility of most outdoor sports equipment, there are some peculiarities in organizing a sports ground in places where children or the elderly are the main visitors.
Of course, neither barbells nor weight training machines are beyond the power of children, and they are not needed. But everything on which you can hang, swing, and even better jump causes irrepressible delight. All sorts of ladders, handles, nets, ropes and rings will be a huge success with little "monkeys". It is very convenient when all these elements are located on different faces of the polygon. They allow, without falling to the ground, to make a circular sports trip around the entire complex.
In parks, on sports grounds for the elderly, there are special simulators that help to get physical activity in a mode that is gentle on the joints. For example, stoppers, ski walking simulators, exercise bikes, treadmills.
An important attribute of children's sports grounds and playgrounds for pensioners in parks should be benches for parents and the athletes themselves.
Any sports facilities should be located among green spaces and, at best, near the water.
sports parks different in size and location - from very small among the existing urban development to vast territories of hundreds of hectares on the outskirts. They can be both independent and adjacent to the park as its continuation.
Architectural and planning solutions for sports parks depend on their purpose, natural and climatic conditions, range of facilities, etc.
The range of sports park facilities should meet the diverse needs of various categories of visitors in accordance with their age, desire for certain sports, and physical fitness.
The recreation area (park area) unites all zones and, in turn, is divided into several sections: active recreation with playing fields, playgrounds, glades for physical education and sports and quiet recreation with the organization of a network of walking alleys and recreation areas. It is also recommended to create a children's zone, for which the skillful use of the terrain, landscape, and plantings is of great importance.
Microclimatic conditions on the territory of sports parks can be significantly improved by a system of planning and engineering measures, with vegetation playing a leading role. Green spaces are necessarily included in each group of sports facilities, they have the property of unifying the environment, making it organic.
In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, a large sports and recreation park on Otdykh Island has become a favorite place for mass festivities and walks for city residents. The composition of the park is free, although its main planning axis coincides with the main traffic routes for visitors (motorway and pedestrian alleys), dividing the park into two parts: an active recreation area (entertainment, sports, fitness) and a zone of quiet recreation and walks.
The center of the park's space-planning solution is a group of structures with a central arena for 30,000 spectators, a sports and concert hall for 6,000 people, a small sports arena, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, flat sports facilities, service pavilions, and parking lots are located there.
The saddle-shaped stadium, round in plan, dominates the landscape of the park and is organically connected with nature by the wide expanses of the river and the mountains visible on the horizon. The sports and concert hall is adjoined, on the one hand, by pavilions and exposition areas of the flower exhibition, and on the other, by a zone of mass entertainment facilities. A significant area of the park is reserved for the children's area.
The recreation area is a landscape park with a system of picturesque alleys. Along them in the glades - platforms and devices for board games and quiet rest. Placed in the zone
a large pond of irregular shape for swimming and bathing with a well-equipped beach strip. On the bank of the Yenisei there is a boat station with a slipway. The range of facilities and organization of the park make it possible to use it for recreation and physical culture and sports both in summer and in winter.
Noteworthy are the architectural and planning solutions and the improvement of some foreign sports parks.
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| Sports park on Otdykh Island in Krasnoyarsk: I - demonstration area. Sports complex: 1 - stadium for 31 thousand spectators; 2 - small sports arena; 3 - outdoor swimming pool; 4 - indoor swimming pool; 5 - dressing room pavilion; 6 - sports grounds; 7 - cash desks; 8 - parking lots; 9 - economic zone; 10 - universal sports hall for 6 thousand people; 11 - exhibition pavilions; 12 - central exhibition area. Territory of mass entertainment events; 13 - restaurant, dance hall, cinema hall; 14 - gazebo; 15 - pavilions; 16 - Green Theatre; 17 - lawns for games; attractions; II - educational and training zone: 18 - training sports core; 19 - training football field; 20 - sports grounds; 21 - dressing room pavilion; III - children's zone: 22 - area of pioneer parades; 23 - House of Pioneers; 24 - "Old Fortress"; 25 - Marine Club; 26 - playgrounds; 27 - "Flight into space"; 28 - viewing platform; 29 - children's depot railway; 30 - club rooms; 31 - children's stadium; 32 - buffet; 33 - labyrinths; 34 - rocket plane; 35 - the town of "merry little men"; 36 - autobicycle route; 37 - children's railway; 38 - board games pavilion; IV - recreation area: 39 - beach; 40 - swimming pool; 41 - dressing room pavilions; 42 - playgrounds for board games; 43 - cafe; 44 - rental pavilion; 45 - reading room; 46 - veranda; 47 - boathouse; 48 - boat station | |
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| Sports park in Tremblay, suburb of Paris: 1 - main entrance; 2- kindergarten; 3 - club; 4 - water sports center; 5 - ice rink; 6 - basketball and volleyball courts; 7 - tennis courts; 8 - shooting range for archers; 9 - riding grounds; 10 - athletics center; 11 - sector of recreation and free games | Layout plan of the "Health" park in the Palanga resort in Lithuania: 1-2 - the main entrance and park facilities; 3,4,6 - entertainment sectors; 5 - group of sports devices; 7 - sector of physiotherapy exercises; 8 - a group of pools with sea water; 9, 10 - men's beach (general, therapeutic); 11 - common beach; 12, 13 - women's beach (general, therapeutic); 14 - maintenance of beaches; 15, 16 - seaside forest park; 17 - sculpture; 18 - artificial lake; 19 - the road to the balneary |
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| People's sports park in Rihimaki (Finland): 1 - sports core; 2 - football field; 3 - summer stage; 4 - platform with terraces for spectators; 5 - tennis courts; 6 - bathing complex; 7 - covered Sport halls; 8 - natural park; 9 - car parks | |
10 km from the center of Paris, architect. Bourbonnet designed a youth sports, recreation and entertainment park. Half of the entire territory (35 ha) is reserved for sports facilities, about 10 ha for parking lots for 3,000 cars and the remaining 30 ha for a recreation area.
Although a territory with a completely flat, uninteresting relief was allocated for the park, the widespread use of artificial relief techniques made it possible not only to functionally separate zones of different purposes, but also to create a modern picturesque park with good natural conditions for recreation and an interesting spatial composition.
The layout of the park is a ray composition, typical for French parks in the second half of the 17th century. Park alleys and roads fan out from the main building of the youth club, located at the entrance to the park; the beams are united by a number of circular alleys. The entire territory is an elliptical bowl. Around the central zone of recreation and walks there is a system of terraces, on which there are physical culture and sports devices. Creating a concave surface allows you to look at all the spaces of the park from any point.
In European countries, popular sports parks have become widespread. In them you can play sports games, go in for physical education, take a walk along the shady alleys, sunbathe on the open lawns. They are designed for visitors to relax in the open air among the greenery.
The main load on the parks falls in the summer evening hours and in holidays when equipment and devices for carrying out sports competitions and national games. During weekday morning hours, only sports and training complexes and park areas for quiet recreation are mainly used on the territory. An example is the folk-sports park in the Finnish city of Rihimaki, in which entertainment and entertainment facilities are located directly next to the sports area. All major planar and volumetric sports facilities are close to the entrances to the park from the side of the main highway.
At some distance from the main structures in the meadows, among the greenery, there is a summer stage and a complex of swimming pools. Most of the territory is organized as a quiet recreation area with a network of walking alleys and meadows in green areas.
Of great interest are special sports and recreational parks (LFK), which are widely used primarily in resort cities.
The LFK park is a medical facility that has a close functional connection with a sports center, but is not adapted for holding demonstration events. To organize a park, it is advisable to use the territory of a well-ventilated, dry, sparse forest on the shore of a reservoir or sea.
In the park "Health" in the resort in Palanga (99.5 hectares), most of the territory is occupied by a seaside pine forest with a network of walking alleys. Open glades and lawns are equipped for physical education, games and relaxation. In the western part, where the stream flows, a bathing complex and medical beaches are organized.
Exercise therapy parks are widely known due to the simplicity, accessibility and mass use of natural methods of treatment and strengthening the body with the help of natural factors. In winter, on park flat sports facilities in areas with appropriate natural and climatic conditions, skating rinks are arranged for mass and figure skating, hockey fields, paving ski slopes. Many foreign parks and green areas of cities are equipped with illuminated ski slopes, which Scandinavian urban planners consider "the biggest gain in the field of recreation, which, moreover, are cheaper than other sports facilities."
Olympic parks. An important event in sports life around the world are the Olympic Games. For their implementation, unique sports facilities and entire complexes located in green areas are created.
In our century, the preparation of Olympic sports complexes requires the construction of not separate structures, but the creation of an interesting original landscape using various forms of space, combining the ensemble with the surrounding nature, rational use of facilities and the entire park after the end of the games.
Since ancient times, sport has accompanied human life, the history and development of sports are associated with the development of the material and spiritual life of society.
At the end of the 19th century, when economic, cultural and scientific ties between states expanded, it became necessary to hold international sports competitions. By the 1st Olympiad in 1896 in Athens, it was enough to reconstruct the ancient stadium somewhat. The II Olympiad was generally held in the clearing of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Later, for the Olympics, they began to build new sports facilities in green areas. The first Olympic stadiums of our time were built in 1908 in London and in 1912 in Stockholm. The X Olympiad was held in Los Angeles (USA, 1932) at a stadium with three-tier stands for 105,000 spectators, located on an area of 40.5 hectares.
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| Plan of the stadium of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin: 1 - approach from the center of Berlin; 2 - main gate; 5 - central arena; 4 - May field; 5 - open theater; 6 - platforms for gymnastic exercises; 7 - dance floor; 8 - training center; 9 - tennis courts; 10 - platform; 11 - restaurant; 12 - station; 13 - hippodrome | |
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| Plan of the university sports complex, located south of Mexico City: L-A - Expressway "Rebel Avenue"; 1 - administrative building; 2 - central library; 3 - humanitarian faculties; 4-faculty of exact sciences; 5 - engineering and architectural faculties; 6 - Faculty of Medicine; 7 - university sports grounds and south of them hostels; 8 - Olympic Stadium for 110 thousand viewers | |
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| Olympic complex in Munich: 1 - central arena; 2 - gym; 3 - swimming pool; 4 - cycle track; 5 - universal hall; 6 - hall for volleyball; 7 - fields for field hockey; 8 - training fields; 9 - hall for warm-up; 10 - Olimpic village(for women); 11 - Olympic village (for men); 12 - TV tower; 13 - radio and television center; 14 - press town; 15 - theater; 16 - artificial lake; 17 - hill; 18 - metro station; 19 - high-speed railway station; 20 - parking lot; 21 - photography direction | |
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| Olympic Park in Munich: a - a schematic diagram of the park's landscaping; A - the main sports facilities; B - Olympic village; B - higher sport school; G - Olympic Hill; b - placement of adult trees on the main pedestrian alleys laid on the embankment |
For the XI Olympiad, the reconstruction of the old stadium in Berlin was carried out. Its construction was carried out in three stages. At that time, the stadium was the largest in the world, its central arena could accommodate 100,000 spectators (35,000 standing places), and even more was the Mayskoye Pole, where up to 250,000 athletes could take part in sports parades at the same time. The longitudinal west-east planning axis of the park, on which the main entrance, the central arena and the Mayskoye Pole are located, goes well with the slanting winding alleys connecting the main sports facilities with various sites. The outdoor theatre, hippodrome, swimming pool are successfully located - they are located on the edges of the forest that begins here.
The 15th Olympic Games in 1952 were held in Helsinki at a reconstructed stadium that could seat 65,000 spectators. The stadium is located in the central park of the city, next to football fields, swimming pool and versatile gym.
The authors managed to create a landscape typical of Finland on the territory of the Olympic Park using outcrops of granite rocks, boulders in combination with old and minor new plantings and, most importantly, to successfully fit quite significant sports facilities into it. During the construction of structures, landscaping and landscaping were mainly reduced to the desire to preserve the surrounding nature in its natural state.
At the XIX Olympiad in Mexico City, the main competitions and training took place on the sports complex of the university campus with an area of 300 hectares, where the central stadium "Estadio Olimpico" is located.
The undoubted advantage of the campus is its unity with nature. It is achieved by landscaping, a successful combination of natural and artificial relief, as well as the widespread use of local building material - gray tuff of various shades.
At the XX Olympiad in Munich, all major competitions were held at the new sports facilities of the Olympic Park. On the territory of 300 hectares, the authors of the project managed to achieve an organic combination of nature and architecture, they created a single landscape that includes various forms of space use. The main facilities of the complex - the Olympic Stadium (the capacity of the stands is 80 thousand people), the swimming pool and the sports hall - are located on an elevated earthen platform and close the main Olympic Square on the north side in a semicircle.
On the south side, this space opens onto an artificial lake with a fountain. On the square at the edge of the stadium there is a bowl with the Olympic flame, around it are the flags of the participating countries.
The main pedestrian alley, laid along the embankment, starts from the central square of the park and passes under the cable-stayed roof, the width of which in some places reaches 120 m. up to 7 m high with linear planting along the top. This minimized the negative impact of heavy traffic.
The football field of the central arena is located in an artificially created recess. Under the grass cover at a depth of 25 cm, a system of underground irrigation and heating pipes with a total length of 18.95 km was laid, which makes it possible to extend the operation time of the field and improve its grass cover.
The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex (up to 20 m wide) are laid on raised (up to 3 m) embankments, all intersections with highways are at different levels. They offer picturesque views of the wide lawns used to disperse spectators after the end of the competition and the expressive sports facilities of the park.
Mature trees were planted along the pedestrian alleys with a grid of 7.5X7.5 m, and some of them were placed directly on the paths, which allowed the flow of spectators along the shaded corridors from bus stops and parking lots to the main sports facilities. The conceptual scheme of planting greenery of the complex was decided on the basis of creating a park on a completely bare spot in an extremely short period of time (2-3 years). And the landscaping scheme made it possible to provide good care for the plants and get the effect in just a year.
Unusual architectural forms of structures, bold engineering and design solutions are further emphasized by the surrounding nature. Abandoning large, monumental squares and parade axes, the authors created a unique and rare beauty Olympic Park. Green spaces divided its territory into separate sections, each of which was given an individual character thanks to the use various kinds and forms of green spaces, their high decorative qualities and the use of plant features vary depending on the season and lighting.
The green hills, which owe their origin to the former landfill, have become one of the decorations of the park. Their slopes are lined with low-growing pines, oaks, and shrubs. A network of walking paths is organically inscribed in the relief. Among the heaps of granite blocks, artificial streams with waterfalls flow down from the top. At the foot is an artificial lake with an area of 3.6 hectares with an island near the shore, where a stage is equipped for concerts and performances. Spectators sit on terraces with grass, an amphitheater descending to the water. Evening performances take place against the backdrop of illuminated hills, a fountain and a water surface. The lake is used for boating and at the same time as a reservoir for collecting storm water from a huge cover. On the shores of the lake and the canal, lined with willow, water iris, all conditions have been created for visitors to walk along the lawns and groves, paths of free contours have been laid, and recreation areas have been equipped. The lake is especially beautiful in the evening, when the illuminated multi-colored bushes on the slopes of the hills with the snow-white jets of the fountain, beating high in the center of the lake, create an absolutely fantastic picture. During the construction of the park, about 5,000 mature trees and 180,000 bushes were planted. The main tree species is small-leaved linden. 36 tons of grass seeds were used to create lawns (area of 85 ha) and grass cover of sports grounds.
Parking lots for 5,000 cars near the central arena are arranged in an unusual way. The entire territory is divided by rows of mature trees into eight areas covered with granite slabs with seams sown with grass. On ordinary days they are used for holding physical education classes and sports games.
The main sports complex of the Olympics, which took place in Moscow in 1980, was the Lenin Central Stadium in Luzhniki, built in 1956.
The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the ring road has an area of 180 hectares, of which 40 hectares are used for organizing entrances, approaches, stops and parking lots of public and individual transport.
The stadium is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, its entire territory is raised by an average of 1.5 m due to double expansion (up to 250 m) and deepening of the river bed. In total, about 3.5 million m3 of sand were washed. To lower the high level of groundwater, a drainage system with a length of about 6 km was built.
The stadium is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; dominated by its transverse axis, oriented towards the city and the Lenin Hills. The core of the master plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking land transport get to sports facilities.
Along the front alley on the embankment there is a park recreation area. In total, more than 40,000 trees aged 5 to 50 years, 400,000 shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but also from the forest; among them are blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white locust, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretches for more than 30 km. Green spaces cover an area of 78 hectares.
When carrying out landscaping, a variety of techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout near the main structures - ordinary plantings, in a park recreation area - freely, picturesquely located.
Due to the need for construction at an accelerated pace (its construction took 450 days), tree planting was carried out not only in spring and autumn, but also in summer. Moreover, at the same time, the construction of an irrigation water pipeline was carried out, the pipes of which were laid on the surface of lawns with a slight deepening when passing alleys and paths.
A major Olympic center is Krylatskoye, where one of the best Rowing Canals in the world was built at the foot of the Krylatsky Mountains. A large body of water goes well with low, elongated sports facilities. The canal is filled by gravity through water intake facilities due to the difference in water levels of the canal and the Moscow River.
The two green squares (90X90) located between the canal and the ring road are archery fields with stable sports turf.
All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs are used, which serve mainly decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, mountain slopes covered with forests, hills and islands. The land from the work during the construction went to create an artificial relief rowing canal and artificial reservoirs.
Like any sports complex, the Olympiyskiy is primarily interpreted as a park that can provide an opportunity not only for holding large entertainment events, for training athletes and athletes, but also for recreation for residents of nearby urban areas in the bosom of nature. With its green spaces, it significantly affects the improvement of the city's environment.
The park of culture and rest is the most common and massive type of multifunctional park. It plays an important role in the system of physical education.
The first was opened in Moscow in 1928, the Central Park of Culture and Recreation. M. Gorky. Its activity was determined by a combination of cultural and educational work with the improvement of the health of millions of working people. The competition for its design was a serious theoretical contribution to the young Soviet science of park construction.
The main feature of the new type of park was the mass visitation. This determined the direction of design and construction of parks of culture and recreation.
In Moscow, parks of culture and recreation were created in Sokolniki, Izmailovo, Ostankino. There are parks in other cities as well. Since 1931, the network of parks began to expand rapidly. Now there are more than 2,000 cultural parks in the country.
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tours and recreation. They become the main link in the system of places for mass recreation of citizens.
According to our urban planning standards, parks are divided into urban parks with a minimum area of 15 hectares and district (planning areas) - 10 hectares, the availability time, respectively, is no more than 20 and 15 minutes.
In recent years, in our country and abroad, there has been a tendency to enlarge the areas of city parks, since only large park areas create full-fledged conditions for recreation and contribute to the improvement of the urban environment (according to research by the Central Research Institute of Urban Planning - at least 50 hectares). The area of the park should be sufficient to accommodate recreational facilities designed for residents within the service area of the park.
The placement of parks in the city and the organization of a sports zone in them depend on natural conditions. The natural conditions of the territory determine the architectural and planning structure, the quality of the sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic environment, as well as the individuality and expressiveness of the architectural and landscape appearance of the entire park and its sports zone.
Now there are almost no territories suitable for creating parks, especially in large cities. In this regard, "inconvenient" lands are widely used - with high humidity, difficult terrain, as well as lands with a landscape disturbed by human activity. They are used primarily for park construction, since the low proportion of development in parks makes it possible to make lower demands on the quality of territories. And the world practice of building parks, including multifunctional ones, has already accumulated experience in the use of such territories.
Parks of culture and recreation consist of several zones: sports (15-20% of the park area), cultural and entertainment (10), children (5), quiet recreation (60), economic (no more than 4-5). As you can see, the norms define the significant size of the sports zone in the park, the largest after the zone of quiet rest and walks. In active recreation areas, it occupies a leading position. Unfortunately, in most of our parks, the area of sports zones is below the normative and determined by the projects (Fig. 10.5.1). In order to attract the population to mass sports and recreation activities, it is effective to expand the composition of facilities by building modern comfortable sports facilities, and primarily indoor ones (halls, swimming pools). In covered structures year-round work is possible. They are cost-effective, since in the parks the classes of health groups are mostly paid. The efficiency of operation of open structures is ensured by the use of stable, non-moisture-intensive, non-dusty and hygienic coatings of sites that require minimal maintenance.
The composition of structures should be varied, the requirements of various age groups. When designing and building, it is important to remember that physiologists recommend outdoor recreational activities. Among the structures, open ones should prevail. Covered ones should organically fit into the park landscape. Light structures are expedient, preferably transformable in order to use the structures as covered or open, depending on the weather and season.
The popularity and fashion for types of physical culture and outdoor activities is a relatively short-term factor, in contrast to the physiological one, but it must be taken into account at the stage of pre-project research. The most popular recreational and health-improving types are swimming, swimming, skating and skiing, sledding and skiing from the mountains. The most common sports games in the country are volleyball, table and tennis, badminton, football, in winter - hockey and winter football. In foreign parks, in addition to the above, entertaining sports and outdoor games and activities are popular, and facilities for them are widespread (grounds for small tennis, croquet, skittles, mini-golf, skateboarding grounds and tracks, etc.). These games are accessible and useful to everyone and give pleasure to participants of different levels. physical fitness. The structures for them are simple, occupy, as a rule, small areas, and require simple equipment. Therefore, it is advisable to include them in the composition of park structures. Despite the meager composition of sports facilities in most of our parks, the popularity of activities various types exercise is high and has a steady upward trend. Physical culture zones of the parks are visited by 20% in summer and 70-80% of park visitors in winter.
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Based on the physiological significance of certain types of physical culture and sports, the analysis of the attendance of park sports and sports facilities, as well as the methods of physical culture and recreation classes, JSC "TsNIIEP named after B.S. Mezentsev" proposed indicative composition and the number of physical culture and sports facilities for different types of parks in cities of different sizes (Table 10.5.1, Figure 10.5.1).
In addition to the structures listed in Table. 10.5.1, it is advisable to arrange marked illuminated walking routes (health paths) on the territory of the park, bases for recreational swimming swimming, boating, water skiing, surfing, as well as well-maintained beaches, places or ponds for fishing.
Every park is different; during reconstruction and construction, it is necessary to pay serious attention to local conditions (natural, traditions, national species sports and recreation, etc.), in connection with which the composition of the facilities of the sports zone can be adjusted. Supplementing the main composition, areas or tracks for roller skating and boarding (skateboards), areas for recreational sports and outdoor games - croquet, bast shoes, skittles, sports attractions can be arranged. In large citywide parks, there may be horse-riding bases with paths and riding grounds, as well as an indoor artificial ice rink for mass skating, an artificial wave pool, and a bowling alley. All main structures should be accompanied by auxiliary ones - wardrobes, changing rooms, showers. A sauna or a Russian steam bath, medical consultation and rental points are recommended.
During reconstruction, the recommended composition of sports facilities should be adjusted. For reconstructed parks with insufficient compared to the standard area (usually these are parks located in the central districts of the city) in case
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when there is no nearby sports complex that could take on sports and recreational functions, the following ways of organizing the zone are recommended: the composition of sports and sports facilities should be developed through the construction of indoor structures (halls, swimming pools, artificial ice rinks), open structures small areas. In addition, it may be more expedient to conduct classes in indoor facilities with an artificial microclimate than in the open air in the parks of the city center, where the hygienic parameters of the environment are worse than on the periphery. Open structures in this case can be reduced to 1 - 2 sites universal use, i.e. have sizes and surfaces that meet the requirements of different sports games or sports (the most popular or cultivated in a given place, park).
Another way to organize a zone of physical culture and sports facilities during the reconstruction of parks with insufficient area is to increase the territory of the zone to the normative one at the expense of other zones, giving the park a predominantly sports and recreational function. The functions of other areas of the park (such as cultural and educational, entertainment, entertainment) can be performed by the corresponding institutions of the city center, where they are most developed.
When placing a sports center of a city or a planning area next to a park being designed or reconstructed, it is advisable to cooperate with the halls and pools of the sports zone of the park with the halls and pools of the center, and combine the planar structures of the park and the complex, placing them on a single site. This will allow creating large structures and not duplicating technical and utility rooms.
When designing a zone, one should also take into account its development in the future, reserving an area for this.
It is advisable to place a sports zone within a 5-minute walking distance from the entrances to the park. At the same time, structures associated with mass visits are placed near the main entrance. This allows
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to bake them with well-maintained communications, which makes the facilities used daily available at any time of the year, especially in the off-season.
There are two main planning options for locating the zone in the park: compact and dispersed (Fig. 10.5.2). Compact is more convenient to use and more cost-effective (smaller length of roads and utilities). But sports zones are visited mainly by residents of areas adjacent to the park. Therefore, in a large park, it is more convenient for visitors to place the zone facilities dispersed around the perimeter of the park (that is, near not only the main entrance, but also secondary ones).
Approximate balance of the territory of the sports zone with recommendations
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with a given composition: three-dimensional structures - 3 - 5; planar structures - 27 - 30; paths, alleys - 10 - 15% of the zone area. The rest of the area (50 - 60%) is recommended for green spaces.
The physical culture zone of the park can be divided into three subzones according to the types of facilities: facilities with seats for spectators (in city parks), a subzone of indoor facilities and a subzone of open structures (Fig. 10.5.3).
SPORTS PARKS
There is a trend towards specialization of parks in big cities. All over the world, centers and historical residential areas are being actively reconstructed, which, as a rule, have several small parks. The areas of these parks are insufficient for the full development of all zones of parks of a multifunctional profile, according to domestic terminology - parks of culture and recreation. Then, one or two functions are predominantly developed. Another important factor in the specialization of parks is the increasing demands of visitors to comfort, which is satisfied by specialized services.
The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is sports. In big cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high loads on nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is precisely what sports parks provide, in contrast to sports centers designed mainly for training athletes and holding competitions.
Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, water, equestrian, cycling, etc.).
Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of well-known suburban German riviera parks) complexes, which, according to the composition of structures, are
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which seats are close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in a larger area of greenery and the main focus on mass physical education and recreation and active recreation.
The unique Olympic parks are large sports complexes for the Olympic Games. Such are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, the Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, the parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of "short distances and green landscapes" was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, an artificial relief was created for the construction of intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast landscaped area has become a place of active recreation for the population of Munich, both in summer and in winter. Bulk artificial hills in winter turn into mountains for mass sledding and skiing.
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The size of sports parks can be from tens to hundreds of hectares. When placing them in the city, as well as when placing sports complexes, conditions for evacuation must be created a large number people and car parks.
Specialized sports parks for a particular sport or group of related species are intended for active recreation associated with them, as well as for more high level than in other types of parks. The most common specialized parks - for aquatic species sports (Fig. 10.5.7). Abroad, there are numerous centers
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for swimming and bathing. Everywhere, including here, hydroparks are becoming more and more widespread. They need water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to this condition.
The sizes of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydropark in Krylatsky has a total area of about 700 hectares, Kharkiv hydroparks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact areas of several hectares, where place centers for swimming and bathing.
There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of a particular sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are common, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. There are well-known centers for roller skating and parks for cycling, where the complex terrain of the sites is functionally used. Skateparks are popular for skateboarding.
Sports parks are not such mass objects as multifunctional parks of culture and recreation, they are rather unique, especially large universal ones and, of course, specialized ones. Therefore, there can be no recommendations on the composition of structures, and even more so with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special tasks, depending on local and natural conditions.
Among the structures of sports parks there are the most diverse - from large unique ones (indoor stadiums, pools with artificial waves, waterfalls) to simple playgrounds, lawns for sports and recreational games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of inhabitants for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common pools in all types of sports parks (Table 10.5.2, Figures 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with irregularly shaped baths, with an artificial wave, water slides).
Sports halls are very common - both universal, and specialized, and multi-purpose, i.e. not only for sports events, but also for spectacles, dances, etc.
Much less often than the halls, there are skating rinks with artificial ice (Table 10.5.2, Figures 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial ice rinks- covered and open. An example is the Ottobrunn sports park in Germany (Figure 10.5.4).
The palette of planar structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.
Unlike sports centers in sports parks, especially abroad, playgrounds for entertaining sports games (mini-golf, botchi, croquet, skittles, etc.), platforms and tracks for roller skating and boarding are arranged among flat structures; mountains for sledding, shields, "plates" and skiing (Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often these are separate specialized parks. And we have new sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized golf sports park in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and several more are planned to be built.
Green spaces must be at least 70% of the area of the sports park. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large areas, and the paths and alleys must provide the possibility of evacuating a large number of people to parks.
kah, where the attendance is massive and where there are facilities with seats for spectators.
In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, sports and recreational activities and active recreation, it is advisable to allocate zones during design: entertainment and demonstration, training, active recreation, administrative and economic.
10.6. LANDSCAPING OF THE TERRITORIES OF SPORTS FACILITIES
10.6.1. LANDSCAPING AND MICROCLIMATE OF TERRITORIES OF SPORTS FACILITIES
Green areas play a significant role in shaping the climate of the city. Plantations not only reduce the air temperature under the crowns of trees and radiation temperatures in comparison with irradiated places, but also improve the thermal regime in the adjacent territory. The proximity of water spaces softens the microclimate.
Green sports facilities also affect the comfort of the microclimate, they can change the temperature, humidity and wind conditions of the sports area. The comfort of the microclimate at sports flat structures is determined by a complex of natural (climate), urban planning (placement in the city plan) and space-planning (the nature of the layout, development and landscaping of the sports zone) factors.
The space-planning construction of the sports zone and the features of each of its objects affect the microclimatic comfort of the environment for sports, depending on the location of the sites; the degree of concentration of sites and their blocking; orientation to the countries of the world; proximity to the water surface; type of coverage of sites and their technological equipment; nature of landscaping.
The terrain, three-dimensional and flat structures, roads and green spaces, their relative position can protect athletes from the blinding sun, strong winds, dust, gas, soot.
The comfort of microclimatic conditions in open sports facilities depends on a number of factors, which include mainly convection and radiation temperatures, air humidity, wind speed, insolation and lighting, chemical and bactericidal composition of air. These factors are significantly influenced by
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can provide landscaping of the territory where the facilities are located. The main components of landscaping in this case are both the reception and design of landscaping, and the properties of trees and shrubs that affect the comfort of the microclimate. These properties include: habitus (external form) of the plant, crown density, growth rate, leafing period.
The greatest microclimatic effect is given by arrays of trees with a density of 1.0 - 0.8; clumps of trees with a fullness of 0.7 - 0.8, multi-row stands. These types of landings can reduce the air temperature by 3 - 5 °, reduce the wind speed by 45 - 75%.
Groups, rows of trees, single trees reduce direct solar radiation by 95%. Their wind-shelter properties, which improve the aeration of the territory, are especially important. So, near playgrounds, windproof or openwork strips are useful. If it is necessary to reduce the wind speed to a greater distance, it is more expedient to use a strip of a blown structure.
The temperature and humidity of the air are formed within the entire sports area, and the speed of air movement is differentiated and largely depends on the landscaping of the sports facilities themselves, the placement of plantings, the type of planting, the assortment of trees and shrubs. The microclimate on the sports ground can be better or worse than the general microclimatic background of the sports zone, depending on how rationally the landscaping is designed and implemented.
Green spaces contribute to the creation of biological and psychological comfort. They improve the air, releasing phytoncides with leaves and flowers, increase the ionization of the air, increase the content of ozone in it - especially conifers.
When designing the construction of wings, strips and other elements of green spaces, the phases of their vegetative development and, consequently, the manifestations of phytoncidal activity should be taken into account. The choice of wood strips should ensure continuous release of phytoncides throughout the entire sporting season.
At urban sports facilities, the content of carbon monoxide emitted by motor vehicles decreases sharply after the appearance of foliage on the protective strips - on average by 2-3 times compared with the leafless period. Depending on the planting density, from 21 to 86% of dust is retained. The rough, hairy foliage of elm and lilac is especially effective in retaining dust. Elm leaves retain about 5 times more dust than poplar leaves; lilac leaves 3 times.
Green spaces are also a kind of filter that traps and absorbs part of the sound energy, especially Norway maple, balsam poplar, small-leaved linden.
When choosing plants for landscaping sports planar structures, it is important to take into account their resistance to mechanical damage.
To create fences, plants are chosen that are resistant to balls and other sports equipment. The ability of plants to restore damage and insensitivity to damage is also important. Siberian and European larch, warty birch, small-leaved and smooth elm, red oak, white and brittle willow, white and Canadian poplar, Norway maple, small-leaved linden, and common mountain ash have approximately equal rates of recovery of damaged shoots.
In modern standards for the design of sports facilities, it is not recommended to use trees and shrubs with thorns, lionfish and others, which, by clogging the grounds, create a traumatic situation. Plants that are very dusty during flowering and fruiting are also not recommended - irritating the human respiratory tract.
Green spaces are decorative, their silhouette and shape, color, and in addition, the aroma affect the emotional state of a person. The professional combination of plants with different shapes and well-thought-out colors in groups, arrays and tapeworms has a beneficial effect on the psyche of those involved in sports.
Creating a favorable microclimatic regime on sports grounds, biological and psychological comfort for athletes increases their performance, lengthens the season of comfortable conditions for sports.
Lawns also affect hygiene and aesthetics sports complexes. The green surface of the lawn contributes to the evaporation of a significant amount of moisture from the soil (up to 200 g of water per hour with
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one square meter), which increases the humidity of the surface layer of air. The herbage of lawns lowers the air temperature in hot weather by 6 tons, 7°. Their powerfully developed root system contributes to the rapid mineralization of organic matter, promotes purification from putrefactive and harmful microorganisms that fall on the lawn with dust.
The species composition of trees and shrubs, the method of placement and the type of planting largely determine the comfort of the environment for sports (Fig. 10.6.1).
The choice of an assortment of trees and shrubs for landscaping sports areas should be based on the general and specific properties of plants, species whose properties meet the whole range of requirements, most effectively affect the microclimate and contribute to the hygienic, physiological and psychological comfort of the environment (Table 10.6.1) .
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These sports facilities, stadiums, arenas have become the venue for the most iconic and popular matches, competitions, and fights. List of the most famous sports venues in the world.
10 PHOTOS
The biggest football stadium in Brazil and the largest stadium in the world. The stadium was built specifically for the 1950 FIFA World Cup. Capacity - 78,838 spectators.
This stadium was built in 1907. Twickenham is the home of English rugby. The stadium's capacity is 82,000 spectators.
The only golf course hosting one of the four major golf championships each year. Well-groomed green grass, coupled with water barriers and other obstacles will create a unique environment for players and golf enthusiasts.
It is here that the World Snooker Championships have been held since 1977. Snooker competitions at the Crucible can attract up to 1,000 spectators.
5. MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, USA. The MGM Grand Garden Arena has been the venue for many high-profile boxing matches. One of them is the Fight of the Century between Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao.
The stadium with a capacity of almost 100,000 spectators is the venue for American football competitions.
The oldest baseball stadium, opened in 1912.
8. Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco. A popular Formula 1 circuit. Due to the incredibly narrow streets, overtaking on this circuit is very dangerous. Cheltenham has the status of one of the greatest racetracks where horse racing competitions are held. The stadium has a capacity of over 50,000 spectators.
Private sport Club located in the London suburb of Wimbledon. Today, this oldest club has 19 tournament and 16 training courts. Center Court is a 15,000-seat stadium.
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Gone are the days when you had to buy a subscription to a fitness club to play sports. Today, you can go in for sports absolutely free of charge - on sports grounds located in Moscow parks.
Gorky Park and Muzeon
This is a real Mecca for lovers of free activities. In addition to several sports fields scattered throughout the park, there are regular free training sessions. running club Nike where experienced trainers will help you put the technique and tactics of running at any distance.
In the warm season, on the lawn near the Pioneer Summer Cinema and on the veranda Sparrow Hills pass free classes yoga classes taught by certified teachers. The project presents various styles - Hatha, Kundalini, Iyengar, Jivamukti and others.
Classes at the Pioneer are held on weekdays from 8:00 to 9:00, on the lawn near the Pioneer and on the veranda of the Sparrow Hills also on weekdays, but from 19:00 to 20:30.
And finally, dancing. Every day, on the dance floor near the Pioneer Summer Cinema, you can learn modern and historical ballroom dancing, learn Brazilian-style moves, learn more about zumba, jitterbug and many other styles.
As already mentioned, classes are held every day until October 1, with the exception of rainy and excessively cold days (below 10 degrees).
VDNH
CrossFit from Reebok under the guidance of professional trainers is no joke. The site, equipped with everything necessary, is located on the territory of VDNKh behind pavilion No. 9 opposite the entrance to the Port pool.
On weekdays, training takes place from 18:00 to 20:00, on weekends - from 12:00 to 15:00.
Sokolniki
Zumba-fitness - a set of energetic movements to incendiary Latin American rhythms - does not require expensive classes with trainers, specialized equipment and other expenses. In fact, all that is required of you is presence and emancipation. Trainings are held on Saturdays, at 15.00, on the stage "Rotonda".
The skate park in Sokolniki is open in any weather. Plywood figures placed under the tent under the guidance of Sergey Aksenov, specialist of the Moscomsport skateboard school, and a flat area and concrete structures in the open air were specially built by the IOU-RAMPS Russia team.
Fili Park
The area of the park is 300 hectares, which includes several points where simulators and a basketball court are located.
Izmailovsky park
Izmailovsky park- one of the largest parks in Moscow and Europe. Here, on the alleys of the Big Circle, one of the most well-equipped Workout sites is located:
- Triple cascade of horizontal bars for push-ups and pull-ups.
- Double bars for push-ups and double curved bars.
- hand-snake, swedish wall, triangles, a horizontal bar of a classic grip and a hammer grip.
- Bench with emphasis for push-ups Workout bench for rest and exercise.
Tagansky park
A wonderful addition to Tagansky Park is sports complex For everyone. A sports ground with a huge selection of exercise equipment, from horizontal bars to a treadmill for two.
Bauman Garden
On the sports grounds in this park, there are often no free simulators. In addition, free yoga classes are held here once a week during the summer.
Park "Kuzminki"
At different ends of the park there are several sports grounds for Workout. Horizontal bars, bars, press benches, butterfly trainers and other equipment.
Lianozovsky park
"Fairytale Alley" - this is the name of the playground with sports facilities. The name causes a smile, because a lot of attention in this park is given to children and everything that can develop them. Adults are also not left without attention: for them there is a separate corner with exercise equipment.
Park "Northern Tushino"
On the territory of the park Northern Tushino» there are several sports grounds: Workout, treadmill, tennis court, table tennis, beach volleyball and others.
Babushkinsky park
This park is a labyrinth of beautifully designed alleys. There is a large sports ground with an extensive range of strength outdoor exercise equipment. That is why it is so easy to combine rest and exercise here.
