Russian Water Polo Federation
COMPETITIONS
IN WATER POLO
2009 - 2013
Water polo competition rules.
Materials provided by the Russian Water Polo Federation.
Signed for publication on 10.12.2010.
Format 210x297. Lumisilk paper. The press is digital. Order 1357/10. Circulation 250 copies.
Designed and printed in full compliance with the quality of the provided transparencies in the printing house of KINEF LLC.
Russia, 187110, Leningrad region, Kirishi, highway Entuziastov, 1.
I. Rules for water polo competitions |
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Playing field and equipment |
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Teams and substitutes |
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Panel of judges |
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Game referees |
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Goal line judges |
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timekeepers |
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Secretaries |
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Game duration |
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Timeouts |
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Beginning of the game |
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Account management method |
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Goal Shots |
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Corner throws |
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Controversial face-offs |
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free throws |
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Simple Mistakes |
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Gross mistakes |
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5 meter free throw violations |
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Execution of 5-meter free throws |
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Personal remarks |
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Incident, injury or illness |
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APPS |
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Annex A Instructions for the use of two referees of the game |
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Annex B Signals given by referees |
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Appendix C Disciplinary Measures in Water Polo in FINA Competitions |
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Age groups |
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II. Quantitative composition water polo referee board |
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III. Mini water polo rules |
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Division 1 Field of play and equipment |
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Composition of the panel of judges |
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game referee |
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game secretary |
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Removal and replacement of players |
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Game duration |
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Beginning of the game |
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Goal |
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Resuming play after a goal |
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Goal throw |
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Corner throw |
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Controversial throw |
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free throw |
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Simple Mistakes |
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Gross mistakes |
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4 meter free throw |
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Execution of a 4-meter free throw |
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IV. Table for holding competitions with different numbers |
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participating teams |
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V. Regulations on the panel of judges |
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VI. Water polo referee code of ethics |
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VII. Disciplinary Code |
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WATER POLO COMPETITION RULES
WP 1. Playing field and equipment
WP 1.1. The organizing body is responsible for the correct dimensions and markings of the playing field and provides all necessary fixtures and fittings.
WP 1.2. The marking and marking of the playing field during the game by two referees of the game must comply with Scheme 1.
Goal line judge
REFEREE TABLE
Minimum
distance from the goal line to the wall
basin
Playing field boundaries (side and end lines)
Goal line judge
Replacement zone |
BENCH |
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players (red) |
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End line (white) Goal line (dotted)
2m line (red)
5 meter line (yellow)
Midfield (white)
5 meter line (yellow)
2m line (red)
Goal line (dotted) End line (white)
players ( |
BENCH |
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Rice. Scheme 1.
WP 1.3. When refereeing with one referee, he must be on the side where the referee's table is set, and the judges on the goal lines on the opposite side.
WP 1.4. For games of male teams, the distance between the end lines must be at least 20 m, but not more than 30 m. For games of women's teams, the distance between the end lines must be at least 20 m, but not more than 25 m. The width of the playing field must be at least 10 m, but not more than 20 m. The boundaries of the playing field (front lines) should be at a distance of 0.30 m behind the goal lines.
WP 1.5. For competitions organized by the International Swimming Federation (FINA), the size of the playing field, the depth of the pool, the temperature and the lighting must comply with the standards set out in the FINA Rules.
WP 1.6. On both sides of the playing field, clear marking lines must be applied:
white - goal lines and the middle line of the field;
red - 2 m from the goal line;
yellow - 5 m from the goal line.
The side boundaries of the playing field must be:
from the goal line to the red 2 m mark;
from the mark of 2 m to the mark of 5 m - yellow;
from the mark of 5 m to the middle of the field - green.
WP 1.7. To indicate the area for replacing players on the front lines of the field, red marks are applied at a distance of 2 m from the corners towards the goal on the side of the pool opposite from the referee's table.
WP 1.8. Enough free space must be provided on the sides of the pool so that the referees can move from one end of the playing field to the other without interference. There must be enough space to accommodate the referees on the goal lines.
WP 1.9. The secretary must have separate flags of red, white, yellow and blue, each measuring 0.35x0.20 m.
WP 2. Gate
WP 2.1. On both sides of the playing field, on the goal lines, two posts and a crossbar of a rectangular goal with a thickness of 0.075 m are installed, facing the playing field and painted white. They must be placed exactly in the middle of the goal line and at a distance of at least 0.30 m from the boundaries of the playing field.
WP 2.2. The distance between the goalposts must be 3 m. If the depth of the pool is 1.5 m or more, then the lower edge of the crossbar must be 0.90 m above the water surface. If the depth of the pool is less than 1.50 m, then the lower edge of the crossbar should be 2.40 m from the bottom of the pool.
WP 2.3. A soft net covering the entire area of the goal must be securely attached to the goalposts and crossbar, and it must be fixed in such a way as to provide at least 0.30 m of free space behind the goal line throughout the goal area.
WP 3.1. The ball must be round and have an air chamber with a closing nipple. The ball must be free of external detachments, waterproof and not coated with grease or similar substance.
WP 3.2. The weight of the ball must be at least 400 gr., but not more than 450 gr.
WP 3.3. For games by men's teams, the circumference of the ball must be at least 0.68 m, but not more than 0.71 m, and the pressure inside it must be in the range of 90-97 kPa (kilopascal), (13-14 pounds per square inch atm) . pressure).
WP 3.4. For games among women's teams, the circumference of the ball must be at least 0.65 m, but not more than 0.67 m, and the pressure inside it must be between 83-93 kPa (12-13 psi atm. pressure) .
WP 4. Hats
WP 4.1. One of the playing teams must wear white hats and the other team must wear hats of a contrasting color different from the color of the ball, but not bright red and approved by the referee of the game. The referees may require the second team to wear blue caps. Goalkeepers must wear red caps. Hats must be buttoned under the chin and worn throughout the game. If during the game the player loses the hat, he must replace it at the next stoppage of the game.
WP 4.2. The caps must have strong ear protectors, which must be the same color as the team's caps. Only goalkeeper cap protectors may be red.
WP 4.3. Each side of the caps must be numbered with a height of 0.10m. The goaltender must wear the cap number 1 and all other players from 2 to 13. The substitute goalkeeper must wear the red cap number 13. Players are not allowed change the number during the game, with the exception of the referee's permission to do so and upon notifying the secretary.
WP 4.4. For international matches, caps must have the country's three-letter abbreviation on the front, and possibly also the national flag. The height of the letters of the country abbreviation should be 0.04 m.
WP 5. Teams and substitutes
WP 5.1. Each team must consist of seven players, one of whom must be a goalkeeper wearing a goalkeeper's cap, and no more than six reserve players who may be used as substitutes. A team playing with less than 7 players may not have a goalkeeper.
WP 5.2. All players not taking part in the game must be, together with the coaches and officials, with the exception of the head coach, on the bench of their team and must not leave it from the start of the game, except for breaks between periods and time-outs. The head coach of the attacking team is allowed to advance to the 5 meter line. Teams shall only change ends in the middle of the game and before the start of the second period of extra time. Both team benches must be placed on the opposite side of the pool from the judges' table.
WP 5.3. Captains must be playing members of their teams, and each of them is responsible for the exemplary behavior and discipline of the players of his team.
WP 5.4. Players must play in opaque, double bottoms or swimsuits. Before entering the game, players must remove any objects that could cause injury to an opponent.
WP 5.5. Players must not apply fat or similar substance to the body. If the referee is satisfied before the start of the game that such a substance has been used, he must make the player remove it immediately. The start of the game should not be delayed. If such an infringement is discovered after play has started, the offending player is ejected for the remainder of the game and the substitute is allowed to enter the game immediately from the substitution area closest to his goal line.
WP 5.6. A player, at any time during the game, may be substituted by leaving the field of play in the substitution zone closest to his goal line. A substitute may enter play from the substitution area as soon as the player being replaced is clearly above the water in the substitution area. If a goaltender is substituted under this Rule, a substitute
women wear a goalkeeper's cap. No substitution under this Rule shall be made between the award and administration of a 5-meter free throw, except during a time-out.
WP 5.7. A substitute may enter the field of play from any position:
a) during breaks between periods of play, including the break between periods of extra time;
b) after a goal;
c) during a timeout;
d) to replace a player who is injured or bleeding.
WP 5.8. The substitute must be ready to replace the player without delay. If he is not ready, the game shall continue without a substitute, who may then enter the field of play at any time from the area closest to his goal line to replace players.
WP 5.9. A goalkeeper who has been replaced by a substitute and then returned to the game may play in any position.
WP 5.10. If a goalkeeper leaves the game for any medical reason, the referee must authorize an immediate substitution, provided that one of the players wears a goalkeeper's cap.
NOTE.
If the team coach calls one goalkeeper for the game.
The coach can replace the goalkeeper at any playing time (according to the current Rules) for any player. Given that:
! if the player who is put in the goal was not involved in the current game, he puts on a red cap and all the privileges of a goalkeeper apply to him;
! if the player was involved in the current game, he puts on a red cap and is not subject to the privileges of the goalkeeper, i.e. he stands at the gate like a field player.
WP 6. Panel of judges
WP 6.1. For competitions organized by FINA, panel of judges must include: two referees of the game, two referees on the goal lines, timekeepers and secretaries, each of whom is endowed with appropriate powers and responsibilities. Competitions of a different level should, if possible, be provided with the same composition of the judging panel. In the event that the game is played by two referees without referees on the goal lines, in this case they assume the rights and obligations of the latter.
NOTE.
Depending on the degree of importance, games may be played by teams of four to eight referees, as follows:
a) the referees of the game and the referees on the goal lines:
! two game referees and two goal line judges; or
! two referees of the game without referees on the goal lines; or
! one referee and two goal line judges
b) timekeepers and secretaries:
! one timekeeper and one secretary:
the timekeeper records the time of continuous possession of the ball by each team in accordance with WP 20.17. The scorer records the net time of the game, time-outs and intervals between periods, as well as exact time removal of players removed in accordance with the Rules. The scorer must also keep a record of the game as set out in WP 10.1.
Two timekeepers and one secretary:
Timekeeper No. 1 records the net time of the game, time-outs and the time of breaks between periods. Timekeeper No. 2 registers the time of continuous moisture
dribbling the ball by each team in accordance with WP 20.17. The scorer shall record the game in accordance with WP 10.1.
Two timekeepers and two secretaries:
Timekeeper No. 1 records the net time of the game, time-outs and the time of breaks between periods. Timekeeper #2 records each team's continuous possession time in accordance with WP 20.17. Recorder #1 keeps the record of the game in accordance with WP 10.1.(a). Scorer #2 performs the duties set out in WP Rule 10.1.(b), (c) and (d) relating to the suspension of players and the third personal admonition.
WP 7. Referees of the game
WP 7.1. The referees of the game must have full control of the game. This control over the players must be complete during the entire time that the referees of the game and the players are in the pool. All decisions of the game referees on points of fact shall be final. The interpretation of the rules by the referees of the game must be binding on the players throughout the game. The referee of the game must not make any assumptions about the facts of any situation during the game, but must interpret in the best possible way everything they observe.
WP 7.2. The referee shall blow the whistle for the start and restart time of play, as well as for goals, goal throws, corner throws (whether signaled by the goal judge or not), jump balls and fouls. The referee of the game may change his decision provided he does so before the ball is back in play.
WP 7.3. The referees of the game must refrain from calling a foul if, in their opinion, such a decision is in favor of the team whose player has violated the rules.
The referees of the game should not call a simple mistake when there is still an opportunity to play the ball.
NOTE.
The referees of the game must adhere to this principle to the fullest extent. They should not, for example, call a simple error in favor of a player in possession of the ball advancing towards the opponent's goal. it is clear that in this case the team that violated the rules will benefit.
WP 7.4. The referees of the game have the power to send off any player, coach and any official in accordance with these Rules and stop the game if any of them refuse to comply with their decision.
WP 7.5. The referees of the game have the right to remove from the pool any player, substitute, spectator or official whose conduct prevents the referee from performing his duties in an appropriate and independent manner.
WP 7.6. The referees of the game have the right to leave the game at any time if, in their opinion, the behavior of the players, spectators, or other circumstances prevent its completion. If the game referees leave the game, they must report their actions to the appropriate authority.
WP 8. Goal line judges
WP 8.1. The goal line judges must be located on the same side of the pool as the referee's table.
WP 8.2. It is the responsibility of the goal line judges to signal:
a) the correct position of the players on their goal lines at the start of a period by raising their arms vertically upwards;
b) a wrong start with both hands up;
c) when throwing from the gate, indicating the direction of attack with the hand;
d) when throwing a corner, indicating the direction of attack with the hand;
e) about scoring a goal with crossed arms;
f) about an illegal entry of a sent-off player or an incorrect entry into the game of a substitute by raising both hands vertically upwards.
WP 8.3. Each goal line official must have a supply of balls, and when a ball in play goes out of bounds, the referee must immediately throw a new ball to the goalkeeper (for a goal kick) or to a player of the attacking team (for a corner throw), in such a way that as directed by the referee.
WP 9. Timekeepers
WP 9.1. Timekeeping responsibilities include:
a) register the exact clean time, timeouts and break times between periods;
b) register the time of continuous possession of the ball by each team;
c) register the time of removal of players in accordance with the Rules
and the time of re-entry of such players or substitutes; d) give a voice signal about the beginning of the last minute of the game
or the last minute of the second period of extra time; e) blow the whistle after 45 seconds and at the end of each time-out.
WP 9.2. The timekeeper must signal by whistle (or by any other means available, clearly audible and easily understood) the end of each period, regardless of the referee of the game, and his signal must have immediate effect, except when:
a) at the same time as this signal, the referee awards 5 meter free throw.
In this case, in accordance with the Rules, a 5-meter free throw must be taken;
b) the ball is in flight and crosses the goal line. In this case, a goal is counted.
WP 10 Secretaries
WP 10.1. The duties of secretaries include:
a) keep a record of the game: players, score, time-outs, blunders, 5-meter free throws, as well as personal remarks received by each player;
b) monitor the time of exclusion of players and signal the end of the exclusion time by raising the appropriate flag, except when the referee is required to signal the re-entry of an excluded player or a substitute in the event of an early change of possession. After 4 minutes, the scorer shall signal the player who has replaced the player who committed the act of cruelty by waving a yellow flag at the same time as the flag of the respective team;
c) signal with a whistle and a red flag for each illegal re-entry by an excluded player or an illegal re-entry by a substitute (also after the goal line judge has signaled an illegal re-entry or an illegal entry by a substitute). Such a signal shall immediately stop the game;
d) without delay, signal a penalty with a third personal warning from any player, as follows:
! a red flag if the third personal warning is a deletion;
Into the rules Water polo has been modified many times to make the game more dynamic and spectacular. One of the most cardinal innovations was at one time the abolition of the rule that prohibited any movement of players across the field after the referee's whistle. Equally important was the decision (in 1970) of the International Water Polo Committee to limit the penalty time and the time of continuous possession of the ball by one team without a shot on goal (both of these time periods were later reduced). Previously, a sent-off player could return to the court only after a goal was scored, and often a team, having a satisfactory score in a match, was in no hurry to realize a numerical advantage, since the time of possession of the ball (without a shot on goal) was not limited.
In different years, the length of the court was also reduced, the duration of periods was increased, power struggle was limited, substitutions were allowed not only during stops in the game, but also during the game, etc. Now the rules of water polo are reviewed every 4 years: if necessary, changes are made there, "prompted" by playing practice.
Team compositions. Water polo teams consist of no more than 13 people, 7 of them directly participate in the game: the goalkeeper and 6 field players. Substitution can be made at any time: during a stop in the game - at any point, and directly during the game - only in the re-entry zone.
Timing. The match consists of 4 periods of 7 minutes of pure time each with a 2-minute break between them. (After the 2nd period and the 1st period of extra time, the teams change ends.) additional time: 2 periods of 3 minutes with a minute break between them. If in this case neither side achieves a victory, a third additional period is assigned, the game in which goes to the first goal.
Each team is entitled to two timeout(for 1 min). The coach can take them at any time, but only in a situation where his team owns the ball.
Game progress. The game at the beginning of each period begins with a rally. Both teams are located on their goal lines, and the ball is placed in the center of the field. At the whistle of the referee, the fastest player from each team rushes to the ball in order to take possession of it before the opponent and start attacking the partners. After a goal (which is recorded if the ball completely crossed the goal line in the space between the posts and under the crossbar), the "injured" team restarts the game from the center of the field.
The team that has taken possession of the ball is given no more than 35 seconds to complete the attack (if the team during this time managed to make a shot on goal and again took possession of the ball, the 35 second countdown starts again).
If the ball goes over the goal line from a player of the attacking team, the defending side restarts the game goal kick(throw is made from the target and from the goal line). If the ball went over the goal line from a player of the defending team, the attacking side gets the right to corner throw. It is made from the 2-meter mark - while no player (with the exception of the goalkeeper) has the right to be in the 2-meter zone.
In some situations (forced break in the game; players of both teams simultaneously committed "equal" violations or touched the ball together before it left the pitch; the ball in flight hit an obstacle above the field; the referee mistakenly stopped the game or cannot accurately determine the culprit violations, etc.) controversial face-off: the referee throws the ball approximately opposite the place where the dispute arose, so that the players of both teams have an equal chance of taking possession of it.
Rule violations. Regular fouls. In water polo, there are certain restrictions in “working” with the ball: it is forbidden to completely submerge it under water (at the moment of opposition from the opponent), to hit the ball with your fist, and also to touch it with both hands at the same time (this is only allowed for the goalkeeper - within his 4-meter zone). If one of the players has committed such a violation, the opposing team is entitled to free throw, and a goal scored with a fist or two-handed throw does not count. It is also forbidden by the rules to pass the ball to a partner who is in front of the passer in the 2-meter zone at the opponent's goal. In such a situation, the ball is also given to the opponent for a free throw. (Free throws in water polo are taken from the place of the violation, and if it is allowed within the 2-meter zone, then from the 2-meter line opposite the place of the violation.)
To the number regular fouls which are punished by awarding a free throw in favor of the opposing team, also include the following violations: holding or pushing off the goalposts and their fixtures, as well as the walls of the pool during the game; active participation in the game of an athlete who at this moment is standing, walking or pushing off the bottom of the pool (the ban does not apply to the goalkeeper within his 4-meter zone); pushing or obstructing the movement of an opponent who is not in possession of the ball; the team exceeding the 35-second limit for continuous possession of the ball; time delay; execution of a penalty kick not according to the rules; touching the ball by the goalkeeper on someone else's half of the field, and some others.
Removal fouls. These include: tackling, blocking, pushing or drowning an opponent who is not in possession of the ball (according to the rules, dribbling does not count as possession of the ball). interference with an opponent during a free (corner, free) throw; "leaving" from the site; hitting an opponent with a hand or foot; intentionally splashing water in the face of an opponent, etc.
The player who committed any of these violations is removed from the field for 20 seconds (net time) without the right to replace. He can return to the court earlier - in case the opponent realizes the numerical advantage. If extra time is called in the match and the sent-off player has not served the full penalty, the remainder of his penalty time goes to overtime.
Mutual removals are possible in water polo: when players of opposing teams simultaneously commit violations.
The rules also provide for such punishment as removal before the end of the game (with the right to replace). It is assigned for unsportsmanlike behavior of a player: verbal abuse of opponents, referees, etc.; foul play or cruelty; disrespect for judges, etc.
Free throw fouls. For sending off fouls in their own 4-meter zone, as well as in a situation where a player of the defending team saved the goal from an imminent goal, but did it in violation of the rules (for example, moved the goal or touched the ball with both hands / fist), the opposing team receives the right on penalty - free throw from the 4-meter line. A penalty kick is also awarded when a substitute (or a sent-off player whose penalty time has not yet expired) appears on the court to prevent a goal or in the last minute of the game (overtime), as well as when the coach interferes with the game or tries to take a timeout not on time. rules.
The free throw is taken by any player of the attacking team, except for the goalkeeper. All athletes, with the exception of the goalkeeper and the player taking the penalty, leave the 4-meter zone and at the same time stand at a distance of at least 2 m from the penalty-taker.
If the violation occurs at the end of the period, the penalty must be taken. But unlike a “regular” free kick, if the ball flies into the field from the goalkeeper (posts / goal crossbar) after a penalty, it can no longer be kicked into the goal.
For a rough game in his 4-meter zone, the referee, in addition to the appointed penalty, may also remove the offending player until the end of the match (with or without the right to substitute - depending on the nature of the violation).
Personal fouls. A personal foul is charged to the player for an expulsion (free throw) foul. Having received 3 personal fouls, the athlete is automatically removed from the site until the end of the game - with the right to replace.
In Russia, the first competitions were held in 1910 in the suburbs of St. Petersburg.
In the USSR in the early years Soviet power this sport was common among sailors. It was in the marine divisions of Moscow and Leningrad that the first teams were created.
The original rules of the game in the USSR were developed in 1924, since that time, competitions between the water polo teams of Leningrad and Moscow have become regular.
Since 1928 these competitions are included in the list of competitions All-Union Spartakiad. Later they entered to the GTO complex.
Water Polo Federation V Russian Federation created in 1991. Under her leadership, national championships are held, including the Cup of Russia.
How to play correctly
To make the game more dynamic and exciting, the competition rules reviewed every 3-4 years. Thus, previously allowed power moves during the game were canceled, the area of the playing field was reduced, and adjustments were made to the duration of the game periods.
Briefly about the essence of the game
At the start of a new period competitions, a raffle is held. National teams line up near their gates, the projectile is located in the center.
At the referee's command one player per team seeks to take possession of the ball faster than the opponent and start attacking the opposing team.
Each attack is given twenty five seconds. If during this time the team manages to throw the projectile towards the goal and captures it again, then the countdown 25 seconds resumes. In case of a successful throw, the team that scored the goal starts the game from the center of the pool.
During a match, athletes, with the exception of the goalkeeper, not allowed to take the ball with both hands. Players pass the sports equipment to each other with one hand, or they can swim and push it in front of them through the water. A goal can be scored with any part of the body, except for the hand clenched into a fist. When carrying out an attack and scoring a goal into the goal, at least two players must touch the ball with their hand.
in water polo prohibited:
- attack for an athlete who no ball;
- hold, drag, submerge, the opponent without the ball;
- sink the ball.
Teams change places before the third half of the main match And before the second period of the extra game.
The team that scores wins large quantity goals into the opponent's goal.
Compliance with the rules at the competition is ensured by the panel of judges, which consists of two judges, side judges, timekeepers and a secretary. The referees control the course of the game by giving signals with a whistle or hand gestures. The secretary records all the moments of the match in the protocol, the information referee voices and comments on the match. The match commissioner organizes and supervises refereeing.
How many teams
Participation in competitions at various levels all teams eligible to compete. Before the start of the competition, a draw is held, which determines the order of play for the teams. Two teams take part in each game of the water polo competition.
How many people are on each team
The composition of the water polo team 13 people, from which x seven major players, including the goalkeeper, and six spares.
Participates in the game six players and one goalkeeper. Spare players during the competition are on the bench, and at any moment they are ready to come on as a substitute.
The Role of the Players
The team captain is appointed the most experienced and senior player who is the team leader. He leads the rest of the athletes, setting the tone and pace of the competition.
The goalkeeper protects the goal from hitting the ball. He is allowed to take a sports equipment with both hands, hit the ball with his fist, unlike other players.
Field players during the match must score goals against the opponent. They are allowed to pass the ball to each other to achieve the goal.
Photo 1. Goalkeeper in the men's water polo team. The athlete tries to catch the ball thrown by the opponent.
Number of halves
The competition is divided into four halves. The stopwatch starts from the moment the player touches the ball. In the event of a tie at the end of the match, two more extra periods are assigned.
The duration of each half and the time of the entire game according to the regulations
Each half of the main game lasts for eight minutes. In the event of a tie, the scores are assigned two extra halves of three minutes every. There are mandatory breaks between periods:
- between the first and second, third and fourth half - two minutes;
- between extra halves 2 minutes;
- between the second and third and before the first extra half - five minutes.
During the main game, teams may take four timeouts of one minute each in each period to replace a player, adjust and discuss the progress of the match.
During extra time it is allowed to take one timeout and unused pauses of the main game. The pause is requested by the coach of the team who this moment carries a sports equipment.
The total duration of the game by the number of time-outs and taking into account extra time is 45 to 70 minutes. If penalty shoot-outs are awarded, the competition time will be extended until the completion of those shoot-outs.
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Differences in the rules for women
The rules of water polo for women differ in that the size of the field is set to a smaller area than for men's teams and is 25 meters long and 17 wide(for men 30 and 20 meters respectively).
The circumference of the women's ball must be from 65 to 68 cm, while for men from 68 to 71 cm.
Photo 2. Women's water polo ball from the manufacturer Mikasa. The projectile is slightly smaller than the male one.
Shots in water polo
There are several types of shots in water polo.
What are the throws
An athlete during a match can dribble the ball in front of him, but for more effective play and use of the possibility of passing, he throws the ball to a member of his team. These are basic throws.
Corner kick is awarded if a player has kicked the ball over his own goal line or if the projectile was the last to touch that player before going over the goal line.
If the sports equipment has gone completely beyond the goal line, a goal kick.
In the event of a minor violation, a free throw.
Who does it, how it is done
Corner kick performed by an athlete of the opposing team from a two-meter line.
Goal throw is made by any player from the defending team who is closest to the ball, from any point on the field within his two meter zone.
Throws are executed immediately, without delay. If the athlete does not see to whom to pass, he is allowed to drop the sports equipment from his raised hand, and only after that lead or swim with him.
Corner throw is performed by an athlete of the attacking team from a distance of two meters from the side where the ball crossed the goal line.
goals
A goal is considered the moment when the ball enters the goal area between the posts and under the crossbar and completely crosses the goal line. It is allowed to score goals from anywhere on the playing court with any part of the body, except for the fist. A goal can also be executed by dribbling, when the swimmer dribbles the ball in front of him with his forehead or nose.
Photo 3. Goal in water polo: the ball flew into the goal and reached the net due to the fact that the goalkeeper missed it.
When a goal is scored
A goal is considered scored if the ball completely crossed the goal line. And also after twenty-five seconds allowed to attack if the projectile was thrown and hits the goal. A goal is scored if sports equipment into the goal as a result of a rebound from the elements of the goal, the goalkeeper or another field player of the defending or attacking team.
Penalty
If players commit blunders during the game, such as dribbling the ball with two hands, aggressive behavior towards opponents, moving the goal when the opponent approaches, the referee may order penalty kick to the opposing team. In addition to gross violations, a penalty shoot-out is awarded when the game ends with an equal score after the end of regular and extra time.
Penalty - a free throw from a distance of five meters from the goal performed by the defending team.
Photo 4. A player takes a penalty kick while playing water polo. In this case, the goalkeeper tries to catch the projectile.
When, how and by whom
Free throw taken immediately after the discovery of a gross violation. Any member of the team can throw a penalty (with the exception of the goalkeeper) from anywhere in the five-meter zone.
When a free throw (penalty) is taken, all field players are located outside the five meter zone no less than the distance two meters from the throwing swimmer. In case of an unsuccessful free throw, other team members may continue the game, pick up the ball and throw it into the goal.
In case of a tie after the end of the match, to determine the winner, a penalty shootout. For this, it is selected five players from each team and the order of execution of the throws is assigned, which should not change.
There is a draw for the right of the first throw between the teams. Penalties are thrown alternately at the opponent's goal.
Attention! If after each team has completed five throws, the score is still equal, then the athletes continue alternating penalty before the first failed throw by one team and a successful other.
Useful video
Watch a video that talks about the rules of water polo, the game is compared with other sports.
Did the judges foresee everything?
Water polo - an exciting game that requires strict adherence to the rules and respect for each other. The developed rules describe in detail all the moments and nuances of the game, and the panel of judges completely controls the game during the competition.
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As in any other modern direction The sport of water polo has its own officially approved competition rules. Appearing around the middle of the XIX century. it received uniform general rules in the last decades of the century.
Water polo rules for men and women: game time After that, they were continuously improved and brought in accordance with the trends of the times. This process continues until recent years. We see the process of competition development water polo. Rules of the game also change.
More recently, literally in 2016, the interstate swimming federation agreed on new modernized ones. The official reasons for which the changes were stipulated were to make the competition more dynamic and easier for the majority of spectators who come to the matches.
The most important innovations:
- Removal of an athlete from the game is limited to a quarter of a minute;
- The number of playing athletes in the pool from each team reaches six people, including a goalkeeper;
Changes in water polo rules over time - During game time, only 11 players included in the list participate in it;
- water polo ball number 4 is used for the competition
- the period during which the athlete has the ball is limited to half a minute;
According to these rules, today the world championship among youth, the official water polo championship in Russia and a number of other competitions have already taken place.
Bringing the rules of water polo to life The competitions have brought innovations in water polo. Game rules in brief marked the following changes:
- the number of athletes in each team is 11 main +2 reserve athletes, they are allowed to be involved in these and other competitions in case of force majeure (health problems, etc.);
- reducing the time for possession of the ball from half a minute to a quarter. This required a quicker transition from defense to attack;
- lowering the time to remove the athlete from 20 to 15 seconds.
- The water polo game is divided into four periods of 8 minutes each. The start of the game is announced from the first touch of the ball by the athlete;
- you can not attack an athlete who does not have the ball;
- you can not deliberately immerse the ball completely under water. Such an action contributes to the transition of the ball to the opponents;
Addition to the rules of water polo - it is impossible to influence by different methods on an athlete who does not have a ball. By decision of the referee, for this violation it is possible to remove from the pool for a third of a minute or until the end of the attack of the opposing side. turned out major changes in Game water polo. The rules of time have become tougher;
- A free kick (a kick aimed directly at the opponent's goal) is not a gross miss. When such a violation was outside the five-meter protective sphere, the referee determines a five-meter kick or the ball is distributed by a pass method;
- an athlete who has earned three removals during the game must leave the pool before the end of this match, but with the possibility of replacement. He must be on the bench with his cap untied as a sign that he is no longer playing;
- by decision of the judges, it is allowed to remove players from both teams at once;
- The transfer of the ball aimed at the players of his team is carried out through the air without affecting the water. Sometimes the transfer comes with a ball rebound from the water mirror to an athlete who is near the opponent's goal line so that he can rise in the air and score a goal.
The area of the existing field, according to water polo rules. men equals 30 m by 20 m, for women, respectively, 25 and 17 m. The distance from the surface of the reservoir to the bottom in a water polo reservoir cannot be less than 2 m. These digital data of reservoirs are valid in the framework of large-scale various competitions, including Olympic ones.
On the game pool there is such a multi-colored drawing of the reservoir:
- center stripe (light shade);
- sashes (light shade);
- 2-, 4-, 7-m. levels (of different colors);
- reservoir outline.
All shades must be well traced in the course of ongoing competitions. The drawing of the reservoir exists stable and variable. At the end of the water playing field, opposite the game board, there is a sign of a bright arbitrary color.
Pool and water polo rules in championships On the opposite edges of the water field are the gates of opponents. The gate consists of two posts and a pole, connected by a rectangular pole 0.075 m thick, directed towards the water field and covered with light-colored paint. They must stand in the center of the boundary line and for at least 0.30 m from the edges of the field. The length between the uprights reaches three meters, and the height of the crossbar is 0.90 m above the water surface. The water temperature is at least 16 degrees.
water polo competition
For water polo players, as well as for other athletes, the most important competition in water polo is the Olympic Games. Water polo rules 2017 left their status unchanged.
The game originated in the second half of the 19th century. In Great Britain. Included in the program of the Olympic Games (since 1900). At present, along with men's water polo, women's water polo is also developing.
Rules of the game.
Changes have been made to the rules of water polo more than once to make the game more dynamic and spectacular. One of the most cardinal innovations was at one time the abolition of the rule that prohibited any movement of players across the field after the referee's whistle. Equally important was the decision (in 1970) of the International Water Polo Committee to limit the penalty time and the time of continuous possession of the ball by one team without a shot on goal (both of these time periods were later reduced). Previously, a sent-off player could return to the court only after a goal was scored, and often a team, having a satisfactory score in a match, was in no hurry to realize a numerical advantage, since the time of possession of the ball (without a shot on goal) was not limited.
In different years, the length of the court was also reduced, the duration of periods was increased, power struggle was limited, substitutions were allowed not only during stops in the game, but also during the game, etc. Now the rules of water polo are reviewed every 4 years: if necessary, changes are made there, "prompted" by playing practice.
Playground, goal, ball.
The game is played on a rectangular water platform. At international competitions, its length is 30, width - 20, and depth - at least 1.8 m (in tournaments for women's teams, the size of the platform is 25 × 17 m). The center line, goal lines, as well as 2-meter, 4-meter and 7-meter lines are marked on the site. On the border of the playing field (from the side judge) at a distance of 2 m from its corner, the so-called re-entry zone is marked with a special mark (for players who have served the removal and coming on as a substitute).
Goals (in the form of side posts and a crossbar, having a rectangular section and painted white) are installed in the middle of the goal lines. Their height above the water level is 0.9 m, width is 3 m.
The weight of the water polo ball is 400-450 g, the circumference is 68-71 cm (for women's teams - 65-67 cm).
Athletes outfit.
The equipment of the players necessarily includes special water polo caps: white - for one team, and a color contrasting with white, as well as different from red and from the color of the ball - for the other team (according to established tradition, they are usually blue). For international competitions, caps must be fitted with ear protectors. The numbers of players are indicated on the caps - from 2 to 13. Goalkeepers wear red caps at number 1 (both main and reserve).
Team compositions.
Water polo teams consist of no more than 13 people, 7 of them directly participate in the game: the goalkeeper and 6 field players. Substitution can be made at any time: during a stop in the game - at any point, and directly during the game - only in the re-entry zone.
Timing.
The match consists of 4 periods of 7 minutes of pure time each with a 2-minute break between them. (After the 2nd period and the 1st period of extra time, the teams change ends.) additional time: 2 periods of 3 minutes with a minute break between them. If in this case neither side achieves a victory, a third additional period is assigned, the game in which goes to the first goal.
Each team is entitled to two timeout(for 1 min). The coach can take them at any time, but only in a situation where his team owns the ball.
Game progress.
The game at the beginning of each period begins with a rally. Both teams are located on their goal lines, and the ball is placed in the center of the field. At the whistle of the referee, the fastest player from each team rushes to the ball in order to take possession of it before the opponent and start attacking the partners. After a goal (which is recorded if the ball completely crossed the goal line in the space between the posts and under the crossbar), the "injured" team restarts the game from the center of the field.
The team that has taken possession of the ball is given no more than 35 seconds to complete the attack (if the team during this time managed to make a shot on goal and again took possession of the ball, the 35 second countdown starts again).
If the ball goes over the goal line from a player of the attacking team, the defending side restarts the game goal kick(throw is made from the target and from the goal line). If the ball went over the goal line from a player of the defending team, the attacking side gets the right to corner throw. It is made from the 2-meter mark - while no player (with the exception of the goalkeeper) has the right to be in the 2-meter zone.
In some situations (forced break in the game; players of both teams simultaneously committed "equal" violations or touched the ball together before it left the pitch; the ball in flight hit an obstacle above the field; the referee mistakenly stopped the game or cannot accurately determine the culprit violations, etc.) controversial face-off: the referee throws the ball approximately opposite the place where the dispute arose, so that the players of both teams have an equal chance of taking possession of it.
Rule violations.
Regular fouls. In water polo, there are certain restrictions in “working” with the ball: it is forbidden to completely submerge it under water (at the moment of opposition from the opponent), to hit the ball with your fist, and also to touch it with both hands at the same time (this is only allowed for the goalkeeper - within his 4-meter zone). If one of the players has committed such a violation, the opposing team is entitled to free throw, and a goal scored with a fist or two-handed throw does not count. It is also forbidden by the rules to pass the ball to a partner who is in front of the passer in the 2-meter zone at the opponent's goal. In such a situation, the ball is also given to the opponent for a free throw. (Free throws in water polo are taken from the place of the violation, and if it is allowed within the 2-meter zone, then from the 2-meter line opposite the place of the violation.)
To the number regular fouls which are punished by awarding a free throw in favor of the opposing team, also include the following violations: holding or pushing off the goalposts and their fixtures, as well as the walls of the pool during the game; active participation in the game of an athlete who at this moment is standing, walking or pushing off the bottom of the pool (the ban does not apply to the goalkeeper within his 4-meter zone); pushing or obstructing the movement of an opponent who is not in possession of the ball; the team exceeding the 35-second limit for continuous possession of the ball; time delay; execution of a penalty kick not according to the rules; touching the ball by the goalkeeper on someone else's half of the field, and some others.
Removal fouls. These include: tackling, blocking, pushing or drowning an opponent who is not in possession of the ball (according to the rules, dribbling does not count as possession of the ball). interference with an opponent during a free (corner, free) throw; "leaving" from the site; hitting an opponent with a hand or foot; intentionally splashing water in the face of an opponent, etc.
The player who committed any of these violations is removed from the field for 20 seconds (net time) without the right to replace. He can return to the court earlier, if the opponent realizes the numerical advantage. If extra time is called in the match and the sent-off player has not served the full penalty, the remainder of his penalty time goes to overtime.
Mutual removals are possible in water polo: when players of opposing teams simultaneously commit violations.
The rules also provide for such punishment as removal before the end of the game (with the right to replace). It is assigned for unsportsmanlike behavior of a player: verbal abuse of opponents, referees, etc.; foul play or cruelty; disrespect for judges, etc.
Free throw fouls. For sending off fouls in their own 4-meter zone, as well as in a situation where a player of the defending team saved the goal from an imminent goal, but did it in violation of the rules (for example, moved the goal or touched the ball with both hands / fist), the opposing team receives the right on penalty - free throw from the 4-meter line. A penalty kick is also awarded when a substitute (or a sent-off player whose penalty time has not yet expired) appears on the court to prevent a goal or in the last minute of the game (overtime), as well as when the coach interferes with the game or tries to take a timeout not on time. rules.
The free throw is taken by any player of the attacking team, except for the goalkeeper. All athletes, with the exception of the goalkeeper and the player taking the penalty, leave the 4-meter zone and at the same time stand at a distance of at least 2 m from the penalty-taker.
If the violation occurs at the end of the period, the penalty must be taken. But unlike a “regular” free kick, if the ball flies into the field from the goalkeeper (posts / goal crossbar) after a penalty, it can no longer be kicked into the goal.
For rough play in his 4-meter zone, the referee, in addition to the appointed penalty, may also remove the offending player until the end of the match (with or without the right to substitute, depending on the nature of the violation).
Personal fouls. A personal foul is charged to the player for an expulsion (free throw) foul. Having received 3 personal fouls, the athlete is automatically removed from the court until the end of the game - with the right to replace.
Refereeing
Water polo is played by a large referee team. In addition to the two main referees, who give a signal to start (continue) the game, fix a goal, etc., these are, first of all, timekeepers who control total time match, penalty time, timeouts and 35-second periods given to teams for uninterrupted possession of the ball.
During the game, the referees give sound (whistle) and visual (using special flags of different colors) signals.
From the history of water polo.
The origin and development of water polo.
Water polo originated in Britain in the late 1860s. The very name "water polo" (English water polo - lit. water polo) arose by analogy with horse polo. Among the predecessors of the modern "water polo" was a game whose participants swam on top of barrels, pushing off the bottom with poles, they also hit the ball - later horse heads and tails were attached to the barrels, hence the "polo".
Then they abandoned the barrels, but played without a goal: the goal of the game was to swim up to the boat (or raft) and put the ball there. Over time, the boats were replaced by gates, however, the gate, like the goalkeeper who protected them, was located on land - until they moved into the water. In America, at that time, they managed with a gate painted on the wall of the pool.
The lack of unified rules caused a lot of inconvenience to the players and hindered the development of the game. The first water polo rules were developed in 1876 by the Scot Wils Wilson. In 1885, the English Swimming Federation officially recognized water polo as an independent sport and approved updated rules (which, however, were also far from perfect and determined only general - mostly organizational - moments of the game). And after 5 years, the first international match took place, in which the England team lost to the Scots 0:4 (and in the next games 1890-1900 Scotland won more often).
A significant role in the development of water polo in different countries ah student clubs played. For example, in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century, its popularization was facilitated by the inclusion of water polo matches in the program of traditional team competitions between Oxford and Cambridge universities (and one of the leaders of Soviet water polo in 1960-1980 was the Moscow State University team).
The international recognition of water polo turned out to be swift. Very soon he had fans in continental Europe (Germany, Sweden, Austria and other countries) and the USA, and already in 1900 a new game became olympic view sports. At first (in 1900 and 1904), water polo was presented at the Olympics as a demonstration discipline, and at the 1908 Olympics it was included in the official program. During the Games in London, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA) was also created, which approved the international rules for several water sports sports, including water polo. This, as well as Olympic recognition, contributed to the further spread of the game and the strengthening of contacts between water polo players from different countries. In the late 1920s, the International Water Polo Committee was created under this federation.
Water polo at the Olympics.
At the Paris Olympics, three club teams participated in the tournament - from England, France and Belgium. The victory was won by the British (a club from Manchester). England also won the Olympic tournaments in 1908, 1912 and 1920 (at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, the Americans were the first, but European water polo players did not perform at all in these Games, and all 3 participating teams represented the United States, the club from New York), while players George Wilkinson, Paul Radmilovich and Charles Sidney Smith each won three gold medals.
It is interesting that after such a brilliant debut, the founders of water polo never managed to repeat their Olympic success and even become among the winners. In 1924 and 1928 France and Germany became the champions of the Games. And at the next Olympic Games, the Hungarian team won the first of its eight Olympic titles (1932, 1936, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1976, 2000, 2004, no other water polo team could achieve this, while Dezhe Gyarmati and Gyorgy Karpaty also received three "gold").
Over time, the Italian water polo players, who won the Olympic Games three times (in 1948, 1960 and 1992), and a little later, the teams of Yugoslavia (champion of the Games 1968, 1984, 1988), the USSR (1972, 1980) and Spain (1996) .
In 2000, for the first time, the Olympic championship in water polo among women's teams was played. Australians became champions. And at the 2004 Olympic Games, the Italian team won.
Other international competitions. In the world.
Played since 1973 world championship in water polo (currently held as part of the FINA World Aquatics Championships). The Hungarian team that won the first World Cup in 1973 then repeated their success exactly 30 years later. The national teams of the USSR (1975, 1982), Italy (1978, 1994), Yugoslavia (1986, 1991), Spain (1998, 2001) each have two world titles. In 2005, for the first time, water polo players from Serbia and Montenegro became world champions.
Since 1979 FINA has been playing world Cup in water polo. It was won three times by the teams of Hungary (1979, 1995, 1999) and the USSR / Russia (1981, 1983, 2002), twice by Yugoslavia (1987, 1989) and the USA (1991, 1997), one victory on account of the German national teams (1985) and Italy (1993).
In 2002, the first competition was held world league. The Russian team won. After that, twice in a row (2003 and 2004) the water polo players of Hungary excelled, and in 2005 - Serbia and Montenegro.
Since 1986, the official World Cup among women's teams has been held. Australia's water polo players became the first world champions. In 1991, the strongest team was the Netherlands, in 1994 - Hungary (in 2005 it won another "gold"). Two times in a row (in 1998 and 2001) the Italian team won the World Cup, and in 2003 the United States celebrated the victory.
The Netherlands has no equal in the World Cup among women's teams: from 1980 to 1999, this team owned the honorary trophy 8 times. Australia won the Cup twice (1984, 1995), once each - the USA (which became its first owners in 1979), Canada (1981) and Hungary (2002). In 2004, American athletes also became the first winners of the Women's World League, in 2005 the Greek team was the strongest.
FINA also organizes other competitions among athletes of different age categories.
In Europe.
At first, water polo became widespread mainly in the Old World, and therefore European championship began to be played almost 50 years earlier than the world one - since 1926. The first ever champions of the continent are the Hungarian water polo players, who then won 4 other pre-war European Championships. In the 1950s-1990s, they brought their total number of victories to 12 - an unsurpassed result! The USSR team won the European Championship 5 times, Italy won three times, Yugoslavia and Germany twice, the Netherlands and Serbia and Montenegro won once each.
In 1970, the first European Championship was held among juniors. It was won by the USSR national team, which then repeated this success twice more. And the team of Yugoslavia won the most victories (6). In 1983, youth teams competed for the first time in the continental championship. The first winner, the Hungarian team, is the most titled today: it has been the strongest 5 times. Once (in 1985) Youth Championship Europe was won by the USSR team.
Women's European Championship it was first played in 1985. The Netherlands team won it 4 times, Italy three times and Hungary 2 times. European Championship among junior has been held since 1994. The winner of the first two draws was the team of the Netherlands, Hungary, Russia and Greece won once each. The Greek women also won the first European Championship among youth teams.
There are competitions in the European water polo calendar club teams. The oldest among them is the European Cup. His first draw took place in the 1963-1964 season. Belgrade "Partizan" became the winner, from 1966 to 1976 won the Cup 5 more times. Several victories in the same period were won by another Yugoslav club - Mladost (Zagreb), in the mid-1990s, bringing their total number to a record high (7 wins).
In 1974-1975, the first European Cup Winners' Cup was held: Ferencvaros (Budapest) won it, this Hungarian club has the most victories - 4. And a year later, the owners of two European Cups played the Super Cup for the first time. Youth won it. In total, the club from Zagreb, like the Moscow CSK VMF, has three victories in the Super Cup. (For more information about the performance of our teams in Eurocups, see the section Water polo in Russia)
Since the early 1990s, the European Swimming Federation (LEN) has been playing the LEN Cup. It was won twice by the Hungarian Újpest (Budapest) and Spanish Barcelona.
The Cup of European Champions among women's teams has been played since 1988. The first owners of it were the water polo players of the Dutch Donk, then they owned the trophy twice more. Three victories and on account of another Dutch team - "Nereus". And most of all (6 times) the Italian Orizzonte won the Cup. Since 2000, the Len Cup has also been played among women's teams. Twice it was won by the Italian clubs "Gifa" And "Ortigia". (The water polo players of Moscow "Skif" also owned both Cups in different years).
Water polo in Russia.
The origin of domestic water polo.
The emergence of water polo in Russia is associated with the famous swimming school in Shuvalovo (a suburb of St. Petersburg), which has done a lot for the development of the domestic water sports. In 1910 on sports festival The country's first water polo match was played in this summer cottage.
Very soon this game became interested in Moscow. Indeed, due to the lack swimming pools Muscovites had to play in a small and shallow pool at the Sandunovsky baths. A little later, trial matches were held in Kyiv, Odessa and some other cities.
At the beginning of the 20th century In Russia, the rules of "water polo" were published in Russian, as we then called this game, and the first domestic brochures about it. Various organizations cultivating swimming begin to conduct water polo classes. In 1913, the first of the water polo games that later became traditional took place between the teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg (more precisely, Shuvalovo), with a score of 3: 2, the St. Petersburg team won.
Water polo in the USSR.
This tradition was continued in Soviet times: in 1924 water polo became integral part match meetings between Moscow and Leningrad teams. In addition to Moscow and Leningrad, their water polo sections and teams appear in other cities and regions of the country. Subdivisions of military sailors (Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian fleets) conduct their own competitions, which played a significant role in the development of Soviet water polo.
In 1925, the first championship of the USSR was held in Moscow with the participation of national teams of cities, regions and fleets (since 1937, the championship among club teams began to be played, but these competitions acquired a regular character already in the post-war period). In 1928, water polo was included in the program of the All-Union Spartakiad and in the TRP complex, which contributed to the further popularization of the game.
Interestingly, already in the 1920s, women's water polo was also cultivated in the USSR, the rivalry was carried out mainly between the teams of Moscow and Leningrad, whose leaders were famous swimmers, champions of the country Evgenia Vtorova and Klavdiya Aleshina.
In 1926, Soviet water polo players performed abroad for the first time. (True, before the official recognition of water polo in 1947 by the International Committee at FINA, such meetings were irregular and were limited mainly to matches of working sports clubs).
In 1945, the first post-war national championship was held, and the following year, the USSR Water Polo Cup was played for the first time. Although the water polo players trained and played then in difficult conditions. For example, only one swimming pool worked in Moscow, however, the capital's CDSA (later - the CSK of the Navy), Dynamo and Torpedo were among the undisputed leaders of domestic water polo in the late 1940s and early 1950s. (A little later, in the top three, in addition to the CSK Navy and Dynamo, included the student team of Moscow State University "Burevestnik".)
In 1951, the Hungarian water polo team, one of the strongest teams in the world at that time, held a series of joint training sessions in the USSR and three friendly matches with our athletes. In two games soviet team won, drew one. These meetings clearly showed both the shortcomings we had (primarily in the water polo technique), and the merits of the original national water polo school that had developed by that time. One of them was the excellent swimming training of the players. Even before the war, many Soviet masters successfully combined swimming and water polo: Vasily Lebedev, Evgeny Melnikov, Alexander Vasiliev, Petr Golubev, Pavel Neiman, and others. In the post-war period, this was also not uncommon. For example, the legendary Leonid Meshkov, set more than 100 national, European and world records in swimming, was the national champion in water polo in the Moscow Torpedo, played for the USSR national team.
The Olympic debut of Soviet water polo players in 1952 was unsuccessful: 7th place. The lack of international experience and miscalculations in preparation for the Olympic Games had an effect. But the very next year sports tournament At the World Festival of Youth and Students in Bucharest, the USSR water polo team took first place. True, at her “debut” European Championship (in 1954), she again remained below the line of winners, but in 1956 her first Olympic success came in the form bronze medals. At the next Games, the Soviet team won gold (1972, 1980), silver (1960, 1968) and bronze (1964, 1988) twice.
Twice she excelled at the World Championships (1975, 1982) and 5 times at the European Championships (1966, 1970, 1983, 1985, 1987). In 1981 and 1983 our water polo players won the World Cup. Soviet athletes also won the first European Championship among juniors (1970), then twice more (in 1975 and 1978) becoming the strongest in Europe. And in 1985 the USSR team won the European Championship among youth teams.
In 1974, the Moscow State University team won the European Cup for the first time in the history of domestic water polo. Three years later, the TsSK VMF achieved the same success. The Soviet clubs won the Cup Winners' Cup four times: in 1977 - Moscow State University, in 1981 and 1983 - CSK Navy, and in 1985 - Moscow Dynamo. In addition, the army team won the Super Bowl three times (1977, 1981, 1983).
The Soviet school of water polo gave the world many outstanding masters. Our most titled Olympian water polo player is forward Alexei Barkalov, who won Olympic Games two "gold" and one "silver" (he also holds the unofficial world record among water polo players for the number of matches played for the national team of his country - 412). Three Olympic awards and another Soviet striker - Vladimir Semenov. Among the recognized masters of different years are Vyacheslav Kurennoy, Boris Goykhman, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Vadim Zhmudsky, Alexander Dreval, Evgeny Sharonov, Alexander Kabanov, father and sons Mshvenieradze, Vadim Gulyaev and others.
Water polo in modern Russia.
The Water Polo Federation of Russia (President - V.E. Somov) has been operating since 1991. It unites representatives of almost 20 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It plays national championships among men's and women's teams of different age categories, as well as the Russian Cup, and holds other competitions.
For men, for a long time, the struggle for the championship title and the Cup was carried out exclusively between the capital's Dynamo (now Dynamo-Olympic) and the Volgograd club Lukoil-Spartak (formerly known simply as Spartak): Muscovites to 11 titles of champions of the USSR added 7 titles of champions of Russia, and to 5 Cups of the USSR - the same number of Russian Cups, Volgograd won the championship four times and 6 times - the Cup. And in the 2004/05 season, the first "gold" in its short history was won by the water polo team "Sturm-2002" from Chekhov near Moscow.
A similar situation has developed in women's water polo. The team of Kinef-Surgutneftegaz (Kirishi), eventually becoming the champion of the country three times in a row.
On account Russian clubs there are also victories in prestigious European competitions. So, Dynamo won the Cup Winners' Cup in 2000, and Skif's water polo players won the European Champions Cup in 1997 and 1999, and in 2001 the LEN Cup.
In 1992, the Unified Team (men) won the Olympic "bronze". At the 2000 Olympic Games, the Russian men's team became silver medalist, and in 2004 - again bronze. The women's team was third in Sydney 2000. So far, Russian water polo players have never managed to win the world championship. Men in 1994 and 2001, and women in 2003 took third place at the World Championships. In the World Cup, the men's team in 1995 was also third, and in 2002 won it, the women's team in 1997 took second place. The men's team also excelled at the first competition of the World League (2002), and the women's team became the silver medalist of the ML-2005.
Konstantin Petrov
Literature:
Ryzhak M., V.Mikhailov Water polo M., 1977
Kudryavtsev V., Zh. Kudryavtseva Sports of the world and the world of sports. M., 1987
Rules sports games and competitions. Illustrated encyclopedic reference book. Per. from English. Minsk, 2000
Water sports. - Textbook for universities. Ed. N. Bulgakova. M., 2003
