Before the start of the match. The refereeing team prepares for the start of the match as provided by the official protocol. Referees must be ready to present in official refereeing uniform at least 45 minutes before the scheduled start time of the match. The entire refereeing team - first referee, second referee, scorer, reserve referees, linesmen - must pass an alcohol test, which is carried out by the medical staff of the match organizers. If the first referee does not arrive on time at the appointed time, then the second referee must start the preparation procedure for the match, notifying the Control Committee of the organizers of the match. If the 1st referee fails to arrive or fails an alcohol test or is unable to play the match due to some health problem, the 2nd referee will conduct the match as first referee and the fourth referee will take the place of the second referee. If there is no fourth referee, then the match organizers, with the participation of the first referee, must decide who will act as second referee.
During the match . At the time of the service, the first referee watches the lineup of the serving team, the second referee watches the lineup of the receiving team. At the time of the service, the second referee must be positioned on the side of the court of the receiving team. After serving, he moves along the sideline to the center line, as close as possible to the attack line. During the attack, his position is on the side of the court of the defending team. Thus, during the match, the second referee must constantly change his position. It is the responsibility of the first referee to monitor all contact with the ball - players, equipment or other objects. Accordingly, he is the first to check for compliance with the rules of each touch of the ball. At the time of the attack, he looks directly at the attacking player and at the ball and, with peripheral vision, tracks the likely direction of the ball's flight. If the ball hits the net after being hit, the first referee must look in the direction of the vertical plane of the net. If players on the bench or in the warm-up area act against the rules, the 2nd referee must immediately inform the 1st referee, but only after the end of the rally. Only the first referee has the right to apply any sanctions to violators. When the 2nd referee notices an error in the line-up of the receiving team, he blows his whistle and, using official gestures, indicates the error and points out the players who violated the line-up. According to the rules of the game of volleyball, each mistake made by the players is punished with a point. Therefore, it is important that each referee immediately signals the noticed error made by the players in his area of responsibility. On the whistle of one of the judges, the draw ends. After the whistle of one referee, the other referee does not have the right to use his whistle, since the rally has already ended on the first whistle. If the referees give repeated whistles, this will cause confusion among the players and spectators. It is the responsibility of the second referee to respond to requests for interruptions during the match (coaching breaks, substitutions, medical assistance, etc.), but only if the ball is out of play. If the 2nd referee, for any reason, has not noticed the request to suspend play addressed to him, the 1st referee may assist the 2nd referee by responding to the request. If during the match the second referee notices unsportsmanlike behavior of any of the players, then at the first opportunity (after the end of the rally), he must inform the first referee about this, who in turn warns or punishes the offenders, depending on the severity of the misconduct.
Replays. During international official competitions under the auspices of the FIVB, the broadcaster of the hosts of the tournament may request the organization of a "replay delay" in the event that the necessary equipment for this is agreed with the Tournament Organizing Committee and the FIVB Control Committee. To do this, an electric lamp is installed on a pole in front of the first referee, with the help of which the TV presenter can signal the required time delay to repeat the previous episode of the game. However, this request can be made no more than 8 times per set, and the time delay between the draws each time can not be more than 7 seconds.
Breaks between games. The official volleyball rules state that a competent person, in agreement with the organizers, can increase the break between the second and third sets to 10 minutes. In this case, after the second set, the teams and the referees must leave the playing hall (go to the dressing room) and return back 3 minutes before the start of the third set. Actions of players and referees during the usual (3-minute) breaks between sets (from 1 to 4):
Teams: At the end of each set, six players from each team must line up on the end line of their side of the court. Players change sides of the court in the direction where the first referee's tower is located. Judge Secretary: After the whistle signaling the end of the last rally in the set, the referee-scorer must start the stopwatch in the score counter, counting the time of the break between the sets. After 2 minutes 30 seconds the 2nd referee blows his whistle or the scorer buzzer sounds. Teams Judges: The 2nd referee checks the line-up of the players by comparing it with the line-up card, then gives permission for the libero to take his position. After that, the ball server gives the ball to the server. After 3 minutes, the first referee blows his whistle for service. Break before the decisive set. Teams: At the end of the game before the deciding set, 6 players from each team line up on the end line of the corresponding side of the court. In the direction of the first referee, the teams go to their benches. Team captains: Approach the table of the scorer to participate in the draw. Judges: Come to the table for the draw. After 2 minutes 30 seconds the 2nd referee blows his whistle or the scorer buzzer sounds. Teams: The six players of each team indicated on the line-up card immediately enter the court. Judges: The 2nd referee checks the line-up of the players by comparing it with the line-up card, then gives permission for the libero to take his position. After that, the ball server gives the ball to the server. After 3 minutes, the first referee blows his whistle for service. When the leading team reaches the 8th point in the deciding set:
Teams: After the rally, 6 players of each team line up on the end line of the corresponding side of the court. At the signal of the first referee, the teams change sides and immediately go to the court without delay. Judges: The second referee checks the correct placement of both teams, the readiness of the scorer and signals to the first referee that he is ready to continue the second part of the game. During coaching breaks, technical time-outs and breaks between sets, the second referee sees to it that the players go out of bounds to allow the court moppers to do their job. After the match. According to FIVB protocol, after the game, the first and second referees stand in front of the referee's tower. The players of both teams are built on the end line of the corresponding side of the court. The first referee blows his whistle, and the players approach the referees from both sides and shake hands with them, then walk along the net and greet the opponents, after which they approach their benches. The first and second referees along the net come to the table of the scorer, check the game protocol, sign it and thank the scorer and linesmen for the game. But even after that, the work of the judges is not over yet. Even after final whistle the referees must record instances of unsportsmanlike conduct among the players participating in the match. As long as the teams are in sports complex, cases of unsportsmanlike conduct are recorded and recorded in the game protocol in the "Notes" section or described in a separate report.
Referee team in volleyball
Functions, rights and obligations of volleyball referees
A referee team is being created to hold a volleyball match. The regulation provides for a certain composition of the judging panel, depending on the rank of the competition. When holding competitions in physical education teams, usually one match is held by the first referee and the meeting secretary, who keeps the minutes of the meeting and acts as the second referee. When holding competitions within the physical education team, the meeting can be served by one judge. When holding high-ranking competitions, a team of nine judges is appointed for one match: the first and second referees, the secretary of the match, the informing judge, the scoreboard operator or scorer, four judges on the line and six ball feeders, and on international competitions two more platform wipers.
Only the first and second referees are allowed to blow their whistle during the match. All other members of the refereeing team, strictly in accordance with their powers, can draw the attention of the first referee to the violation of the competition rules by the players with the established gestures. The secretary of the meeting in case of violation of the order of service informs the second referee about this, who makes the final decision - to stop the meeting. If the meeting is conducted by two referees (the first and the secretary of the meeting), then in case of violation of the arrangement, the secretary must stop the meeting with a whistle and explain to the team the nature of the violation.
The first referee blows the whistle for the service, which announces the start of the game action.
The first and second referees blow the whistle to stop the game only when they know for sure that a mistake has been made and when the nature of this mistake is clear to them. If the game action is over, even if an obvious error is recorded, the referees are obliged to blow the whistle to stop the game. Here they must do the following in sequence:
Show the nature of the mistake made with an official gesture;
Show the number of the player (with a finger gesture) or indicate the player who made this mistake, indicate with a hand gesture the team that should serve after making this mistake. Sometimes the referee finds it difficult to determine the player who was touched when the ball was blocked. In such situations, he points to the players involved in the blocking. This should be done slowly, each gesture should be clearly visible to the team players and spectators and understandable to them.
The referee of the meeting must monitor the observance of the rules of the competition and sports ethics. For identical violations, he must make the same decisions. If he made a mistake in determining the violations of the rules of the competition by the players and realized this before the ball was put into play, he must reverse his erroneous decision.
When an action is not terminated due to a violation of the rules of the competition, the referee of the match must announce a “dropped ball” with an official signal and invite the team that served before this game action to perform a re-serve. In this case, no point is added to either team. This situation is possible:
After the players of both teams commit a mutual fault;
The referee mistakenly stopped the game;
The 1st referee overruled the decision of the 2nd referee when he erroneously (in the opinion of the 1st referee) stopped the action with the whistle;
Game action was interrupted when a player was injured;
When a second ball or other foreign object appears on the court.
Referees should not use the authority to call a dropped ball as a way out of a difficult situation when they are in doubt about the violation of the rules and cannot determine the team at fault.
If the referee realized that before that he made an erroneous decision, which he did not cancel, then in the future he should in no case compensate for this to the injured team, otherwise he does not correct, but aggravates the mistake (makes a second mistake) and in the representation of the players , officials and spectators appears biased, which undermines its authority.
Referees should not quarrel with players and allow contestation decisions taken.
Undisciplined players who express dissatisfaction with the decisions of the referees with words or gestures must be immediately punished in accordance with the rules. In this case, the first referee stops the match with a whistle in order to give a warning or punish the team or individual player for misbehavior. If indiscipline was shown during a game action, then the referee must stop the meeting after the end of the game action so that this stoppage is not in favor of the offending team.
As already noted, volleyball competitions at school are not a one-time event, but a continuation of the educational training process. They are held constantly and take great place V sports life schools: the guys compete with each other within the class, participate in school and district meetings. Therefore, the most important condition for a good organization and accurate conduct of competitions is systematic work with the asset.
Depending on the possibilities of the school, the forms of work with the asset may be different. These are seminars, which include theoretical and practical classes, meetings with experienced referees, visits to major competitions (international, championships of the USSR, etc.), internships at regional and city competitions, the creation of a special "Judge's Library", the design of the stand "Volleyball Referee" , homework assignments, referee competitions, etc.
The program of theoretical studies of the seminar includes the following: firstly, general questions: the physical culture movement in our country: the achievements of Soviet athletes; characteristics of volleyball competitions for juniors, boys and girls in our country and abroad, etc.; secondly, learning the rules of the game; thirdly, the study of the rules of volleyball competitions, the organization of competitions, the methods of drawing (circular and elimination), drawing up a calendar of games, tables of results. Particular attention is paid to the study of the technical report of the meeting. To do this, young volleyball players first master the technical reports filled in by qualified referees, then they learn to fill in the title page themselves, draw up team lineups, keep score, place players, replace players, etc. during the “game at the table”.
Theoretical classes are combined with practical ones. In practical classes, situations are consistently created (in accordance with the sections of the rules being studied) that require certain actions of judges, a secretary, etc. During games in practical classes, several students write technical reports, subsequently analyzing them.
As they master the skills of refereeing and mastering the rules of the competition, young referees are involved in refereeing volleyball matches at a school, in a district, in a city.
Competition rules young judges should learn very well. Moreover, it must be taken into account that from time to time changes are made to the rules of the competition, which sometimes not everyone knows about.
Referee board and duties of judges.
A panel of judges is created to conduct the competition. It consists of:
chief judge, deputies chief judges, chief secretary, first and second judges, secretaries, line judges, scorers, informant judges, judges at the participants and a doctor as deputy chief judge. Minimum composition panel of judges- chief referee, first referees and secretaries.
The chief referee directs the competition. His decision is binding on the entire composition of the panel of judges, participants and representatives. He distributes duties between the referees, approves the schedule of games and the results of the competition, draws up a report. Deputies are responsible for conducting competitions in the areas assigned to them. One of the deputies during the absence of the chief judge performs his duties. The chief secretary maintains all documentation (applications, schedules, accounting tables, etc.).
Competitions are more interesting if there is an informant judge. He not only acquaints the audience with the composition of the participants, the results of the meetings, but also comments on the game, in points of contention gives competent explanations, etc.
A refereeing team consisting of the first and second referees, the secretary and line judges (2 or 4) is appointed to hold the match. Often meeting in school competitions conducts one judge, who carries out refereeing and maintains a technical report. However, this impoverishes the competition, not to mention the quality of their conduct. Here the active guys can provide invaluable assistance.
The first referee is located on the tower at one of the edges of the net. He is the senior in the refereeing team and solves all issues related to the conduct of the game. His decisions are final. Errors are recorded with a whistle, and all game actions are terminated. The referee stops the game only when he is completely sure that the error has been committed. If he doubts it. the game should not be stopped. After the whistle, the first referee determines by gesture or term the nature of the fault and indicates which team is entitled to serve. The first referee may overrule the decisions of the other referees (from his panel) if he considers them incorrect.
The second referee is located opposite the first referee behind the sideline. At the time of the serve, he is on the side of the receiving team and controls the placement. The main attention of the second referee is drawn to the crossing of the halfway line, the players touching the net, the ball touching the antennas or the ball passing over or behind the antenna, and gives permission for breaks in the set at the request of the coaches or team captains.
The scorer is located opposite the referee's tower behind the second referee. His main duty is to carefully keep a technical report, to monitor the order of the players on the serve (when the team receives the right to serve, he announces the number of the player who should serve).
Now a few remarks directly on the rules of the game. Competitions for participants 11-14 years old consist of 3 games (up to two won), for participants 15 years and older - from 3 or 5 games (up to three won). This is established by the regulation on competitions.
In each game, the team can use two breaks of 30 seconds. During the break, players are not allowed to leave the pitch. Only the coach may give instructions to the players at this time (without entering the pitch). It must be remembered that a request for a break or substitution after the referee's whistle for service is not accepted. Between games, a break is allowed no more than 2 minutes, before the decisive game (in order of the third or fifth) 5 minutes are given. If for any reason the game was interrupted 108
for up to 4 hours, then upon resumption on the same site, the result achieved by the teams by the time of the break is saved.
If the game is transferred to another court or hall, the score of the played games is kept, and the score of the interrupted game is cancelled. After a break of more than 4 hours, the meeting is replayed.
When serving, you must be behind the end line within the serving area. It is considered that the serve took place when the ball after the stroke does not touch the hand. Until this moment, the serving player must not cross the front line. The rest of the players must be within the area and comply with the lineup requirements. When serving, a blow is applied with one hand to the ball, which is not held by the player (you cannot serve "from the hand"). The player is given 5 seconds to complete the serve after the referee's whistle. However, referees should not be picky about the players in this regard. If, when serving, the player threw the ball up and did not serve, and the ball, falling, touched him, the serve is considered to have taken place and the ball is transferred to the opposing team.
The team has the right to make no more than three hits in a row to send the ball to the opponent's side. Even if, defending, those players touched the ball while blocking and the ball remained in play, the team retains the right to three kicks. Of course, if the ball goes out of bounds from the block, this touch is counted as a hit, and the team whose players performed the blocking is credited with an error (losing a point or the right to serve).
This change in the traditional perception of the game gives the team the right to the "fourth strike". Under such conditions, favorable opportunities are created for the transition from defense to attack, which, as you know, is very difficult to carry out qualitatively in volleyball, especially when defending against strong attacking blows. Changes in the rules allow the first (after touching on the block) strike to complete the defensive actions and make the transition to the attackers. The last two hits will already be purely attacking. And this significantly expands the scope of the tactical capabilities of the team. In particular, the tactics that used to be called “attack from the first pass and kickback” will be developed, when the attacker, having met an obstacle over the net in the form of a block, performs a jump pass to a partner who makes a hit. And blockers sometimes benefit from "leaving" the ball on their side, and then play it well.
Touching the ball simultaneously by two players of the same team is recorded as two hits. In this case, the team has only one hit left, and none of the players who touched the ball has the right to it. If several players tried to take the ball, and one touched the ball and the others collided with it, then one hit is counted and any of the players (except for the one who made the hit) has the right to touch the ball.
Only front row players are eligible to block. When blocking, it is allowed to pass the hands over the net, but the ball must not be touched before it has been touched by a player of the attacking team. It is allowed to block the first or second touch of the ball by the players of the opposing team when the ball is sent over the net by this touch. Touching the ball while blocking by more than one player counts as one touch. However, there will also be a touch if the ball touches the hands of the blocker, then any part of the body of that player. Any player participating in the block has the right to a second touch of the ball.
Back row players are prohibited from blocking. They can only attack from the back line, that is, they must push off when jumping for a strike outside the attack line (they can land after a strike in the attack area - this is not a mistake).
Incorrect player behavior. The behavior of individual players and teams towards officials, opponents, spectators or teammates may be unsportsmanlike, rude, offensive, aggressive. Penalties for such behavior are determined depending on the degree of the committed.
Unsportsmanlike behavior: one of the participants delays the game, gives instructions that are not allowed to him, shouts, intimidates an opponent, argues with players, referees or spectators.
Rude behavior: one of the participants behaves contrary to the rules of etiquette, morality, or expresses disdain for the judges, opponents or spectators.
Offensive behavior: actions that degrade the personal dignity of judges, opponents or spectators and are expressed in insulting statements about them.
Aggressive behavior: actual aggressive actions or an attempt to take such actions against referees, opponents, spectators.
Punishment for misbehavior. Depending on the degree of the player's misconduct, the 1st referee may apply:
Warning about unsportsmanlike behavior (does not mean punishment, but only warns the player (players) or team (teams) from repeating such behavior during this game);
Punishment for rude behavior (the opposing team gets the right to serve or a point);
| Nature of violation | Order of violations | Sanctions | Displayed cards | Consequences of the sanctions |
| Unsportsmanlike conduct | First time | Warning | yellow | Warning |
| Second time | Comment | Red | Loss of service or point | |
| Third time | Removal | red and yellow together | Removal per batch | |
| Rude behavior | First time | Comment | Red | Loss of service or point |
| Second time | Removal | Red and yellow together | Removal per batch | |
| Bad behavior | First time | Same | Same | Same |
| Aggressive behavior | First time | Disqualification | yellow and red separately | Delete before the end of the meeting |
Removal or disqualification. The removal is applied as a punishment for offensive actions and involves the removal of the player from further participation in the meeting until the end of the current game. Aggressive actions are punishable by disqualification. This measure of punishment means that the violator must leave the playing field before the end of the meeting. In this case, the team is not punished by losing a point or losing a serve.
Each of these measures must be recorded in the minutes of the meeting. Punishment scale for misbehavior. Repetition of an instance of misconduct by the same player during the same game will result in successive penalties according to the Misconduct Scale.
Scale of penalties for misbehavior
The repetition of any action that delays the meeting by the players of the team during the game must be punished with a warning. It is done to the captain of the team, but its effect applies to all members of the team.
Disqualification for aggressive behavior does not involve any prior sanctions.
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FGOBU VPO " Financial University under the Government Russian Federation"(Financial University)
College of Finance and Economics
(Ufa branch of the Financial University)
Essay
on the topic of:
Volleyball: rules and basics of refereeing
Completed by: Ponomareva Natalya Mikhailovna
Introduction
Volleyball is a sport in which two teams compete on a playing field divided by a net. For different circumstances, various options for the game are provided so that its versatility is accessible to everyone.
The object of the game is to send the ball over the net to land it on the opponent's court and prevent the opponent from making the same attempt. The team has three hits to return the ball (in addition to touching the block).
The ball is put into play by a serve: the server kicks the ball over the net to the opponent. The rally continues until the ball lands on the playing court, is out, or a team error occurs when the ball is returned.
In volleyball, the team that wins a rally scores a point (Rally-Point System). When the receiving team wins the rally, it receives a point and the right to serve and its players advance one position clockwise.
Facilities and equipment
Playing field.
The playing field includes a playing area and a free zone. It should be rectangular and symmetrical.
The playing field is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded on all sides by a free zone with a minimum width of 3 meters.
The free playing space is the space above the playing field that is free from any obstacles. The minimum height of the free playing space above the playing field is 7 m from the playing surface. For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the free zone must be at least 5m from the sidelines and 8m from the endlines. The free playing space must be at least 12.5 m high from the playing surface.
Feed zone
The service zone is a 9 m wide area behind each end line. It is bounded on the sides by two short lines 15 cm long each, drawn 20 cm behind the end line, as an extension of the side lines. Both short lines are included in the service zone width. In depth, the feed zone extends to the end of the free zone.
Replacement zone
The substitution area is limited to the continuation of both lines of attack and extends to the scorer's table.
Libero Substitution Zone
The Libero Substitution Zone is part of the free zone on the side of the team benches, it is bounded by the continuation of the attack line and extends to the end line.
Warm-up place
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, warm-up areas, approximately 3m x 3m, are located outside the free zone at both corners of the team benches.
Place remote
A penalty area approximately 1 x 1 m in size and equipped with two chairs is located in the control area outside the extension of each end line. They may be limited by a red line 5 cm wide.
Command structure
A team can have up to 12 players per match, plus
Coaching staff: one coach, maximum two assistant coaches;
Medical staff: one team massage therapist and one doctor.
Only these team members registered on the scoresheet may enter the competition control area and take part in the official warm-up and match. For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the team doctor and massage therapist must be accredited by the FIVB in advance. One of the players other than the Libero is the team captain who
Only the players on the score sheet may enter the court and play in the match. When the coach and the team captain have signed the score sheet (team list in the electronic score sheet), the registered players cannot be changed.
Team Accommodation
Players not participating in the game must sit on the team bench or be in their warm-up area. The coach and other team members sit on the bench but may leave it temporarily. Team benches are located next to the scorer's table outside the free zone. Only members of the squad are allowed to sit on the bench during the match and take part in the official warm-up.
Players not in the game may warm up without balls as follows:
during the game - in the warm-up areas
during time-outs and technical time-outs, in the free zone behind their playing court.
During the intervals between sets, players may warm up within their free zone using balls.
Equipment
The player's equipment consists of a T-shirt, shorts, socks (uniform) and sports shoes. The color and style of shirts, shorts and socks must be the same for the team (exception: for the Libero). The form must be clean. Footwear should be light and flexible with rubber or composite soles without heels. The players' jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 20. The number must be located on the jersey, centered on the chest and on the back. The color and brightness of the numbers should contrast with the color and brightness of the T-shirts. The number must be at least 15 cm high on the chest and at least 20 cm high on the back. The stripes forming the numbers must be at least 2 cm wide. The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe 8 x 2 cm to highlight the number on the chest. It is forbidden to wear a uniform that is different from the color of other players (excluding Libero players) and/or without official numbers.
Team Leaders
Both the team captain and coach are responsible for the conduct and discipline of their team members. Libero players cannot be team captain or game captain.
Before the match, the team captain signs the protocol and represents his team at the draw.
During a match, the team captain is the game captain when he is on the court. When the team captain is not playing on the court, the coach or team captain must appoint another player on the court, other than the Libero, to assume the role of the game captain. This game captain retains his duties until the substitution, the return of the team captain to the game, or until the end of the game. When the ball is out of play, only the game captain is allowed to address the officials: to ask for clarification on the application or interpretation of the Rules and to submit requests or questions from his partners. If the game captain does not agree with the 1st referee's explanation, he/she may protest this decision and inform the 1st referee immediately that he/she reserves the right to record an official protest on the score sheet at the end of the match;
The captain requests permission:
a) change all or part of the equipment,
b) check the arrangements of the teams,
c) check the floor, net, ball, etc.,
requests time-outs and substitutions in the absence of a coach.
At the end of the match, the team captain: thanks the referees and signs the protocol, confirming the result; if the 1st referee has been duly notified, may acknowledge and record on the score sheet a formal protest concerning the referee's application or interpretation of the rules.
During the match, the coach manages the game of his team, being outside the playing area. He/she determines the starting lines, substitutions and takes time-outs. On these matters, he/she contacts the 2nd referee.
Before the match, the coach:
writes down or checks the names and numbers of his players on the scoresheet and then signs it.
During the match, the coach:
gives the 2nd referee or scorer a duly completed and signed line-up card(s) before each set, sits on the team bench closest to the scorer but may leave it, requests time-outs and substitutions, may, like other team members, give instructions to the players on the court. The coach may give these instructions while standing or moving within the free zone in front of his team bench from the extension of the offensive line to the warm-up area without interfering with or delaying the match.
In FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the coach must carry out his functions behind the coach's boundary line.
Assistant coach
The assistant coach sits on the team bench but is not allowed to interfere in the match.
If a coach must leave his team for any reason, including a sanction, but excluding entering the court as a player, the assistant coach may take over the functions of coach during his absence, when confirmed to the referee by the game captain.
SCORE
The team scores a point:
Upon successful landing of the ball on the opponent's court;
When the opposing team makes a mistake;
When the opposing team receives a reprimand.
A team commits an error by performing a game action against the rules (or otherwise breaking them). The judges evaluate the errors and determine the consequences in accordance with the Rules:
If two or more faults are made consecutively, only the first fault is taken into account.
If two or more faults are committed by the opponents at the same time, this is considered a double fault and the rally is replayed.
Draw and completed draw
A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment the server hits the service until the ball is out of play. A completed rally is a sequence of game actions resulting in the award of a point.
If the serving team wins the rally, they score a point and continue to serve;
If the receiving team wins the rally, they score a point and must serve next. ball sport gaming
WINNING THE GAME
The game (with the exception of the deciding 5th game) is won by the first team to score 25 points with at least two points advantage. In case of a tie score of 24-24, the game continues until the advantage of 2 points is reached (26-24; 27-25; ...).
WINNING A MATCH
The winner of the match is the team that wins three games. With an equal score of 2-2, the decisive game of the 5th is played up to 15 points and a minimum advantage of 2 points.
NO-SHOW AND INCOMPLETE TEAM
If a team refuses to play after being asked to do so, it is declared a no-show and loses the match with a score of 0-3 in the match and 0-25 in each set.
A team that fails to enter the playing court on time without valid reasons is declared a no-show with the same result (it is declared a no-show and loses the match with a result of 0-3 in the match and 0-25 in each set) A team declared INCOMPLETE in the set or in a match, loses the game or match. The opposing team receives the points, or the points and sets needed to win the set or match. The incomplete team retains its points and games.
GAME STRUCTURE
DRAW
Before the match, the 1st referee conducts a toss to determine the first service and the sides of the court in the first set.
If a decisive game is played, a new draw must be made.
The draw takes place in the presence of two team captains.
The winner of the toss chooses: either the right to serve or receive the service or side of the court. The loser takes the remaining option.
OFFICIAL WARM-UP
If the teams previously had the playing court at their disposal, before the match they are given a 6-minute joint official warm-up on the net, if not, they can have 10 minutes. If any of the captains requests a separate (consecutive) official warm-up at the grid, the teams are given 3 minutes each, or 5 minutes each. In the case of consecutive warm-ups, the first team to warm up on the net is the team that serves first.
INITIAL TEAM LINE-UP
The game must always involve six players from each team. The initial lineup of the team indicates the order in which the players move on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the game. Before the start of each game, the coach must present the initial lineup of his team on the lineup sheet. A duly completed and signed card is handed to the 2nd referee or scorer. Players who are not included in the initial line-up for a given set are substitutes for that set (except Libero players). After the line-up card has been handed to the 2nd referee or the scorer, it is not allowed to change the line-up without the usual replacement. In case of inconsistencies between the positions of the players on the court and in the lineup card, proceed as follows: if such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of the game, the positions of the players must be corrected in accordance with the lineup card - the sanction for this is not when a player not registered in lineup card for this game, this player must be changed in accordance with the lineup card - no sanction is imposed for this; however, if the coach wishes to keep such an unrecorded player(s) on the court, he/she must request a regular substitution(s) using an appropriate gesture, which must then be recorded on the score sheet. If a discrepancy between the positions of the players and the positions on the line-up card is discovered later, the team that made the mistake must return to the correct positions. The opponent's points are kept and, in addition, the opponent receives a point and a subsequent serve. All points scored by the offending team from the precise moment the error was made to the time it was discovered will be forfeited. 25When a player is found on the court who is not on the list of players on the score sheet, the opponent's points are kept and, in addition, the opponent receives a point and a service. The team that makes the mistake forfeits all points and/or sets (0:25, if applicable) gained since the unregistered player entered the court and must submit a corrected lineup card and send the new registered player to the court in the unregistered player's position.
At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be within its court in transition order (excluding the server). The positions of the players are numbered as follows: the three players along the net are front row players and occupy positions 4 (front - left), 3 (front - center) and 2 (front - right); the other three players are back row players, occupying positions 5 ( back - left), 6 (back - center) and 1 (back - right). Mutual correspondence of positions of players: each player of the back line must be located further from the center line than the corresponding player of the front line; the front row players and the back row players shall, respectively, be positioned parallel to the center line in the above order. The positions of the players are determined and controlled according to the position of their feet in contact with the ground as follows: at least part of each front row player's foot must be closer to the center line than the corresponding back row player's feet; at least part of the foot of each right (left) touchline must be closer to the right (left) touchline than the feet of the center player in his line. After a service hit, players can move around and take any place on their own court and in the free zone.
POSITIONAL ERROR
A team commits a positional fault if any player is not in their correct position at the time the ball is hit by the server. Including when a player is on the court as a result of an illegal substitution. If the server commits a service error at the moment of the service hit, the server's error will take precedence over the positional error. If the service becomes faulty after a service hit, a positional fault is scored. A positional error leads to the following consequences: the team is penalized with a point and an opponent's serve; 3 players take their correct positions.
The transition order, determined by the team's initial formation and controlled by the service order and the positions of the players, is maintained throughout the game. When the receiving team becomes eligible to serve, its players move one position clockwise: the position 2 player moves to position 1 to serve, the position 1 player moves to position 6, and so on.
TRANSITION ERROR
A transition fault is considered committed when the service is not executed in accordance with the transition order. This leads to the following consequences: the team is penalized with a point and an opponent's serve; the order in which players move is being corrected. Additionally, the scorer must determine the exact moment the error was committed and all points subsequently scored by the team that committed the error must be annulled. The opponent's points are saved. If this moment cannot be determined, no point(s) will be annulled and the opponent's point and serve will be the only action.
GAME STATES
BALL IN PLAY
The ball is in play from the moment it is hit on a service allowed by the 1st referee.
BALL OUT OF PLAY
The ball is out of play from the moment of the error, which is recorded by the whistle of one of the referees; in the absence of an error, from the time of the whistle.
BALL "IN THE COURT"
The ball is considered "in the court" when it touches the surface of the playing court, including the boundary lines.
The ball is considered "out" when: the part of the ball that touches the floor is completely behind the boundary lines; it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person not participating in the game; it touches the antennas, cords, posts or net behind the side bands; it crosses the vertical plane of the net partly or completely outside the transition area, or the ball completely crosses the lower area under the net.
BALL GAME
Each team must play within its own playing field and space The ball may, however, be returned from outside the free zone.
STRIKE TEAM
A hit is any contact with a player's ball in play. A team is entitled to a maximum of three hits (in addition to blocking) to recover the ball. If more than 3 hits are used, the team commits an error: "FOUR HITS".
SERIAL CONTACTS
A player cannot hit the ball twice in a row
SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS
Two or three players may touch the ball at the same time. When two (or three) partners touch the ball at the same time, it counts as two (or three) hits (excluding blocking). If they try to reach the ball, but only one of them touches it, one hit is scored. Players colliding is not considered a fault. When two opponents touch the ball at the same time over the net and the ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is entitled to three more kicks. If such a ball goes out, it is the fault of the team on the opposing side. If the ball is simultaneously touched by two opponents over the net resulting in prolonged contact with the ball, play continues.
STRIKING WITH SUPPORT
Within the field of play, a player is not allowed to use a team-mate's support or any device/object as support in order to hit the ball.
However, a player who is on the verge of making a mistake (touching the net, or crossing the halfway line, etc.) may be stopped or restrained by a teammate.
The ball can touch any part of the body. The ball must not be tackled and/or thrown. It can bounce in any direction. The ball may touch different parts of the body, provided that the contacts occur at the same time.
ERRORS WHEN PLAYING THE BALL
FOUR HITS: A team touches the ball four times before returning it.
SUPPORTED KICK: A player uses a teammate's support or any device/object as support to kick the ball inbounds.
TACKLE: the ball is tackled and/or thrown; it doesn't bounce when hit.
DOUBLE TOUCH: A player hits the ball twice in a row, or the ball touches different parts of his/her body in succession.
BALL AT THE NET
The ball sent into the opponent's court must pass over the net within the crossing area. The transition area is a part of the vertical plane of the grid, limited as follows: from below - by the upper edge of the grid; on the sides - antennas and their imaginary continuation; top - ceiling.
The returned ball crosses the plane of the net again in whole or in part through the outer area on the same side of the court.
The opposing team may not prevent such action.
The ball which is directed to the opponent's court through the lower square is in play until.
BALL TOUCHING THE NET (When crossing the net, the ball may touch it.)
BALL IN THE NET
A ball that hits the net may be left in play as long as the team's three hit limit is not exceeded. If the ball breaks through the net or causes it to fall, the rally is annulled and replayed.
PLAYER AT THE NET
TRANSFER THROUGH THE GRID
When blocking, a player may touch the ball on the other side of the net, provided that he/she does not interfere with the opponent's play before or during his attack hit. After an attack hit, a player is allowed to transfer his hand to the other side of the net, provided that the contact was made within his/her own playing space.
PENETRATION UNDER THE NET
It is allowed to penetrate into the opponent's space under the net, provided that it does not interfere with the opponent's play. Crossing to the opponent's court through the center line: it is allowed to touch the opponent's court with the foot(s), provided that any part of the transferred foot(s) touches or is directly above the center line; it is allowed to touch the opponent's court with any part of the body above the feet, provided that this does not interfere with the opponent's play. A player may enter the opponent's court after the ball is out of play. Players may enter the opponent's free zone provided they do not interfere with the opponent's play.
CONTACT WITH THE GRID
A player's contact with the net is not a fault as long as it does not interfere with play. Players may touch the post, cords, or any other object behind the antennae, including the net, provided that this does not interfere with play. When the ball hits the net, which for this reason touches the opponent, it is not a fault.
PLAYER ERRORS AT THE NET
A player touches the ball or an opponent in opponent's space before or during an attack hit by an opponent. The player interferes with the opponent's play by penetrating into the opponent's space under the net. The player's foot(s) goes completely into the opponent's court. A player interferes with an opponent's play by (among other things): touching the top band of the net or the top 80 cm of the antenna during his/her action of playing the ball, using the net as support while playing the ball, or creating an advantage over an opponent by touching the net, or taking action that interfere with an opponent's legitimate attempt to play the ball.
Serve is the act of putting the ball into play by a right back row player who is in the service zone.
The first service in the first set, as well as in the decisive 5th set, is performed by the team determined by the draw. In other sets, the team that did not serve first in the previous set serves first.
Players must follow the order of serves recorded on the line-up card.
After the first service of the set, the server is determined as follows: when the server team wins the rally, the player (or his/her substitute) who served before serves again; when the receiving team wins the rally, they are entitled to serve and make a transition before serving. The player who moves from the right position of the front line to the right position of the back line will serve. The 1st referee allows the service after checking that both teams are ready to play and the server is in possession of the ball. The ball must be hit with one hand or any part of the arm after it has been tossed or released from the hand(s). Only once is it allowed to toss or release the ball. Tapping the ball (dribbling) or moving it in the hands is allowed. At the moment of hitting the ball for service or taking off for a jump service, the server must not touch the court (including the end line) or the surface outside the service zone. After the hit, he/she may step in or land outside the service area or on the court. The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the whistle of the 1st referee for a service made before the whistle of the referee is not counted and is repeated.
The players of the serving team must not prevent their opponents from seeing the server and the trajectory of the ball with an individual or group screen. A player or group of players from the serving team put up a screen by waving their arms, jumping or moving along the net during the service, or form a group to hide the server and the flight path of the ball.
ERRORS COMMITTED DURING SERVING
The following faults result in the service going over even if the opponent is in the wrong formation. Server: violates the service order, does not serve correctly.
After right hit on the ball, the service becomes an error (unless the player is out of position) if the ball: touches a player of the serving team or does not cross the vertical plane of the net completely through the crossing area; goes "for"; passes over the barrier.
ATTACK STRIKE
All actions that result in the ball being sent to the opponent's side, excluding serving and blocking, are considered attack hits. During an attack hit, a discount is allowed, provided the ball is hit cleanly and the ball is not tackled or thrown. An attack hit is completed when the ball completely crosses the vertical plane of the net or is touched by an opponent.
ATTACK HIT ERRORS
A player hits the ball in the playing space of the opposing team. The player sends the ball "out". A back row player completes an attack hit from the front zone when the ball is completely above the top of the net at the time of the hit. A player completes an attack hit on an opponent's serve when the ball is in the front zone and fully above the top of the net.
The Libero completes an attack hit when the ball is completely above the top of the net at the time of the hit.
A player completes an attack hit on the ball above the top of the net when a pass is made by the Libero's overhand fingers in his front zone.
BLOCK
Blocking is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ball coming from an opponent, carried out by carrying any part of the body above the top edge of the net, regardless of the height of contact with the ball. Only front row players are allowed to participate in a completed block, and at the moment of contact with the ball, part of the body must be above the top of the net.
A block attempt is the action of blocking without touching the ball.
A block is valid if the ball is touched by the blocker.
A collective block is performed by two or three players close to each other and is completed when one of them touches the ball.
Consecutive (quick and continuous) contacts with the ball may occur with one or more blockers, provided that these contacts took place during one action.
BLOCKING IN OPPONENT SPACE
When blocking, a player may move his hands and arms to the other side of the net, provided that this action does not interfere with the opponent's play. Thus, it is not allowed to touch the ball on the opponent's side before the opponent has made an attack hit.
BLOCKING AND HITTING TEAM
A touch on the block does not count as a team hit. Therefore, after contact on the block, the team is given three hits to return the ball. The first hit after a block may be taken by any player, including the player who touched the ball on the block. Blocking an opponent's serve is prohibited.
BLOCKING ERRORS
The blocker touches the ball in the OPPONENT's space before or at the same time as the opponent's attack hit. A back row player or Libero blocks or participates in a completed block. Blocking an opponent's serve. The ball from the block goes out. Blocking the ball in the opponent's space behind the antenna. Libero's attempt to block individually or collectively.
Refereeing.
Composition and procedures.
1st judge,
2nd judge,
Secretary,
Four (two) linear.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, an assistant secretary is required.
PROCEDURES
Only the 1st and 2nd referees may blow the whistle during the match:
The 1st referee gives the signal to serve, which starts the rally;
The 1st or 2nd referee signals the end of the rally, provided that they are sure of the error and have determined its nature.
They may blow their whistle when the ball is out of play to indicate that they are allowing or denying a team's request.
Immediately after the referee's whistle signaling the end of the rally that has taken place, they must signal with official gestures:
if the error is called by the whistle of the 1st referee, he/she must signal in the following order:
a) the team that will serve;
b) the nature of the error;
c) the player(s) who committed the error (if necessary).
The 2nd referee repeats the gestures of the 1st referee:
If the error is called by the whistle of the 2nd referee, he/she must indicate:
a) the nature of the error;
b) the player(s) who committed the error (if necessary);
c) the team that will serve, repeating the gesture of the 1st referee.
In this case, the 1st referee does not indicate the nature of the error or the player who committed it, but only the team that will serve.
In the event of a double fault, both judges indicate in the following order:
a) the nature of the error;
b) players who made a mistake (if necessary);
c) the team to serve as indicated by the 1st referee.
JUDGES GESTURES
Permission to serve - indicate the direction of serving with a movement of the hand;
Serving team - extend your hand towards the team that should serve;
Change of platforms - raise the forearms in front and behind and rotate them around the body;
Time-out - place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other, held vertically (in the shape of a T), and then indicate the requesting command;
Replacement - Roundabout Circulation forearms around each other;
Warning for misbehavior - show yellow card for warning;
Reprimand for misbehavior - show red card for reprimand;
Removal - show red and yellow cards together for removal;
Disqualification - show red and yellow cards separately for disqualification;
End of the party (match) - cross the forearms with open hands in front of the chest;
The ball is not tossed or released on a service hit - raise an outstretched arm with the palm facing up;
Delay in serving - raise eight spread fingers;
Blocking fault or screening - raise both hands vertically with palms forward;
Positional error or transition error - make a circular motion with the index finger;
Ball "in the court" - point with your hand and fingers in the direction of the floor;
Ball "for" - raise the forearms vertically with open palms facing the body;
Grip - slowly raise the forearm with the palm facing up;
Four hits - raise four divorced fingers;
Touching the net by a player - the served ball did not pass to the opponent through the transition area - indicate the corresponding side of the net with the corresponding hand;
Touching on the other side of the net - place your hand over the net with your palm down;
Error in an attacking blow - make a downward movement with the forearm with an open hand
Going to the opponent's court, crossing the ball of the lower square or the server touches the court (front line) or the player steps out of his court at the moment of hitting on the serve - point to the middle line or to the corresponding line;
Mutual fault or overplay - raise both thumbs vertically;
Touching the ball - run the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other, held vertically
Warning (remark) for delay - cover your wrist with a yellow card (warning) or a red card (remark)
Bibliography
1. Volleyball. Furmanov A. 240 pp. Modern school, 2009
2. Volleyball for everyone. Bulykina L., E. Fomin 80 pp. TVT Division 2012
3. Volleyball: theory and methodology of training. A.V. Belyaev, L.V. Bulykin. 176 pp. TVT Division-2011.
4. Official Volleyball Rules 2013. 86 pages FIVB 2012
5. Volleyball. On some aspects of the game and refereeing. Kunyansky V.A. 2010 72 pages. Ed.: TVT Division
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