What are the types of gymnastics? Basic types of gymnastics. Health and sports gymnastics Message about gymnastics

Aesthetic, command.

Improving types of gymnastics provide for the implementation of exercises in the daily routine in the form of morning exercises, physical education, physical education minutes in educational institutions and in production. There are several types recreational gymnastics:

• Hygienic gymnastics is used to maintain and promote health, maintain a high level of physical and mental performance, and social activity.
• Rhythmic gymnastics is a kind of recreational gymnastics. An important element of rhythmic gymnastics is musical accompaniment.

Gymnastics

Artistic gymnastics (from the Greek. γυμναστική , from γυμνάζω - exercising, training; according to another version from the ancient Greek word γυμνός , that is, "naked", "naked") - one of ancient species sports, which includes competitions on various gymnastic apparatus, as well as in floor exercises and vaults. Currently, at international tournaments, gymnasts play 14 sets of awards: two in the team event (men and women), two in the absolute individual championship (men and women) and ten in separate all-around events (4 for women, 6 for men). In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896.

Gymnastics is the technical basis of many sports; the corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of various sports disciplines. Gymnastics not only gives certain technical skills, but also develops strength, flexibility, endurance, a sense of balance, and coordination of movements.

Gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport, performing various gymnastic and dance exercises to music without an object, as well as with an object (rope, hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon).

Lately no apparatus has been performed at world class competitions. In group performances, either two types of objects are used simultaneously (for example, hoops and balls) or one type (five balls, five pairs of maces). The winners are determined in the all-around, in individual types and group exercises.

All exercises are accompanied by musical accompaniment. Previously, they performed under the piano or one instrument. Now orchestral phonograms are used. The choice of music depends on the wishes of the gymnast and coach. But each exercise should last no more than one and a half minutes. Competitions are held on a gymnastic carpet measuring 13x13 meters. Classic all-around (4 exercises) - Olympic discipline. In addition to the all-around, gymnasts performing in the individual championship traditionally compete for sets of awards in certain types of exercises (except for the Olympic Games).

Performances are evaluated on a twenty-point system. One of the most spectacular and elegant sports. In the USSR, rhythmic gymnastics as a sport arose and took shape in the 1940s. Since 1985 - olympic view sports.

Team gymnastics

Team gymnastics teamgym) originated in Scandinavia, in which it was the main type of gymnastics for 20 years. The EuroTeam competition is one of the new ones on the UEG Calendar. The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996 and is now held every 2 years. TeamGym (Tim Jim) is a competition of teams - clubs and consists of three categories: women's, men's and mixed teams. It consists of three types: Floor exercises, jumping from a mini-trampoline and acrobatic jumps. In each of the three disciplines, the number of gymnasts is from 6 to 12.

Sports acrobatics

Sports acrobatics includes three groups of exercises: acrobatic jumps, pair and group exercises.

Gymnastic equipment

• Gymnastic ball

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Synonyms:

• Monnier, Adrienne
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See what "Gymnastics" is in other dictionaries:

GYMNASTICS- (from the Greek gymnos naked) in the modern sense of the word represents one or another system of specially selected bodily exercises that have a specific target setting and a specific effect on the body. Depending on this…… Big Medical Encyclopedia

GYMNASTICS- specially selected in correctly performed physical exercises in order to maintain and improve health. all-round and uniform physical development, formation and improvement of human movements. There are also special... The Concise Encyclopedia of the Household

gymnastics- and, well. gymnastique f., German Gymnastics, lat. gymnastica gr. 1. Gymnastics. Greek An art that has as its object the strengthening of the body through wrestling, running, horse trotting. SAR 1806 1 1100. A system of specially selected physical ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

GYMNASTICS- (Greek, gymnastike, from gymnasein to exercise body movements without clothes). The art of body movements, which aims to strengthen and develop the body; in ancient Greece, young men were engaged in bodily exercises naked, which is why the word gymnastics came about. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

gymnastics- callanetics, aerobics, physical exercises, queen of sports, exercises Dictionary of Russian synonyms. gymnastics noun, number of synonyms: 15 aerobics (5) ... Synonym dictionary

Gymnastics- (Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo I exercise, train), 1) a system of specially selected exercise and methodological techniques used to promote health, harmonic physical development. Distinguish basic gymnastics ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

GYMNASTICS- (Greek gymnastike from gymnazo I exercise, train), a system of specially selected physical exercises and methodological techniques used to promote health, harmonious physical development. There are basic gymnastics (including ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

GYMNASTICS- GYMNASTICS, gymnastics, pl. no, female (Greek gymnastike). Exercises for the development of muscles and agility. I do gymnastics in the morning. || The system of such exercises. Swedish gymnastics. Mueller gymnastics. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

GYMNASTICS- GYMNASTICS, and, for women. A set of specially selected physical exercises to improve health and harmonious development of the body. Sportivnaya city Artistic city Production city | adj. gymnastic, oh, oh. Dictionary… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Gymnastics- see Physical culture (

The gods gave people two kinds
arts - music and gymnastics
Plato

Gymnastics ... This word breathes with gray-haired antiquity and eternal youth. Having arisen as a system of physical education in ancient Hellas, gymnastics died under the ruins of the Roman Empire, in order, like the fabulous Phoenix bird, to be reborn again in the Renaissance, to form the basis of numerous systems of physical education in modern times, and now serve the noble goal of educating a physically strong and spiritually rich person.

Gymnastics... With this word, we are confronted with the images of ancient athletes, sculpted by the skillful chisels of ancient sculptors, brave mustaches, in deliberate poses standing at gymnastic apparatus, cheerful boys and girls, cheerfully running out into the meadow warmed by the rays of the morning sun "for exercise", their fathers and mothers who, with enviable zeal, perform a complex of industrial gymnastics. And how colorful and impressive are the gymnastic exercises, when hundreds of boys and girls come out onto the green field of the stadium during various sports holidays! But the most, most ... of course, competitions, when slender, well-built athletes on the floor or on gymnastic equipment perform dizzying tricks, demonstrating amazing dexterity and courage, remarkable strength, true elegance and grace.

Gymnastics has many faces. Now there is no such system of physical education, such a sport, where exercises from its inexhaustible arsenal would not be used. Gymnastics contains hundreds of thousands of different developing and applied exercises without equipment for the muscles of the arms, legs, torso, with various gymnastic equipment - a rope, gymnastic stick, dumbbells, stuffed ball - and on shells - a gymnastic (Swedish) wall, an inclined and horizontal ladder, a rope, a pole, uneven bars, rings, a horse, a log, a crossbar - as well as walking, running, jumping over the bar, supporting - through goat and horse, overcoming obstacles, outdoor games and various relay races.

In sports, gymnastics is presented in three types: sports gymnastics, artistic and acrobatics.

Artistic gymnastics is one of the main sports. It includes educational and training work and competitions in performing floor exercises, vaults and exercises on apparatus - pommel horse, rings, uneven bars and crossbar - for men, on uneven bars and balance beam - for women.

Champions

Genus. 05/13/1919, Andijan (Uzbek SSR). Died 02/15/1995, Moscow. Honored Master of Sports. "Dynamo", Moscow. Champion of the USSR in floor exercises (1949, 1950), silver medalist in floor exercise (1948), bronze medalist in floor exercise (1947).

Genus. 06/21/1964, Yaroslavl. Master of sports of international class. World champion in the team championship (1978), bronze medalist of the World Cup in beam exercises (1978), silver medalist of the USSR championship in beam exercises (1980), bronze medalist of the USSR Cup in all-around (1979).

Genus. 02/11/1929, Kirovobad (Azerbaijan SSR) Honored Master of Sports. "Spartak", Yerevan (Armenia). The strongest gymnast of the 50s. Olympic champion in team championship (1956), in exercises on rings (1956, 1960), silver medalist in team championship (1960), world champion in team championship (1954, 1958), in exercises on rings (1954, 1958), silver medalist in exercises on the crossbar (1958), European champion in exercises on the rings (1955), bars (1955), silver medalist in the all-around (1955), in exercises on the crossbar (1955), champion of the USSR in exercises on the rings (1952, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962), in exercises on the crossbar (1960), silver medalist of the USSR Cup in all-around (1955), in ...

Genus. 11/9/1958, Yerevan (Armenia). Honored Master of Sports. Armed Forces, Yerevan (Armenia). Olympic champion in team championship (1980), silver medalist of the World Championship in team championship (1978), World Cup winner in uneven bars (1978), bronze medalist in all-around (1978), in exercises on rings (1980), absolute champion USSR (1979). Champion of the USSR in floor exercises (1979) and in vaults (1980), silver medalist in all-around (1978), USSR Cup in all-around (1980), USSR Championship in exercises on rings (1979), bronze medalist in horse exercises (1979) ).

Genus. 09/28/1961, Yerevan (Armenia). Honored Master of Sports. "Labor reserves", Yerevan (Armenia). World champion in the team championship (1979, 1981), vault (1983), silver medalist in the team championship (1983), vault (1981), exercises on the crossbar (1981), bronze medalist in the all-around (1983). Champion of the USSR in basic jumps (1981, 1983), silver medalist of the USSR Cup in all-around (1983).

Genus. 09/07/1979, Syzran. Master of sports of international class. "Armed Forces", Syzran. Silver medalist of the European Championship in the team championship (1998). Champion of Russia in pommel horse (1998), crossbar (1999), silver medalist in all-around (1999), uneven bars (1998), bronze medalist of the Russian Cup in all-around (1998), champion of Russia in exercises on the crossbar (1999), rings (1999).

10/14/1952 - 03/21/2011 Vladimir. Honored Master of Sports. "Petrel", Vladimir. Outstanding gymnast of the 70s. Winner of all the highest gymnastic titles. Absolute champion of the XXI Olympic Games (1976). Olympic champion in floor exercise (1972, 1976), ring exercises (1976), vault (1976, 1980), team championship (1980), silver medalist in team championship (1972, 1976), all-around (1980) ), in floor exercises (1980), in exercises on uneven bars (1976), a bronze medalist in exercises on a horse (1976), in vaults (1972), in exercises on the crossbar (1980). A kind of record holder Olympic medals among all participants of the Olympic Games - men - 15 (7 + 5 + 3). Absolute world champion...

Genus. 03/04/1917, Kostroma. Master of Sport. "Wings of the Soviets", Moscow. Champion of the USSR in floor exercises (1939, 1945), in crossbar exercises (1947), silver medalist in vault (1943), balance beam (1947), parallel bars (1946), floor exercises (1943, 1946, 1947) , bronze medalist in the all-around (1950), vault (1945), floor exercises (1944, 1948).

Genus. 1964, Vitebsk (Belarus). Master of sports of international class. "Dynamo", Vitebsk, Belarus. World champion in team championship (1978). Silver medalist of the USSR championship in all-around (1978, 1979), bronze medalist in beam exercises (1978, 1981).

Genus. December 7, 1964, Vladimir. Honored Master of Sports. "Petrel", Vladimir. Outstanding gymnast of the 80s. Absolute champion of the Olympic Games (1988). Olympic champion in the team championship (1988), uneven bars (1988), horizontal bar (1988), silver medalist in floor exercises (1988). World champion in the team championship (1985, 1987, 1989), in the uneven bars (1983, 1987, 1989), silver medalist in the all-around (1985), in the team championship (1983), in floor exercises (1987, 1989), in exercises on the crossbar (1989), bronze medalist in all-around (1987), vault (1989). Absolute champion of the USSR (1984). Winner of the USSR Cup in all-around (1986). Champion of the USSR in exercises on a horse (1986), uneven bars (1986, 1987, ...

Genus. 10/30/1936, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). Died 08/05/2005. Honored Master of Sports. "Shakhtar", Donetsk, Ukraine An outstanding gymnast of the 50-60s. Olympic champion in team championship (1956, 1960, 1964), in uneven bars (1960, 1964), silver medalist in floor exercises (1960, 1964), bronze medalist in all-around (1960, 1964), in group floor exercises ( 1956). World champion in the team championship (1956, 1962), silver medalist in the team championship (1966), in exercises on uneven bars (1958). European champion in floor exercises (1959), uneven bars (1959, 1961), balance beam (1961), silver medalist in all-around (1961), floor exercises (1961). Absolute champion of the USSR (1959). The winner of the USSR Cup in all-around (1959, 1960, ...

09/13/1991 ZMS Played for the team of GBU MO "TSOVS", CSKA, MBUDO SDYUSSHOR " gymnastics Khimki city, Moscow region, Central Federal District also: Tula, Tula region coaches: Semenova K.A. Results: 2006 Cup of Russia 5-After bars, 5-Beam All-around Russian Championship 16-Personal all-around European Championship Volos, Greece 1-Team all-around 2007 Russian Cup in all-around + Championship of Russia in separate events 25-Individual all-around, 4-Beam Russian championship in all-around + Cup of Russia in certain types of all-around 5-Individual all-around, 1-Beam, 1-Team all-around 2008 Olympic Games Beijing (China) ) 4-team all-around, 7-balance beam Russian Cup 1-personal all-around, 2-vault, 4-bars, 6-beam, 4-floor exercises All-around championship of Russia + Cup…

Results archive

Gymnastics

Gymnastics Terminology

As in other areas of activity, gymnastics has its own terminology. Gymnastic terminology is mostly relative. However, some terms require clarification.

Grip - a way of holding a sports equipment in the process of performing an exercise.
Vis - the position of the body in which the line shoulder girdle passes below the grip point.
Emphasis - the position of the body in which the shoulders are located above the fulcrum.
Swing forward - pendulum movement of the body from one extreme point to another towards the face.
Swing back - the same, but towards the back.
Lifting - moving the body from hanging to support or from a lower support to a higher one. It can be performed by force, swing forward or backward, coup-power, swing forward or backward - kip, arc.
Flip - a rotational movement of the body with a complete turn over the head forward or backward without intermediate support or with support by hands.
Turnover - Roundabout Circulation body around the axis of the gymnastic apparatus or grip points, starting in support and ending either in support, or in the hang or handstand when performed without touching the projectile.
Large turnover - a circular movement of the body around the axis of the gymnastic apparatus or grip points, starting and ending in a handstand or with the maximum removal of the center of gravity of the body.
Peremakh - a swing movement of one or two legs over a gymnastic apparatus at an emphasis, without releasing the hands or releasing one or both hands.
Circle - a circular movement of the legs over the projectile or part of it, consisting of two consecutive jumps without touching the projectile and returning to the starting position.
Flight - moving from a hang or emphasis on one side of the projectile to a hang or emphasis on the other side of the projectile with the release of both hands, or the same movement from one pole to another on women's bars.
Approach - performing at the end of the swing forward or backward actions with the release of hands (turns, somersaults) with a return to the projectile in the hang or emphasis.
Grouping - the position of the body in which it is maximally bent at the hip and knee joints.
Bending - the position of the body in which it is maximally bent in hip joints.
Arched - a position in which the body remains straight or slightly arched.
Somersault - a rotational movement of the body (on the floor with a jump) with a complete turn over the head without intermediate support on the hands.
Flick-flyak (flyak) - a jump up and back with two phases of flight: bending in the first part until resting on the hands and bending in the second part after pushing with the hands.
A pirouette is a back somersault with a 360-degree turn.
Angle - a position in the hang or support, when straight legs are at right angles to the body.
Cross - a position on the rings, in which the support is carried out with arms spread apart.
Twine - a sitting position with the legs as far apart as possible, relying on their entire surface.
An element is an integral part of an exercise (combination). A separate completed movement or action of a certain structure, having a beginning, a basis and an end.
Connection - a combination of two or more elements performed together. at the same time, the execution of one element, as a rule, complicates (complicates) the execution of another.
Exercises (combinations) - combinations of individual elements and compounds in a single holistic and compositionally defined order. They have a beginning, a base and an end (dismount) of a certain difficulty.

In recent years, many elements have appeared that are not described according to the rules of gymnastic terminology, but for brevity are called the names of their first performers at major competitions. There are more than fifty such elements in all six types of men's hexathlon and four - women's. Here are the most common ones: Azaryan, Delchev, Diomidov, Hailey, Honma, Yurchenko, Kenmotsu, Kovach, Lukin, Magyar, Shishova, Stalder "," Tkachev "," Tsukakara ", ...

View exercises

Floor exercise gymnasts perform on a special shock-absorbing flooring covered with a woolen or synthetic carpet. They contain combinations of various movements, dance elements, circles with arms and legs, swings, static positions, somersaults and flips, combined into a complete combination that meets certain requirements. The duration of floor exercises for men is 50-70 seconds, for women 70-90 seconds. Women perform exercises to music (phonogram without singing).

Vaults are performed from a run through a special device, the height of which for women is 120 cm, for men - 135 cm. The length of the special runway for the run is 25 m. , with one hand. Jumps can be straight (push and landing are carried out in the same direction), reversal, contain turns and somersaults before and after the push with the hands, as well as rondant (jump on the bridge with the help of a rondat).

Horse exercises contain various swings and circles with one or two legs, movements in support across or longitudinally with support on the horse, on one arm and horse, on one or both handles, performed only with a swing and together.

Ring exercises contain various lifts, revolutions, twists, performed by swing and force, static positions- handstands, horizontal hangs and stops, crosses.

Exercises on parallel bars contain various rises, turns, transitions, jumps, circles with one and two legs, somersaults above and below the poles, large turns, as well as static positions to a limited extent - handstands, horizontal stops.

Crossbar exercises contain various rises, revolutions, high revolutions, turns, overshoots, approaches and flights performed only in a swoop.

Exercises on uneven bars contain various rises, revolutions, high revolutions, approaches, flights over the upper pole and from one pole to another, performed only in a swoop.

Balance beam exercises contain various movements, jumps, turns, flips, somersaults, dance elements, as well as, to a limited extent, static positions and poses.

Exercises in all events must end with a spectacular dismount corresponding to the difficulty of the entire exercise.

The procedure for holding competitions in artistic gymnastics

At competitions, gymnasts and gymnasts do only free exercises (until 1960 they competed in the performance of compulsory exercises, now canceled, compiled by the men's and women's committees of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) for all participants, and free exercises, compiled by each participant for himself).

In the process of the largest competitions - the Olympic Games, World and Continental Championships - lasting several days, there are, as it were, four competitions:
No. 1 (CI) - preliminary (qualifying) all-around competitions (exercises are performed in all types) for all participants. According to their results, participants in subsequent competitions are determined.
No. 2 (CII) - final competition in all-around. They are attended by 12-36 gymnasts and gymnasts, but not more than 3 from the country who showed the best results in the all-around in the preliminary competitions. According to their results, the absolute champions (champions in the all-around) are determined.
No. 3 (CIII) - final competitions in individual types. 8 athletes participate in them, but no more than two from the country, who showed the best results on each projectile. Based on their results, champions are determined in each event.
No. 4 (CIV) - the final competition of the all-around team championship. They are attended by 6-8 teams that have shown the best results in the preliminary competitions. Based on their results, the winners of the team championship are determined, and the places of other teams (from 7th onwards) are determined by the results of competition No. 1.

In competitions of a smaller scale, you can limit yourself to holding only competitions No. 1, according to the results of which you can determine the results of all types of championships. This is stipulated by the regulations of specific competitions.

To participate in competitions, six men's and four women's teams simultaneously enter the platform - one for each type of all-around. Participants are given time to warm up for 30-40 seconds. for each, after which, by gong, the participants are called to perform the exercises. After the end of the competition on the view, a transition to the next view is made. The order of types for men is floor exercises, horse, rings, vaults, bars, crossbar, and for women vaults, bars, balance beam, floor exercises. If there are 8 participants in the team, then the warm-up time is given first to the first four, and after it competes, to the second.

Evaluation of the performance of gymnasts

Evaluating the performance of gymnasts in competitions (judging) is more difficult than in many other sports. No wonder they say: "To judge gymnastics, you need to know, understand and feel it." As a rule, a referee is capable of this, who himself has extensive experience in sports performances, coaching and refereeing itself.

In gymnastics, according to a 10-point system, the content of the exercise is evaluated - difficulty and composition (construction) - and its execution. To assess the difficulty, all the known, most frequently performed elements and their combinations are divided into groups A, B, C, D and E in a special table of the "Competition Rules" (developed by the men's and women's technical committees of the International Gymnastics Federation) . The "difficulty formula" - the number of elements of each difficulty in the exercise - should be: for men - 1D + 2C + 2B + 4A, and for women - 1D + 2C + 2B + 1A. Subject to the "Formula", the exercises of men are estimated at 8.6, and for women - at 9.0 points. For the absence of an element of group D in the exercise, the score decreases for men by 0.6, and for women by 0.8 points, group C - by 0.4 and 0.6, respectively, group B - by 0.2 and 0, 4, group A — by 0.4 and 0.2 points.

The assessment of the difficulty of the exercise for both men and women can be increased to 10 points if, in addition to the "Formula", the exercise contains elements of group D, E, and for men also super E. At the same time, 0.1 is added for each element of group D , group E - 0.2 and group super E - 0.3 points. However, the difficulty score (initial score) cannot exceed 10 points.

For each composition error (lack of specific requirements for the construction of the exercise), the score is reduced by 0.1-0.2 points.

For each performance error (deviation from technique, violation of posture), the score is reduced by 0.1 points for a minor (minor), 0.2 for a medium (significant) and 0.4 for a gross error, and when falling from a projectile - by 0.5 points.

The performances of the gymnasts are evaluated by two teams of judges in all events, except for jumps. Team A, consisting of two judges, evaluates the difficulty and composition, determining by agreement the initial mark, team B, which may include 2-6 judges, the quality of performance. Each judge of panel B independently determines the number of errors and their degree and determines the penalties for them. Since the opinion of the judges of the B team is subjective and can be (and happens, as a rule) different, in order to determine the final amount of penalties for the performance, the smallest and largest penalties, if there are more than two judges, are discarded, and the arithmetic mean penalty is determined from the remaining ones, subtracting which from the original difficulty rating , and get the final one. Thus, the subjective assessment of each judge is objectified in the assessment of the team.

The vaults are judged by one team, which evaluates only the quality of performance, since the difficulty of each vault is determined by the table of the Competition Rules.

Story

Rise and fall

Gymnastics (from the Greek "gymnaso" - I teach, train) - a system of bodily (physical) exercises that developed in ancient Greece many centuries before our era - served the goals of general comprehensive physical development and improvement. However, there is another, less convincing, version of the origin of this word from the Greek "hymnos" - naked, since the ancients were engaged in bodily exercises naked.

Gymnastics of the ancients, in addition to general developmental and military exercises, horseback riding exercises, swimming, imitative and ritual dances, also contained exercises that were used in public competitions - running, jumping, throwing, wrestling, fisticuffs, chariot riding, which were included in the programs of the Olympic Games of antiquity held from 776 BC. to 392 AD for 1168 years.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages, when obscurantism and scholasticism prevailed, asceticism, the achievements of ancient culture and art, including gymnastics, were forgotten.

With approval at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. humanism - the direction of social thought, characterized by the protection of the dignity and freedom of the individual, its comprehensive, including physical, development by the struggle for the humanity of social relations - begins an appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity. Physical education - gymnastics - is gradually being introduced into the education system. A significant role in its revival was played by the work of the Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530-1606) "On the Art of Gymnastics", views on the education of the French writer, author of the novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel" Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), the Swiss teacher Pestalozzi (1746-1827 ), French philosopher-educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Czech teacher Jan Amos Kamensky (1592-1670).

The rebirth of gymnastics

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. in Germany, in pedagogy, under the influence of the ideas of the humanists, a trend of philanthropists developed. In the schools they created - philanthropists - an important place was occupied by the system of physical education - gymnastics, which was developed and taught by G. Fit (1763-1836), I. Guts-Muts (1759-1839). F.L. Jan (1778-1852) completed the creation of the system of German gymnastics, who developed a gymnastic system called the "tournaine" and enriched German gymnastics with exercises on the horizontal bar (horizontal bar), rings, uneven bars and a horse.

The original systems of gymnastics were created: in France by F. Amoros (1770-1847), in Sweden (Swedish) P.-G. Ling (1776-1839), and in the Czech Republic (Sokol) - Miroslav Tyrsh (1832-1884).

It is not easy to establish when gymnastics, a system of physical education, became a sport. It is known that in 1817, 80 students of F. Amoros held public competitions in Paris, that in Greece, in Athens, starting from 1859, more than once attempts were made to revive the ancient Olympic Games, and competitions were held in many types of physical exercises and gymnastics . It can be assumed that the students of F. Yan tried to measure their strength, compete in performing exercises, and the students of M. Tyrsh - “falcons” - held rallies at which the gymnasts demonstrated their successes and, naturally, these successes were somehow compared. But these are all episodes. Gymnastics became a recognized sport in 1896, when it was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games. And since then it has remained their true decoration.

From the first Olympic Games, gymnasts' competitions were based on exercises on gymnastic apparatus: pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, crossbar and vaults, and since 1932 (Los Angeles, USA) on floor exercises. However, paying tribute to gymnastics - the system of physical education, and depending on the content of gymnastics in the host country of the Olympic Games, the competition program included additional exercises that served as versatile physical training - rope climbing, sprint run, high jump, long jump and pole vault, shot put. At the Olympic Games, the team championship, the all-around championship and the championship in individual types of all-around events are played.

At first, only men entered the Olympic gymnastic platform, and in 1928 (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) women also competed for the first time. True, they missed the next X Games (1932, Los Angeles, USA), but from the XI Games (1936, Berlin, Germany), they constantly participated in all games. At first, women competed only in the team championship, and since the XV Games (1952, Helsinki, Finland) they have also challenged the individual championship in the all-around - vaults, uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercises - and in individual types.

Since the XI Games, the men's competition program has stabilized and taken on a modern look - hexathlon: floor exercises, pommel horse, rings, vaults, bars, crossbar.

International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)

In 1881, at the initiative of the President of the Belgian Gymnastics Association, Nicolas Kuperus, at the Congress in Liege (Belgium), the European Gymnastics Association was created, bringing together representatives of three states - Belgium, the Netherlands and France. The composition of its members increased rapidly, and with the entry of the North American United States (USA) in 1897, the European Association was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). So, in terms of age, the FIG is the most respected sports organization. Only eleven years later, two more international associations were created - the Skating Union (ISU) and the Rowing Federation (FISA). The rest are the creations of the 20th century.

Now the FIG unites the national federations of 122 countries on all continents and is part of the General Association of International Sports Federations, and is also recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

According to its structure, the FIG consists of an executive committee and technical committees subordinate to it - for artistic gymnastics (women's and men's), rhythmic gymnastics, sports aerobics, general gymnastics, as well as commissions - for acrobatics, trampolining and medical, elected once every four year at the General Assembly - the supreme body of the FIG. The governing body of the FIG is the annual congress, and the current work is carried out by the executive committee. Today, in addition to the FIG, world gymnastics is also led by regional gymnastics unions. European (UEJ), Asian (AZU), African (UAJ) and Pan American (PAJU).

Representatives of Soviet gymnastics left a noticeable mark in the activities of the FIG: Taisiya Demidenko, Lyudmila Turishcheva, Valentina Bataen, Nikolai Mironov, Nikolai Popov, Valentin Muratov, Boris Shakhlin. In 1976, a Soviet gymnast, the absolute champion of the USSR, Europe and the world, was elected to the post of FIG president, Olympic champion Yuri Titov. In 1980, 1984, 1988 and 1992 he was re-elected to this post, and in 1996 Bruno Grandi (Italy) was elected president of the FIG.

20th century

At first, the FIG took care of the development, dissemination and improvement of gymnastics - a system of comprehensive physical education, and International tournaments (as the world championships were called until 1950) began to be held only from 1903. The first World Artistic Gymnastics Championship was held in 1903. Teams from France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands competed. So the places in the team championship were distributed. In addition to the team championship, gymnasts at the world championships competed in the individual all-around championship, which included exercises on the pommel horse, rings, uneven bars, crossbar and vaults, and later in floor exercises, as well as in non-gymnastic exercises, as in the Olympic Games (3-4 types at each championship) and in the individual championship in individual types.

Of course, in competitions in non-gymnastic exercises, the goal was not to achieve the maximum result. It was necessary to fulfill only certain standards, for which the corresponding points were awarded according to a ten-point system. they were not the object of the individual championship, but were included only in the results of the team championship and the all-around championship.

IN last time non-gymnastic types were included in the program of the XIII World Championships in 1950 in Basel (Switzerland), and at subsequent championships gymnasts competed in modern hexathlon score decreased by one tenth of a point); high jumps, 10 points - 160 cm (for every 5 cm, the score decreased by one point); pole vault, 10 points - 3 m (for every 5 cm, the score decreased by 0.5 points)

Since 1934, with the X World Championships in Luxembourg, women also began to participate in the world championships. At their first championship, they competed in the team championship and in the individual all-around championship, and at subsequent championships they began to compete in the individual championship in individual events.

At the World Championships, as well as at the Olympic Games, over time, of course, both the representation in the teams and the conditions for determining the winners of the competitions changed. Until 1996, participants had to perform in each event both compulsory (composed by the FIG) and free (composed by the participants themselves in compliance with certain requirements for difficulty) exercises. After 1996 compulsory exercises were canceled, and gymnasts began to perform only free exercises in all competitions.

Until 1949, when the athletes of the Soviet Union entered the Olympic movement, the leaders of world gymnastics were the gymnasts of Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Finland at the Olympic Games, France, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland at the World Championships.

The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in 1900 was the Frenchman Gustav Sandra. The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in 1952 was the Soviet gymnast Maria Gorokhovskaya (the titles of absolute champions have been played: among men since 1990, and among women since 1952)

The first absolute world champion was the Frenchman Georges Martinez, and the Frenchman Marceau Torres (1909 and 1913) and the Yugoslav Petro Shumi (1922 and 1926) managed to win twice in the all-around.

The first absolute world champion in 1934 was Vlasta Dekanova (Czechoslovakia). She managed to repeat the success in 1938.

Europe is the birthplace of gymnastics. The first competitions of gymnasts were held in Europe. It was in Europe that the Gymnastics Federation was created. The gymnasts of the Old World are the strongest in the world, but for a long time they did not meet in their regional competitions.

Only in 1955 among men, and in 1957 among women, European championships began to be held, where only in a free program is played an individual championship in all-around and in certain types. Since 1994, the team championship has also been played at the European Championships.

At the congress, which met in 1982 in Luxembourg, it was decided to create the European Gymnastics Union (UEU), which would be engaged in the dissemination, development and improvement of gymnastics in the countries of the European region.

So the gymnasts of the Old World also found their own governing body. Swiss Pierre Chablot was elected President of UEJ. The representative of the Soviet gymnastics Leonid Arkaev became a member of the executive committee of the UEJ. In 1983, the European Gymnastics Union was recognized by the FIG and has since held European Championships.

In October 1997, at the XV Congress of the UEJ in Antalya (Turkey), Klaus Lotz (Germany) was elected President of the UEJ, and representatives of Russia were elected to the technical commissions: Lyubov Andrianova (Burda) - female, Valery Kerdemelidi - male, and general gymnastics commission - Yuri Sabirov. Leonid Arkaev retained his place as a member of the executive committee of the UEJ.

Olympic Games, World and European Championships, World Cup, regional competitions on the continents, national championships, international tournaments, organized by a number of newspapers from various countries, bilateral meetings - this is not a complete list of all the competitions where gymnasts and gymnasts perform today - representatives of a beautiful and exciting sport.

From the Greek language, the word "gymnastics" is translated as "exercise", "train". We can say that gymnastics is a certain kind of sport and physical education. Today, there are two main types of gymnastics: sports and recreational. Each of them also has its own classification.

Gymnastics includes:

• Rhythmic gymnastics - performing certain dance, gymnastic exercises to musical accompaniment using various objects: rope, hoop, ball, ribbon, club or without them.
• Acrobatic gymnastics is a special section of gymnastics, where exercises are aimed at strength, agility, and balance. Most often, this type of gymnastics can be found in circus performances.
• Artistic gymnastics - this sport involves the performance of vaults and floor exercises on various apparatus: on uneven bars, on a beam, on a horse, on rings, on a crossbar.
• Aesthetic gymnastics - this type of gymnastics is based on the harmonious, rhythmic, dynamic performance of various elements. At the same time, all movements are performed smoothly, but at the same time they change significantly in speed and dynamics.
• Team gymnastics - implies a competition between teams in the three most dynamic disciplines, which include floor exercises, support and gymnastic jumps.

TO recreational activities gymnastics include any exercises that can be easily performed in the daily routine: morning exercises, breathing exercises, aerobics, physical education in an educational institution or at work, etc.

BRIEF GLOSSARY OF GYMNASTIC TERMS

The proposed dictionary contains terms necessary for a specialist in physical culture, and does not include terms used in artistic gymnastics at a high level of skill. The dictionary also does not include terms that are described in sufficient detail in the chapter “Gymnastics Terminology”, as well as obvious, similar to everyday expressions (for example: slow, legs apart, on toes). Only the main terms are given in alphabetical order, all the rest are grouped into thematic groups.

GENERAL TERMS

General concepts

ELEMENT- the shortest gymnastic exercise, characterized by completeness and the impossibility of dividing into constituent elements.

COMPOUND- a set of sequentially and conjointly executed elements, while the execution of the element in the connection is qualitatively different from its isolated execution.

COMBINATION- a set of elements and connections with a clearly defined initial (jumping, jumping) and final (usually dismounting) elements.

Characteristics of movements

SAME-NAMED- movements coinciding: in the direction with the side of the limb - right to the right or left to the left; with the turn of the same name is a movement to the right with a turn to the right or to the left with a turn to the left.

OTHERS- movements opposite: in the direction of the side of the limb - right to the left or left to the right; with an opposite turn is a movement to the left with a turn to the right or to the right with a turn to the left.

ALTERNATIVE- movements performed first with one limb (arm or leg), then with the other.

CONSECUTIVE- movements performed one after another with a lag of the second limb by a part (usually half) of the amplitude.

SIMULTANEOUS- movements performed by the limbs at the same time can be both symmetrical and asymmetrical. The rest of the above types of movements can only be asymmetric.

Prepositions

on- indicates which part of the body is supported, for example: on the head, on the forearms, on the right (leg), on the stomach;

in - indicates (if necessary) the end position, for example: in a handstand, point-blank behind;

c - is placed between elements that are executed simultaneously.

UNION "and"- is placed between the elements performed together in the specified sequence.

Element groups

STOPS SIMPLE- are carried out with a support only by hands.

STOPS MIXED- performed: with additional support, except for hands (more often with legs); with the capture of only one part of the body - arms (hand), bent legs, socks.

VISA MIXED- are performed with additional support, except for gripping with hands.

JUMPS SIMPLE- are performed in flight after pushing off with the legs (foot) without additional support with the hands.

BACK JUMPS- are performed with additional support (push) by hands or by hand when flying over the projectile.

Note: for definitions of stops, hangs, jumps, see the section on basic terms.

SPECIFIC TERMS

Main

RUN- movement in steps, each of which has a flight phase. In rhythmic gymnastics, the following types of running are distinguished (differences from the steps of the same name are indicated - see below). Step:soft - with unsupported phase and more elastic; erratic - with unsupported phase and more elastic; spring - consists of a series of jumps with alternate leg pushes; in the flight phase, the body is straightened, the legs are straight, the toes are drawn; spicy- performed less abruptly, the free leg is brought forward with a quick short movement and does not touch the floor with the toe; high - flapping movement of the hip when bending the leg forward and the flight phase.

VIS - position on the projectile, in which the shoulders are below the grip points.

An asterisk next to a main term indicates that the term refers to a specific element not only in combination with a secondary term, but also by itself.

WAVE- a holistic movement with a consistent forward and backward movement of the links of the body from the bottom up; can be done by hand(s).

VSKOK- a jump on a projectile with an indication of the position in which it is performed.

ENTRANCE- from an emphasis (including standing) a transition with a turn in a circle to an emphasis on the horse's handles.

TWISTED- the transition from hanging in front to hanging in the back or vice versa, performed by rotation in the shoulder joints.

EXIT- from the emphasis on the handles (including standing, with a grip on the handles), the transition with a turn in a circle to the emphasis on the body and the handle.

GROUPING- the position of bending over with the capture of bent legs; varieties: G. sitting, G. lying, G. in a squat, wide G.

SPRING MOVEMENT- is performed from and. n. arms to the sides: arms are bent in all links with tension, as if compressing a spring; similarly, the arms are unbent; a holistic spring movement is performed with additional bending of the legs and torso to a squat.

QUAL- the oscillatory movement of the gymnast together with the projectile.

CIRCLE- a) movement of the arms (hand) in a circle by 360 °; b) movement of the legs (foot) in a circle of 360 ° by jumping over the projectile or the floor.

TUMBLING- rotational movement of the body with successive touching of the support and turning over the head.

CURVET*- jump from hand to foot.

MAX- oscillatory movement of the body or limbs in one direction; swing types: waving - several swings performed alternately in opposite directions; wave - quick movement of the leg (s) in one direction with a return to and. P.; swipe - swoop transition from support to hang or lower emphasis; overshoot- movement of the leg or legs above the floor or projectile.

BRIDGE- the most bent position of the body with the support of the legs (leg) and the arms (hand) raised up.

BRIDGE*- Performed by supporting with two hands and two legs.

INCLINE- abduction of the trunk or head relative to the vertical position; varieties: spring- performed in several movements with incomplete return to and. n. in the intervals between them; touching- performed with touching the floor with hands (hand).

TURNOVER- circular movement of the body around the axis of the projectile or the axis passing through the grip points, with a complete turn over with the arms brought to the body; big O. is performed with the arms up or back from the body and the maximum removal of the center of mass from the grip points.

LOWERING- a decline performed slowly, by force (see. recession).

ROLL- rotational movement of the body with successive touching of the support without turning over the head; by definition P. to the side with a complete flip cannot be called a somersault (cf. Somersault).

REVOLUTION- rotational movement of the body with complete turning over the head and support with hands (hand): a) in acrobatics they distinguish P. jump(push with two legs, with two phases of flight), tempo-

howl P. or simply P.(swipe of one, push of the other leg, with one phase of flight), slow P. or "transfer" (without flight phases); b) on projectiles P. performed through a handstand, on the shoulders, on the head.

FLIGHT- moving from one side of the projectile (or from one pole) to the other with the release of hands.

JUMP- a) jump rope; b) a small jump from one foot to the other.

TRANSITION- moving to the right or left with the rearrangement of hands on the support and the performance of a jump (or other element).

TURN- movement of the body around its longitudinal axis; P. torso or heads performed without changing the position of the underlying links; half turn - turn by 45 ° in combat exercises; in the rackon hands performed 77. shoulder forward or backward.

JUMP- small bouncing in place or with advancement in the indicated direction.

CLIMB- transition to stop from a hang or a lower stop.

Squat- position on bent legs with support on toes; semi-squat - position on incompletely bent legs resting on the entire foot; crouching emphasis - a combination of I. with support or touching the floor with your hands.

BOUNCE- free flight after pushing with legs or one leg.

EQUILIBRIUM- stand on one leg with the other leg abducted and tilted.

RONDAT - a forward flip with successive support by hands and a turn in a circle with a landing on two legs.

Flip- unsupported rotational movement of the body after repulsion or release of hands.

SED- sitting position without pronounced additional support; sitting emphasis - a mixed emphasis that combines a sitting position and substantial support with the hands.

CROSSING- two simultaneous oncoming overshoots; varieties: straight S.- is carried out in continuation of the same-name jump; reverse S. - is performed in the continuation of a different-named jump; in both cases, a preliminary jump is described, performed from the stop (front).

DISMOUNT- jumping off the projectile.

DECLINE- transition from support to hanging or lower support.

RACK- a) standing position; b) vertical position with feet up - indicating the support.

UPOR- a position with support by hands, in which the shoulders are higher or at the same level with the fulcrum.

UPOR- vertical position of the body with support with straight arms pointing down

GRIP- method of holding the projectile; interception - change X.

STEP- movement by putting the leg out and transferring weight to it; our.- means exposing one leg with the distribution of weight on both; in rhythmic gymnastics, the following varieties are distinguished Sh.(hand movements not shown here): soft- from the toe with a short roll to the heel with a slight bending of the legs without fluctuations in the vertical plane; erratic- from the toe, when the other leg is brought forward, the supporting one slightly bends and unbends, spring - like a roll-

ny, but with more pronounced flexion and extension of the legs; spicy- with the bent leg placed on the toe, the shin of which is parallel to the supporting shin; performed abruptly, abruptly; high - with a high raising of the hip and extension of the fly leg; attached- with the toe of one foot and the addition of the other; variable - combination of adjunct Sh. and ordinary; sliding - sliding movement of the exposed leg.

LEG-SPLIT*- sitting with extremely divorced legs; Sh. right (left) - the leg in front is indicated.

Additional

Basic hand positions

FORWARD

UP

DOWN(not indicated in I. p.)

BACK(to failure)

RIGHT or LEFT

TO THE SIDE

Arcuate movements of the hands and directions for their removal to intermediate positions

(ARCING) FORWARD- see also abbreviation rules

(ARCED) UP

(ARCED) DOWN

(ARC) BACK

(ARCED) RIGHT or LEFT

(ARCED) OUT or INSIDE

ARC- a) a circular motion of more than 90° but less than 360° starting in the indicated direction and continuing to the end position indicated below; b) on the projectile - a movement that begins with a decline, followed by a rise from the bottom point.

OUTSIDE- a) the position of the leg (legs) on the outside of the arm (arms); b) position outside the biaxial projectile.

INSIDE- a) the position of the leg (s) between the support arms; b) the position of the gymnast inside the bars or ladder.

LONGITUDINATELY- the shoulder axis is parallel to the axis of the projectile.

ACROSS- the shoulder axis is perpendicular to the axis of the projectile.

STANDING- a) a position in which the gymnast rests his feet on the floor or apparatus, forming an angle of more than 45 ° with it, i.e. vertical or closer to vertical; b) the position of the legs is close to vertical (in the positions: emphasis standing bent over, emphasis standing legs apart).

LYING- a position in which the gymnast is in a horizontal state or closer to horizontal.

SITTING- a position in which the gymnast uses the support of the pelvis or rear surface hips (thighs).

FRONT- face or front surface of the torso to the held projectile or support.

BEHIND- back to the held projectile or support.

SIDEWAYS- indicated (left or right) side to the projectile or support.

BACKING UP- straight torso, shoulders slightly laid back, straight legs, raised head (not indicated if this is provided for by the execution technique).

BENDING- the body is bent at the hip joints almost as much as possible.

ANGLE- straight legs form a right angle with the body.

HIGH angle - straight legs are maximally brought to the body and are in a position close to vertical.

WITH GRIP- straight legs are maximally brought to the body with holding the arms with the legs.

MAHOM - performed due to the inertia of the gymnast's movement.

POWER- performed slowly, due to the muscular efforts of the gymnast.

EXTEND- performed by accelerated extension in the hip joints.

COUP- performed with turning over the head (back; if forward, then this is specified).

ONE, RIGHT, LEFT(obsolete “on top”) - a) the position of the legs apart, one (indicated) leg in front; b) lifting to the position of one leg apart.

ON ONE, ON THE RIGHT, ON THE LEFT(obsolete “veil”): a) with a support of a bent (indicated) leg; b) the rise performed by the support on the indicated bent leg(in the position of one leg apart).

TWO(obsolete “forward”) - a characteristic of a lift performed on the crossbar with a jump with both legs and a push-up from behind.

APART(leg stand apart) - legs in the stand are spaced apart (colloquial "legs shoulder-width apart").

NARROW(leg stance apart) - the legs are spaced in the stance half as much as in the leg stance apart.

WIDE(leg stand apart) - legs in the stand are widely separated to the sides.

LESSON 28 forVIclass

General objectives of the lesson

Educational

To teach an active push with the hands at the moment of spreading the legs when performing a jump of the legs apart over the goat (girls).

Achieve independent fulfillment of the basic technique of lifting with a flip in a swoop of one, with a push of the other (boys).

To improve the performance of the studied acrobatic elements in combination (boys, girls).

wellness

To promote the development of coordination of movements and orientation in space.

Develop the strength of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle.

Educational

To form the skills of friendly and coordinated work when performing educational tasks in groups.

To cultivate industriousness and the desire to fulfill the full load in the lesson.

Necessary equipment, manuals, technical training aids:

gymnastic mats, crossbar, goat, dumbbells, cards for circular training. Main part 24 min.

434

436

Introduction 3

Part one. FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY AND METHODS

TEACHING GYMNASTICS 5

Chapter 1. Gymnastics as a sports and pedagogical discipline 5

Tasks and methodological features of gymnastics 5

Classification of types of gymnastics 8

Recreational gymnastics 9

Educational and developing types of gymnastics 11

Sports gymnastics 13

1.3. Gymnastics as educational, pedagogical and scientific
discipline 14

Chapter 2. Historical overview of the development of gymnastics 16

Patterns of development of gymnastics 16

Gymnastics among ancient peoples 17

Gymnastics in the Middle Ages 24

Gymnastics in the Renaissance 25

Gymnastics in New Time 27

The emergence of national systems of gymnastics 29

The development of gymnastics in the second half of the XIX - early XX century 34

Gymnastics in pre-revolutionary Russia 36

Development of gymnastics in Russia after 1917 43

2.10. Possible ways of further development of gymnastics 54

Chapter 3 56

Characteristics of gymnastic terminology 56

Rules of gymnastic terminology..57

Ways of forming terms 57

Rules for the use of terms 58

Abbreviation rules (omitting individual terms) 59

3.3. Recording gymnastic exercises 60

Forms and types of recording exercises 60

Text recording of specific exercises 62

3.4. Rules for recording general developmental exercises 64

3.4.1. Recording general developmental exercises

no item 64

Positions and movements of body parts 67

Recording general developmental exercises

with items 71

3.5. Rules for recording exercises on shells, freestyle,

acrobatic and rhythmic gymnastics 73

Recording exercises on gymnastic equipment .... 73

Exercises on the gymnastic wall,

bench and in pairs 75

Recording acrobatic exercises 78

Recording floor exercises 80

Recording rhythmic gymnastics exercises....81

Chapter 4 83

Causes of injury and ways to prevent it 83

Characteristics of injuries in gymnastics classes

and their prevention 86

Venue Requirements 87

Insurance, assistance and self-insurance as measures to prevent injuries 90

Training in insurance and assistance techniques 92

Medical control and self-control 93

Chapter 5 96

Technique of gymnastic exercises and patterns underlying it 96

Static exercises 101

Dynamic exercises 104

Basic concepts and laws of dynamics 106

Takeoff and landing 107

Jet propulsion and reactive power

(support reaction), whiplash motion

Rotational movements 112

Swing exercises 116

Strength exercises 119

5.4. General rules for the analysis of performance technique
gymnastic exercises 120

Chapter 6 121

Theoretical and methodological foundations of teaching gymnastic exercises 121

Knowledge, motor skills, skills and abilities of gymnasts 124

Teaching gymnastic exercises 135

Familiarization with the exercise being studied, creating a preliminary idea about it 136

Learning exercise 143

Consolidation and improvement of the technique of performing exercise 145

6.4. Practical implementation of the principles of didactics

when teaching exercises 146

6.5. Methods, techniques and conditions for successful learning
gymnastic exercises: 148

Chapter 7

and their equipment 153

Sports halls and their equipment 153

Multi-complex gymnastic apparatus 157

Gymnastic grounds and their equipment 159

Technical means used in the classroom

in gymnastics at secondary school 161

Chapter 8 163

Scientific work of a physical education teacher 163

Gymnastics as a scientific discipline 164

Gymnastics Issues Requiring Research 165

Selecting a research topic 169

Scientific problem, problematic nature of the issue under study 170

Hypothesis 174

Purpose and objectives of the study 180

Research methods 180

Analysis and synthesis of best practices

and literature data 181

Pedagogical supervision 183

Questionnaire, interview, conversation 185

Inductive and deductive methods 186

Pedagogical experiment 186

Formulation of conclusions and proposals. Summing up the study 188

Registration of scientific work 190

Language and style requirements 192

Part two. BASIC GYMNASTICS TOOLS 195

Chapter 9

exercises 195

Combat drills 195

General developmental exercises 204

Applied Exercises 210

Chapter 10 223

Floor exercises 223

Horse exercises 229

Ring exercises 235

Vaults 245

Exercises on uneven bars 257

Crossbar exercises 270

Exercises on bars of different heights 282

10.8. Exercises on the balance beam

Chapter 11 293

Characteristics and purpose of acrobatic exercises 293

Teaching basic acrobatic exercises 296

Chapter 12 310

Characteristics and purpose of exercises rhythmic gymnastics 310

Characteristics and purpose of rhythmic gymnastics exercises 319

Drawing up sets of exercises 324

Forms of conducting classes 328

Chapter 13 330

Chapter 14 334

Part three. FORMS OF ORGANIZING LESSONS

GYMNASTICS 339

Chapter 15 339

15.1. Gymnastics lesson at school 339

Main objectives of lesson 339

General requirements for lesson 340

Preparatory part of lesson 342

Main part of lesson 346

Final part of lesson 349

Organization of educational work in the lesson 350

Organization of the lesson and methods of managing students 351

Features of gymnastics with students of the preparatory and special medical groups ... 354

Mass gymnastic performances 357

Chapter 16
children for gymnastics with a sports
orientation 360

16.1. Requirements of gymnastics as a sport

to the abilities of those involved 360

The study and development of abilities in gymnasts 361

Orientation and selection of children for gymnastics

with a sports orientation 382

Chapter 17 sports training young gymnasts 385

Sports training 385

Stages of sports training 387

17.2.1. Initial sports training 388

Initial specialized training 389

Advanced specialized training for gymnasts aged 13-16 390

Monitoring the functional state of young gymnasts 392

Principles of sports training for gymnasts 396

Way to high sportsmanship 397

Chapter 18 398

The structure of the training process 399

Accounting for the results of educational and training work 403

Chapter 19 403

Pedagogical and promotional value of competitions 403

Types and characteristics of competitions 405

Documents required for the competition 406

Composition and work of the panel of judges

at competitions 412

Preparation and holding of competitions 413

Competition judging 414

Features of holding mass competitions 416

Training of referees in gymnastics 418

Chapter 20 physical education,

The content of the article

GYMNASTICS(Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo - exercise, train), one of the oldest sports, which includes competitions on various gymnastic equipment, as well as in floor exercises and vaults. Currently, at international tournaments, gymnasts play 14 sets of awards: two in the team event (men and women), two in the absolute individual championship (men and women) and ten in separate all-around events (4 for women, 6 for men).

In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896.

Gymnastics is the technical basis of many sports; the corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of various sports disciplines. Gymnastics not only gives certain technical skills, but also develops strength, flexibility, endurance, a sense of balance, and coordination of movements.

Rules

Gymnastics competition program

Exercises on the uneven bars. There are parallel (male) and uneven (female) bars. The projectile consists of two wooden poles of an oval (in cross section) shape, mounted on a metal frame: for men - at a height of 1.75 m, for women - 1.65 and 2.45 m. (The height of all gymnastic apparatus is measured from the surface located near of them safety mats).

Women's exercises on uneven bars include, first of all, rotations in both directions around the upper and lower poles, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them with rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axes using a grip with one and two hands (and also without the help of hands ).

Men's exercises on uneven bars combine dynamic (rotations, swing movements, etc.) and static (horizontal stops, handstands) elements. The gymnast must use the entire length of the apparatus, "work" above and below the bars.

Floor exercise (wife and husband) performed on a special gymnastic carpet 12 x 12m. Around the carpet there is a "security border" 1 meter wide. The carpet (woolen or synthetic) has an elastic surface - dense enough for pushing, but at the same time providing athletes with a soft landing. Floor exercises are a combination of individual elements (somersaults, somersaults, splits, handstands, etc.) and their combinations, different in pace and “mood”.

In the course of the performance, athletes must make the most of the entire area of ​​​​the carpet. The complexity of the program and its individual elements, as well as the purity and confidence of execution are assessed. No less important is the originality of the presented composition and the artistry of the athlete - especially for women, whose performances are accompanied by musical accompaniment and include separate dance steps, which in many ways resemble exercises from rhythmic gymnastics. The performance time on the carpet is limited: 1 min 10 sec for men and one and a half minutes for women.

Vault(male and female). It is performed from a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). Projectile length - 1.6 m, width - 0.35 m. The athlete runs along a special track 25 m long and 1 m wide, pushes off with his feet from the bridge - a shock-absorbing device 20 cm high, inclined to the run-up line - and then produces an additional push hands (for men, a push with one hand is allowed) from the projectile. Performed jumps can be straight, somersaults, flips, etc. For men, the projectile is installed at a height of 1.35 m in parallel runway, for women - at a height of 1.25 m perpendicular to the runway. Another significant difference is related to the competition formula: men are given only one attempt, women - two, according to the results of which the average score for the exercise is displayed. The height and distance of the jump, its complexity (the number of revolutions around the longitudinal and transverse axes, etc.), the purity of execution and the clarity of the landing are evaluated.

Balance beam exercises(Women) - a gymnastic apparatus 5 m long and 0.1 m wide, fixed at a height of 1.25 m from the floor. The exercise is a single composition of dynamic (jumps, turns, “jogging”, somersaults, dance steps, etc.) and static (twine, swallow, etc.) elements performed standing, sitting and lying on the projectile. Athletes must use the entire length of the balance beam. The judges evaluate the flexibility, sense of balance and elegance of the gymnasts. The duration of the performance is no more than 1 minute 30 seconds.

Horse exercises(male) - a special projectile with handles that allow you to perform swing movements with your legs. (The same projectile, but without handles, is used in the vault.) The horse is fixed at a height of 1.05 m. Exercises are a combination of swing and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during which all parts of the projectile must be involved.

Ring exercises(male) - a movable projectile in the form of two wooden rings, mounted on special cables at a height of 2.55 m. Exercises on the rings (ups, turns and twists) demonstrate not only the flexibility, but also the physical strength of the athlete. The static elements of these exercises are no less difficult to perform than the dynamic ones. According to the rules, dismounting from the rings at the end of the performance should be an acrobatic element. As with the exercises on the crossbar, taking the starting position on the rings, the athlete can use the help of a coach or assistant.

Crossbar exercises(male) - a bar made of polished steel with a diameter of 27–28 mm and a length of 2.5 m, reinforced on two racks with braces at a height of 2.55 m. According to the rules, performing rotations (in different directions) around the crossbar, the athlete does not has the right to touch her body. During the performance, he must demonstrate different types of grips and the ability to cleanly and clearly move from one type to another.

The order in which the program is executed is usually:

- floor exercises, exercises on a horse, on rings, vault, bars, crossbar (for men);

vaults, parallel bars, balance beam, floor exercises (for women).

Judging and evaluation

The performances of the gymnasts are evaluated by the chief judge and eight judges who “serve” one or another apparatus.

The judges are divided into two groups. Two judges evaluate the complexity and composition of the exercise on a 10-point system, and six other judges evaluate the execution technique. To quickly fix the technical elements demonstrated by the gymnast during the performance, the judges use more than 1000 special written signs - like shorthand.

From the score given by the first group of judges - a kind of “starting price” (this is the maximum amount of points that an athlete can receive for a performance), points are deducted for mistakes made: from 0.1 points for a small error to 0.4 points for a gross error. A fall from or onto a projectile is worth 0.5 points. According to the rules, when performing a vault, as well as exercises on the uneven bars, rings and crossbar, an assistant can be near the apparatus to insure the athlete, but if the gymnast is forced to use his help, 0.4 points are automatically deducted from the performer. Stepping over the carpet (when performing floor exercises) or non-compliance with the time limit of the performance is also punishable by a decrease in the mark.

A group of judges who evaluate the complexity of the presented program gives an overall mark. The judges who monitor the performance technique make marks independently of each other: the best and worst of them are not taken into account, and the average score is derived from the remaining four.

For a long time, a score of 10 points, in fact, was considered only theoretically possible. In 1976, during the Olympic Games in Montreal, the young Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci became the first gymnast in history to achieve this in practice. Moreover, Comaneci was then awarded the highest rating 7 times.

During team competitions and in the absolute championship, the scores received by a team or an individual athlete in various types of programs are summed up. Based on them, the final score is derived. The gymnast or team with the most points is declared the winner.

In the team standings, the scheme "6-5-4" is used. No more than 6 athletes compete for each team, 5 of them “work” on one or another apparatus, while only 4 best results are taken into account. (The 7-6-5 scheme used to be in effect.)

In team competitions, as well as in the individual championship (absolute and in certain types of programs), the athlete is given only one attempt on each projectile. The exception is women's vaults ( see above).

Competitors themselves determine the “content” of their exercises on a particular apparatus, but their performance must meet the existing requirements regarding the type and complexity of the technical elements used.

In each exercise, the beginning, the main part and the end (dismount) are distinguished.

Formula of the competition, determination of the winner

Major international competitions in artistic gymnastics consist of four stages:

– Qualification (or preliminary) stage among individual gymnasts and teams, the results of which determine the composition of the finalists;

- The team final is held among the 6 strongest - according to the results of the "qualification" - teams (separately among men and among women);

- Absolute championship in the individual competition is played among the 36 best athletes;

- Championship in certain types play for 8 athletes who showed on preliminary stage the best results in certain exercises.

At large competitions on the platform, as a rule, six men's or four women's teams (according to the number of shells) perform at the same time. Having completed the performance in one type of program, the team moves on to the next.

The Olympic Games, unlike the World Championships, can only be entered by a limited number of participants. These are 12 men's and 12 women's national teams that showed the best results at the World Championships preceding the Olympics. The total number of individuals participating in the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament is 98 (for both men and women). In addition to the athletes of the top 12 teams, they include representatives of countries ranked 13th and below in the championship, as well as a number of athletes selected by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) individually.

According to the rules, no more than 3 representatives of one country can participate in the final part of the drawing of the title of the absolute champion of the Olympic Games, and no more than 2 representatives in the championship drawing in individual exercises.

Since 1997, the program of the World Gymnastics Championship and the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament no longer includes compulsory exercises. The compulsory and free programs, which previously determined the winning teams and the composition of the final participants in the individual competition, were replaced by the qualifying stage among gymnasts and the team final.

Some other rules

Gymnastics is one of those sports that has undergone an intensive process of “rejuvenation” in recent decades. A kind of record was set in 1987 by the Romanian gymnast Aurelia Dobre, who won the title of absolute world champion in less than 15 years. Even younger was her compatriot Daniela Silivash, who had received two years earlier at the World Championships gold medal for victory in balance beam exercises. Currently, the minimum age of participants in major international gymnastics tournaments is not 15, as before, but 16 years old (this is the age that athletes must turn in the year of the competition).

There are some “procedural” restrictions in modern artistic gymnastics:

- the transition from projectile to projectile is carried out in an organized manner;

- Competitors are given 30-40 seconds to warm up, after which they are called to perform the exercise;

- during the execution of the program, the coach does not have the right to talk with the gymnast;

– during the competition, participants are not allowed to leave the site without special permission.

The rules provide for penalties - for individual gymnasts and entire teams: for example, for not showing up for a warm-up. Unsportsmanlike (and undisciplined) behavior of athletes is punished with a fine.

Non-compliance with the uniform can also affect the results of the gymnast's performance. The first remark entails the deduction of points - and up to removal from the competition in the overall standings.

During the exercise on the shells, it is allowed to use special leather pads for the palms - in order to avoid damage.

About technology

The basis of gymnastic technique is certain body positions on the projectile and movements performed during the exercise.

Vis- a position in which the athlete's shoulders are below the grip point, and the emphasis is when they are above the fulcrum. The emphasis can be on the arms, legs or torso.

Grip - a certain way of holding the gymnast on the apparatus. There are grips: top, bottom, outside, reverse grip with inside projectile, mixed, cross, distant and narrow (closed).

Grouping - a position in which the body is maximally bent at the waist, the knees are pressed together to the chest, and the arms are wrapped around the lower part of the legs.

Corner - body position (hanging or resting), when outstretched legs located at right angles to the body.

Leg-split - the position of the body in which the legs are as far apart as possible.

Transition- movement of an athlete on the projectile to the right or left when performing any technical element.

Climb- transition from hanging to emphasis or from a lower emphasis to a higher one.

Flight- moving the gymnast (from hanging or rest) from one side (part) of the implement to the other.

Circle - circular motion over the projectile or part of it.

Turnover - circular rotational movement of the athlete around the axis of the projectile or grip points.

twist- performing the exercise with a rotational movement in the shoulder joints.

max(forward, backward or sideways) – pendulum movement of a body from one extreme point to another. Allocate also waving - a similar movement of some parts of the body relative to others (in emphasis) or the whole body near the grip points (in the hang), jump - movement of the leg (legs) above the projectile (at emphasis) or under it (in the hang) and crossing - two jumps performed simultaneously towards each other.

Turn - the movement of the gymnast's body around its longitudinal axis or the movement of individual parts of the body around their longitudinal axes.

coup - rotational movement of the body with turning over the head forward or backward.

Somersault - a complete turn over the head in the air (without support) from a place, from a run and when flying from one part of the projectile to another.

Dismount - jump from the projectile to the floor in various ways at the end of the exercise.

Individual gymnastic equipment has its own specific positions and movements. For example, in exercises on rings, cross(support with arms spread apart) and quality(single movement of the body together with the projectile in one direction).

In the technical arsenal of gymnasts there are many “combined” elements (for example, lifting with a coup ) , as well as more complex variations of basic movements - like a back somersault, bending over with a 360-degree turn.

Many outstanding gymnasts come up with their own technical elements, which then receive their names: “Delasal circles” on horseback, “Diomidov spinner” on uneven bars, dismount from the crossbar and vault “Tsukahara”, “Korbut loop” on uneven bars and “Korbut somersault” on beam , exercise on the crossbar "Delchev", "Azaryan's cross" on the rings, etc.

From the history of gymnastics

Gymnastics in antiquity and the Middle Ages

Gymnastics as a sport and an integral system of physical education originated in ancient Greece. About beneficial influence regular classes Gymnastics for the harmonious development of personality was written and spoken by Homer, Aristotle and Plato. In addition to the general developmental and special exercises the gymnastics of the ancient Greeks included swimming, running, wrestling, boxing, riding (horse and chariot), etc. According to one version, the word “gymnastics” itself comes from the Greek “gumnos” (naked): as you know, ancient Greek athletes competed without clothes.

Early Christians considered gymnastics to be a "satanic invention", opposing the carnal, i.e. its "sinful" beginning - by which, first of all, the nudity of athletes was meant - spiritual, sublime. In 393 gymnastics was officially banned.

In ancient times, not only the Greeks were familiar with gymnastics. For example, in China and India, several thousand years ago, gymnastic exercises were also practiced - mainly for medicinal purposes. Even then, special devices were known, similar to some modern gymnastic equipment. Yes, in ancient rome for teaching the basics of riding, a kind of “horse” known to us was used.

With the beginning of the European Renaissance, interest in the gymnastics of the ancient Greeks awakens again: the thinkers of the Renaissance perceive it as a means of strengthening the health and general physical development of a person. The theoretical foundations of the system of physical education are gradually being laid (Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and others). The immediate predecessor of modern artistic gymnastics in the XVI-XVII centuries. vaulting (exercises and jumps) on a table and a horse, climbing a pole and a wall, maintaining balance on a rope and trees became very popular then.

The origin and development of modern artistic gymnastics

In the XVIII - early XIX centuries. in Germany, a system of physical education is being formed, which was based on gymnastics. The founder of the German gymnastic movement was F.L. Jan. He significantly expanded the "gymnastic area" and invented new exercises and apparatus (including the crossbar and bars), thus laying the foundations of modern gymnastics. In 1811, Jan opened the first gymnastic ground (near Berlin), and five years later published - together with one of his students E. Eiselen - a book German gymnastics: it contained descriptions of the main exercises and the necessary guidelines. Around this time, the first public performances of gymnasts also belong.

Own physical education systems were developed in the Czech Republic, Sweden and France, and a little later - in Russia. During this period, exercises on shells and vaults were cultivated. Although floor exercises in one form or another were known several centuries ago (for example, from the performances of itinerant circus troupes, which, among other things, demonstrated unusual numbers on the floor or on the ground), they did not immediately gain recognition as one of the gymnastic disciplines.

In its development, gymnastics has gone through several stages: over time, the requirements for it and, accordingly, its content have changed. History of gymnastics in the 19th century was largely determined by the confrontation between two fundamentally different systems: the Swedish one, in which the emphasis was placed primarily on floor exercises (in the broadest sense), and the German one, which gravitated toward exercises on shells.

In the middle of the century, the first indoor gyms appeared in Germany (before that, only open areas operated). Official competitions in artistic gymnastics begin to be held. In the second half of the XIX century. Europe, and later America, are experiencing a real gymnastics boom.

And the next century can rightly be called the "age of gymnastics." Although modern program gymnastic competitions was determined far from immediately. In addition, they were unusual. Gymnast competitions were often held on outdoors. At first, there were no unified technical requirements for gymnastic equipment: often national teams came to international competitions with their own “props”.

Before World War II, gymnasts from Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Switzerland, Finland, the USA, Yugoslavia, and Hungary performed more successfully than others. In the 50s, athletes from the USSR and Japan entered the world gymnastic elite, later from Romania, China and Bulgaria, and with the collapse of the USSR, representatives from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

International Gymnastics Federation

In 1881, the European Gymnastics Federation (FEG) was created, which at first included only three countries: Belgium, France and Holland. The founder and first president of the Federation was the Belgian Nicolas Kuperus. In 1921, with the appearance of the first non-European countries in the FEG, it was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which now unites artistic gymnastics and related disciplines: general gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, sports aerobics and acrobatics.

FIG is the oldest international sports association. And one of the most numerous: as of January 2002, the Federation consisted of 125 countries. More than 30 million people are now involved in gymnastics in various clubs around the world. In total, about 2,500 masters participate in world and continental championships.

European Gymnastics Union

Interestingly, the European championship in artistic gymnastics began to be played long before the corresponding governing body appeared in the Old World. In 1955, the first European championship among male gymnasts took place. Two years later, women also entered the fight for European “gold”. Until the mid-1980s, the European Championships were held under the auspices of the FIG, and the competitions for men and women took place at different times and in different countries.

In 1982, the European Gymnastics Union (UEG) was created. The 1986 European Championship in Germany was the first that the Union organized and held on its own - without the help of the International Federation (in the same year the USSR joined the UEJ).

Currently, the Union includes 46 countries. UEJ is one of the largest and most active sports associations on the continent. In addition to the championship, the European Cup is played, many other competitions are held (for different age groups), festivals and other events related to artistic gymnastics.

The most titled “European” among gymnasts is Yugoslav Miroslav Cerar, who twice won the title of absolute champion of the continent and won a total of 21 medals (9 of them gold).

World Championship

Since 1903, an international gymnastics tournament has been held regularly, and in the 1930s it received the status of a world championship. (Georges Martinez of France, who won the 1903 tournament, thus became the first ever absolute world champion in gymnastics). The world championship, held in 1931 in Paris, was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the FIG and was considered unofficial. The tournament, held three years later in Budapest, continued the general numbering and went down in history as the 10th World Artistic Gymnastics Championship. (It was at this championship that the women's world championship was played for the first time.) The next world championship starting in 2003 in the USA is already the 37th in a row.

From 1903 to 1930, world tournaments were held every other year, from 1934 to 1978 - once every four years (during the First and Second World Wars, competitions were not held), then the organizers returned to the previous scheme.

In the early 90s, another change was made to the world championship formula. Along with competitions in which all 14 sets of awards are played (as it was, for example, in 1999 and 2001), tournaments are held according to a “truncated” program: for example, in 2002, the championship was played only in certain types of programs. In the "Olympic" year, world championships are not held at all.

The program of the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships did not immediately take on the “look” familiar to us. Until 1954, it also included separate athletics disciplines.

The USSR women's team won 11 times at the world championships, the men's - 8.

world Cup

Among all international competitions In artistic gymnastics, the World Cup is considered the third most important - after the world championship and the Olympic Games.

It was played for the first time in 1975 in England. The winners then were the Soviet gymnasts Nikolai Andrianov and Lyudmila Turishcheva. Until 1990, the Cup competitions took place in years when neither the Olympic Games nor the World Gymnastics Championships were held. During this time, the Cup was played 8 times - in the absolute individual championship. The advantage of the USSR gymnasts was overwhelming. In women, all eight titles were won by our athletes: in addition to Turishcheva, M. Filatova and S. Zakharova (twice each), E. Shushunova and T. Lysenko achieved similar success. In 1982 O. Bicherova and N. Yurchenko shared the first place. In men, N. Andrianov and A. Dityatin (both twice), M. Bogdan and V. Belenky became the owners of the World Cup in different years. The only foreign athlete who managed to break the "Soviet hegemony" in the Cup was in the mid-80s the Chinese Li Ning (at the same time he shared his second title with our Yu. Korolev).

In connection with the change in the early 90s of the formula for holding world championships, it was decided not to play the World Cup anymore. But after 8 years, the honorary trophy was "revived" again. True, now the participants of the competition are contesting the championship in certain types of gymnastic all-around. At the World Cup-98 in Japan, the representatives of China and Romania performed the strongest, winning 4 and 3 first places, respectively. Romanian athletes also performed well at the 2000 World Cup in Scotland - primarily thanks to the leader of their women's national gymnastics in recent years, 3-time absolute world champion Andrea Radukan.

Currently, the Cup is played according to a new scheme: in 2001-2002 a series of tournaments was held in different countries.

Gymnastics at the Olympics

Artistic gymnastics is invariably included in the program of the Olympic Games, occupying one of the central places in it.

Is it true, gymnastic program the very first Games of our time (1896) were somewhat different from the current Olympics. 18 gymnasts, representing 5 countries in Athens, competed in separate types of all-around events: not only in the exercises familiar to us (with the exception of floor exercises), but also in group exercises on parallel bars and the crossbar and in rope climbing. The dominance of the founders of gymnastics - the Germans - in all types of the program was almost undivided.

The first ever absolute champion of the Olympic Games in gymnastics was in 1900 the Frenchman Gustave Sandra. The championship among teams and in certain types of all-around at the Olympics in Paris was not played.

At the 1904 Games, another unusual discipline appeared in the competition program among gymnasts: exercises with clubs. As you know, the vast majority of participants in the St. Louis Olympics represented the United States. So the unconditional success of the Americans on the gymnastic platform was quite predictable.

At the next two Olympics, there was no equal to the Italian Alberto Braglia. At the 1912 Games, to his title of absolute champion, he also added the “gold” won as part of the Italian team in the team event.

Competitions in certain types of gymnastic all-around reappeared in the Olympic program after the First World War - at the 1924 Games.

Four years later, women competed in the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament for the first time. True, the gymnasts again missed the next Olympics - and only from 1936 began to participate in them constantly. It is noteworthy that the program of the 1936 Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics included exercises on parallel bars. And at the Olympics-48, women performed compulsory exercises on the rings. At one time, the program of the Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included group exercises with various objects (mace, ball, etc.), which later became integral part rhythmic gymnastics. At the 1952 Games, a significant change was made to the women's gymnastics competition formula: for the first time, athletes competed in the individual competition (on four apparatuses). In its current form, the Olympic program in women's gymnastics was finally decided in 1960 (Men have been playing awards according to the 6 + 1 + 1 scheme since 1936).

In the team standings in the history of the Olympic tournaments in gymnastics, there was and is no equal to the USSR women's team, which rose to the highest step of the podium 10 times. In men, the teams of the USSR and Japan won more often than others - 5 times each. The Italian men's team celebrated the victory four times - however, this was before the Second World War.

The title of the absolute champion of the Olympic Games is considered the highest title in gymnastics. The outstanding Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina achieved a unique achievement. There are 18 Olympic awards in her collection (of which 9 are gold: 6 received in personal and 3 in team competition). To repeat - and, moreover, to surpass - this record has not yet been succeeded by any of the Olympians. 7 gold medals (all in the individual competition) were won by the Czech gymnast Vera Chaslavska (Odlozhikova). The same amount of "gold" (as well as 5 silver and 3 bronze medals) is in the collection of Nikolai Andrianov's awards. (Andrianov and Latynina are two of the most titled athletes in the history of world gymnastics.) Our other gymnast Alexander Dityatin set another kind of record at the 1980 Olympics, having won 8 out of 8 possible awards: in the team event, in the “absolute” and in individual all-around events (3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals).

Vitaly Shcherbo worthily completed the "Soviet era" in Olympic gymnastics: speaking at the 1992 Games as part of the unified team of the CIS countries, he won 6 gold medals.

Gymnastics in Russia

Gymnastics in pre-revolutionary Russia

Various gymnastic exercises were known in ancient Rus' as an integral part of folk holidays.

The wide development of gymnastics in Russia began in the 18th century. Serious attention to gymnastics, as an applied discipline, was given by Peter I and A.V. Suvorov. Suvorov outlined the content of the gymnastic exercises introduced - on his initiative - in the army in Regimental institution.

As in other countries, in Russia, gymnastics was originally cultivated mainly in the military environment. In the 1970s, the famous Russian scientist and teacher P.F. Lesgaft opened two-year gymnastic courses in St. Petersburg (now the Lesgaft Institute of Physical Culture). The first gymnastics competitions in our country, organized by the Russian Gymnastics Society, were held in 1885 in Moscow. Only 11 people took part in them, but a start was made.

In 1889 gymnastics was introduced into the program of men's educational institutions. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, gymnastic societies and circles were created in various cities of Russia, national championships began to be held regularly.

In 1912, Russian gymnasts took part in the Olympic Games for the first time, but they could not compete with more experienced rivals.

Gymnastics in the USSR

In the USSR, gymnastics became a truly mass sport, although at first the attitude towards this “relic of the bourgeois past” was wary, and even hostile.

The development of artistic gymnastics in the USSR in the 1920s is connected, first of all, with the implementation of general education. The first national championship was held in 1928 (as part of the All-Union Spartakiad). The Ukrainian team won the team event, and Mechislav Murashko became the absolute champion of the country. The program of the first gymnastics competitions included not only its “classic” disciplines, but also running, rope climbing, grenade throwing and other applied exercises.

In the early 30s, the All-Union Gymnastics Section was created, later transformed into the USSR Artistic Gymnastics Federation. In 1932, the second absolute championship of the country was played - this time women also took part in the competition. The first absolute champion was Tatyana Voshchinina. And since 1939, awards in certain types of programs also began to be played at national championships.

The debut of Soviet gymnasts in the international arena took place in 1937 - at the 3rd Workers' Olympiad in Antwerp. Our men's and women's teams won the team championship, and Mykola Sery and Maria Tyshko won the title of absolute champions.

In 1949, the USSR Gymnastics Federation joined the FIG. And in 1952, Soviet gymnasts participated in the Olympic Games for the first time. The debut turned out to be successful: our athletes became champions both in the team (men's and women's teams) and in the individual (Viktor Chukarin and Maria Gorokhovskaya) classification. Equally convincing was the debut of Soviet gymnasts at the world championship two years later: victories in the team competitions and titles of absolute world champions for men (Viktor Chukarin and Valentin Muratov) and women (Galina Rudko (Shamrai)).

In total, Soviet gymnasts have won more than 300 medals at the Olympic Games: about half of them are gold. And at 14 world championships that took place with their participation, our athletes won more than 400 medals, among which there are also a lot of “gold”.

The Soviet school of gymnastics gave the world many outstanding athletes: Larisa Latynina, Lyudmila Turishcheva, Boris Shakhlin, Viktor Chukarin, Mikhail Voronin, Yuri Titov, Valentin and Sofya Muratovs, Natalya Kuchinskaya, Polina Astakhova, Yuri Titov, Nikolai Andrianov, Olga Korbut, Alexander Dityatin, Yuri Korolev, Nelly Kim, Vitaly Shcherbo, Elena Shushunova, Dmitry Bilozerchev, Elena Mukhina, Olga Bicherova and many others. others

Russian gymnastics today

The Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia was founded in 1991. It unites organizations from 71 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Federation is headed by Professor L.Ya. Arkaev, he is also the head coach of the Russian national gymnastics team. Russia regularly hosts national championships, regional, all-Russian and international tournaments and other events. The federation is affiliated to FIG and UEJ.

The current "stars" of domestic gymnastics continue the victorious baton of their predecessors in the international arena. A. Nemov became the absolute champion of the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000, and also won the "gold" in the exercises on the crossbar. S. Khorkina is the absolute champion of the world (twice) and Europe (three times), in her collection there are also Olympic and world "gold" for individual projectiles. N. Kryukov is the absolute world champion, A. Bondarenko is the absolute European champion. E. Zamolodchikova is the winner (in certain types of the program) of the World Championships and the Olympic Games.

As of the end of 2002, A. Nemov and S. Khorkina led the world gymnastic rating.

K. Petrov

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