Regenerative physical education. Therapeutic physical culture

Introduction

Medical physical culture(or exercise therapy for short) is an independent medical discipline that uses physical education means to treat diseases and injuries, prevent their exacerbations and complications, and restore working capacity. The main means (and this distinguishes exercise therapy from other methods of treatment) are physical exercises - a stimulator of the vital functions of the body.

Therapeutic exercise- this is one of essential elements modern complex treatment, which means an individually selected set of therapeutic methods and means: conservative, surgical, medicinal, physiotherapeutic, therapeutic nutrition etc. Complex treatment affects not only pathologically altered tissues, organs or organ systems, but also the entire body as a whole. The proportion of various elements of complex treatment depends on the stage of recovery and the need to restore a person’s ability to work. A significant role in complex treatment belongs to therapeutic physical culture as a method of functional therapy.

Physical exercise affects the reactivity of the whole organism and involves the mechanisms that participated in the pathological process in the overall reaction. In this regard, physical therapy can be called a method of pathogenetic therapy.

Exercise therapy involves the conscious and active implementation by patients of appropriate physical exercise. In the process of training, the patient acquires skills in using natural factors for the purpose of hardening, physical exercises for therapeutic and preventive purposes. This allows us to consider therapeutic physical education classes as a therapeutic and pedagogical process.

Exercise therapy uses the same principles of using physical exercises as physical culture for a healthy person, namely: the principles of comprehensive impact, application and health-improving orientation. In its content, therapeutic physical culture is integral part Soviet system physical education.

Means of therapeutic physical culture

In therapeutic physical culture, the following basic means are used for the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries: physical exercises (gymnastic, applied sports, ideomotor, i.e., performed mentally, exercises in sending impulses to muscle contraction, etc.), natural factors ( sun, air, water), therapeutic massage, motor mode. In addition, they apply additional funds: occupational therapy and mechanotherapy (see diagram).

Occupational therapy refers to the restoration of impaired functions through selectively selected labor processes. Mechanotherapy is the restoration of lost functions using special devices. It is used mainly to prevent contractures (stiffness in the joints). In sports practice, after injuries to the musculoskeletal system, training devices can be used to increase the range of motion in the joints (using a gentle method).

Therapeutic massage (classical, acupressure, segmental reflex) is used for the purpose of both treatment and prevention of diseases (for example, hygienic massage performed as part of morning hygienic exercises).

Means of therapeutic physical culture used in sports practice, as well as for the prevention of diseases, are classified as means of therapeutic and health-improving physical culture.

Classification and characteristics of physical exercises

Physical exercises used for therapeutic purposes are divided into gymnastic, ideomotor, applied sports, exercises in sending impulses to muscle contraction and games (see diagram below).

Gymnastic exercises are specially selected combinations of natural movements for humans. By selectively influencing individual muscle groups or joints with the help of gymnastic exercises, you can improve overall coordination of movements, restore and develop strength, speed of movement, agility and flexibility.

Recently, in therapeutic physical culture, rhythmoplastic (dance) movements in musical accompaniment, which corresponds to the state of higher nervous activity.

Gymnastic exercises are classified according to several criteria.

According to anatomical characteristics - exercises for the muscles of the head, neck, torso, upper limbs, muscles of the upper and lower limbs, abdominal muscles and pelvic floor.

Based on activity - active (performed by the student himself); passive (performed by a therapeutic physical education methodologist with the patient’s volitional effort); active-passive (performed by the student using exercise therapy methodologist).

Based on the use of gymnastic apparatus and apparatus - exercises without apparatus and apparatus; exercises with objects and equipment (with gymnastic stick, rubber, tennis or volleyball, medicine ball, clubs, dumbbells, expander, jump rope, etc.); exercises on apparatus (on a gymnastic wall, inclined plane, gymnastic bench, gymnastic rings, mechanotherapy equipment, uneven bars, balance beam, crossbar, etc.).

By type and nature of execution - serial and drill, preparatory (introductory), corrective, coordination of movements, breathing, resistance, hanging and resting, hopping and jumping, rhythmoplastic exercises.

Ordinal and drills(formations, turns, walking, etc.) organize and discipline students, developing the necessary motor skills. They are used at the post-hospital stage of rehabilitation, as well as in health groups.

Preparatory (introductory) exercises prepare the body for the upcoming physical activity. Their choice depends on the objectives of the lesson, as well as on the level physical fitness sick.

Corrective exercises prevent and reduce postural defects and correct deformities. They are often combined with passive correction: traction on an inclined plane, wearing an orthopedic corset, special styling using rollers, massage. Corrective exercises have a combined effect on various muscle groups - they simultaneously strengthen some and relax others. For example, with severe thoracic kyphosis (stooping), a corrective effect is exerted gymnastic exercises aimed at strengthening the weakened and pulled muscles back and stretching and relaxing large pectoral muscles, who are in a state increased tone; with flat feet - special exercises to strengthen the muscles of the lower leg and foot in combination with exercises to form correct posture.

Movement coordination and balance exercises are used to train vestibular apparatus at hypertension, neurological diseases, for elderly and older people involved in health groups. They are performed in various starting positions (standing on a narrow support area, on one leg, on toes), with open and closed eyes, with and without objects, on a gymnastic bench, gymnastic balance beam. Movement coordination exercises also include exercises aimed at developing everyday skills lost as a result of a particular disease (fastening buttons, lacing shoes, lighting matches, opening a lock with a key, etc.). Modeling, assembling children's pyramids, mosaics, etc. are widely used.

Breathing exercises (static, dynamic, drainage) are leading in any form of therapeutic physical culture. They have a beneficial effect on the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, stimulate metabolism and the activity of the digestive system. Their calming effect is used in case of disturbances in the nervous regulation of various body functions, for more quick recovery when tired, etc. Static breathing exercises are performed in various starting positions at rest, i.e. without movements of the legs, arms, torso, dynamic ones - in combination with movements of the limbs and torso. Drainage exercises include breathing exercises specifically aimed at draining exudate from the pleural cavity and removing sputum (with exudative pleurisy, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis and other respiratory diseases).

There are abdominal (diaphragmatic), thoracic and mixed breathing. Getting started breathing exercises, you need to teach the patient to breathe correctly through the nose - deeply, rhythmically, evenly. With proper breathing, rhythm is developed. breathing movements(inhale-exhale), their frequency decreases, exhalation lengthens and intensifies.

Hanging, lifting, jumping, jumping as a type of gymnastic exercises are included in the method of therapeutic physical education during the recovery period. They are performed with strict dosage according to indications under the supervision of a specialist in therapeutic physical culture.

Rhythmoplastic exercises are used at the post-hospital stage of rehabilitation for the final restoration of the functions of the musculoskeletal system (for joint diseases, after injuries), as well as in neurological practice (for neuroses, fatigue). Such exercises are performed with musical accompaniment with a given rhythm and tonality, depending on the functional state of the patient and the type of higher nervous activity.

In therapeutic physical culture, in addition to gymnastics, ideomotor exercises are widely used (especially at the hospital stage of rehabilitation). Performed mentally, they not only cause weak muscle contraction, but also improve them functional state, which leads the body to a state of functional readiness. These exercises are used for paralysis and paresis, with prolonged immobilization of the limbs or torso, i.e. when the patient cannot actively perform the exercises. In sports practice, ideomotor exercises are used during periods of temporary absence from training due to illness in order to maintain sports uniform and level technical skill. physical culture treatment exercise

Exercises in sending impulses involve asking the patient to relax or contract the muscles of the immobilized joint while mentally imagining the movement being performed. These exercises are used for various types of limb immobilization to prevent atrophy muscle groups, improving blood circulation and metabolism in them (for example, when applying a plaster cast to the thigh and knee joint the patient actively contracts the quadriceps femoris muscle, straining the kneecap under the cast).

Among the applied sports exercises in therapeutic physical culture, the most commonly used are walking, running, jumping, throwing, climbing, balance exercises, lifting and carrying weights, dosed rowing, skiing, skating, therapeutic swimming, and cycling. Applied sports exercises contribute to the final restoration of the damaged organ and the entire body as a whole, and instill in patients perseverance and self-confidence.

In therapeutic and recreational physical culture, applied sports exercises are used to prevent diseases, educate physical qualities, preparation for work and defense of the Motherland.

Walking strengthens the muscles not only of the lower extremities, but also of the entire body due to the rhythmic alternation of muscle tension and relaxation, which improves blood and lymph circulation, breathing, metabolism and has a general strengthening effect.

Dosed running evenly develops the muscles of the whole body, trains the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increases metabolism, and forms deep and rhythmic breathing. In therapeutic physical culture, running is prescribed to trained patients with an individual dosage under careful medical and pedagogical supervision. Running is not only a means of therapeutic and recreational physical training, but also a means of supportive and preventive therapy.

Jumping is a short-term intense exercise used during the recovery period with an individual dosage (with mandatory heart rate monitoring). Throwing exercises help restore coordination of movements, improve mobility in the joints, increase the strength of the muscles of the limbs and torso, and the speed of motor reaction. The classes use medicine balls, discs, spears, balls with a loop, and grenades. Climbing on a gymnastic wall and rope helps to increase mobility in joints, develop strength in the muscles of the torso and limbs, and coordinate movements. Lasagne is of great practical importance in everyday life and military affairs.

Balance exercises are used for damage to the vestibular apparatus, for hypertension, after amputation of the lower limbs, for postural disorders, scoliosis and flat feet.

Exercises in lifting and carrying heavy objects require strict medical and pedagogical supervision. They are used in therapeutic and recreational physical culture for training during the period of final restoration of functions. These exercises are contraindicated for poor posture, scoliosis, flat feet, diseases of the spine, stomach, joints, hypertension, etc.

Dosed rowing is used to develop rhythmic movements that promote deep breathing, development and strengthening of the muscles of the upper limbs, torso and increased mobility of the spine. An increase in intra-abdominal pressure during rowing has a positive effect on the digestion process and tissue metabolism. Rowing in conditions of clean, fresh, ionized air saturated with water vapor (preferably sea air) has a healing effect on the entire body. Dosed rowing is prescribed for diseases of the joints, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and is carried out with certain short-term pauses for rest under medical and pedagogical supervision.

Dosed skiing strengthens all muscle groups, increases metabolism, improves the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, trains the vestibular system, improves mood, and helps normalize the condition nervous system, have a hardening effect.

Ice skating improves metabolism, the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems, the function of the vestibular apparatus, and develops coordination of movements. Prescribed during the recovery period and for the prevention of diseases under medical and pedagogical supervision to well-trained persons who know how to skate.

Dosed therapeutic swimming increases heat transfer, improves metabolism, activates the function of the digestive and respiratory organs, strengthens the muscles of the whole body, the nervous system, and has a hardening effect. It is used for diseases of the spine to relax muscles and free it from axial load, for postural disorders, diseases respiratory system, as well as in order to relieve fatigue during the work week or sports training.

Cycling is used for general health purposes, as well as to strengthen muscles and increase mobility in the joints of the lower extremities. For the same purpose, exercises on a bicycle ergometer are used for injuries of the musculoskeletal system, paresis of the lower extremities, metabolic disorders and for training cardiovascular system.

Along with the listed exercises, games are used in therapeutic physical culture. All types of games (games in place, sedentary, active, sports) help improve the functioning of all organs and systems of the body. They are carried out during the recovery period under medical and pedagogical supervision in the final part of the therapeutic gymnastics class.

Methods of therapeutic use of physical exercises. Dosage

Before prescribing therapeutic physical culture, the tasks of using physical exercises are determined, and means and forms are selected to solve these problems. To do all this correctly, it is necessary to take into account the phase of development of the disease, the body’s reaction to it, the state of all organs and systems not involved in the disease process, the patient’s mental reaction to the disease and his other individual characteristics.

In all cases, it is important to observe the principle of combining the general and local effects of physical exercise, remembering that recovery largely depends on general condition the patient's body.

Each physical exercise used in therapeutic physical culture has a restorative, supportive or preventive effect on the patient. Therefore, when prescribing therapeutic physical culture, it is necessary to determine (in addition to medical indications) the direction of its use: for the purpose of restoring impaired functions, maintaining them and health in general, or for the purpose of preventing diseases, their complications and other deviations in health.

Based on general provisions In therapeutic physical culture, various private methods are built that reflect the uniqueness of the pathophysiological and clinical manifestations of the disease in an individual patient or group of patients, compiled according to nosological characteristics. The basic principles of the use of therapeutic physical culture are the integrity of the body (unity of the mental and physical), the unity of the environment and the body (social and biological), the unity of form and function, general and local, treatment and prevention (V.N. Moshkov, 1984).

The method of therapeutic physical culture should be based on general pedagogical (didactic) principles. Its effectiveness is possible only if the patient is actively involved in the exercises. The methodologist’s explanation of the prospects for accelerating the recovery of impaired functions under the influence of physical exercise increases the patient’s interest in them.

The principle of visualization when teaching movements is carried out not only through visual sensations, but also with the help of other senses. Demonstration of physical exercises confirms the explanation and helps the practitioner perform them correctly.

The principle of accessibility depends on the assessment by a doctor or methodologist clinical manifestation illness and level of physical fitness of the patient.

The health-improving effect of therapeutic physical culture is the result of the implementation of the principle of systematic training, built taking into account the gradualness and sequence of exercises. Classes begin with simple and easy exercises known to the patient. As his functional capabilities increase, more complex exercises are prescribed (with strict consideration of the body's reaction). Classes are held daily, sometimes several times a day, at a certain dosage, in combination with the prescribed daily regimen.

The principle of an individual approach involves taking into account gender, age, level of fitness, general condition of the patient, the course of the underlying and concomitant diseases.

Along with didactic principles, the optimal dosing of means of therapeutic physical culture is of great importance - establishing the total dose (value) of physical activity when using both one exercise and any complex ( morning exercises, therapeutic exercises, walks, etc.) (V.N. Moshkov).

Physical activity must be adequate to the patient's functional capabilities. Excessively small or large load will not have a sufficient therapeutic effect. The load is dosed by the choice of starting positions, selection of exercises, number of general developmental and breathing exercises, their duration, number of repetitions of each exercise, tempo, range of movements, degree of force tension, complexity of movements, their rhythm, emotionality of classes, their density.

In therapeutic physical culture, the choice of starting positions depends on the motor regimen prescribed by the doctor. There are three main starting positions: lying (on your back, on your stomach, on your side), sitting (in bed, on a chair, on a carpet with straight legs, sitting in bed or on a chair with your legs down), standing (on all fours - kneeling). carpal, on all fours - knee-elbow, standing without support, with support on crutches, sticks, walkers, parallel bars, crossbar, gymnastic wall, back of a chair, etc.). For example, for diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, you can perform exercises in lying positions, reclining with your head held high, sitting, standing; for diseases of the digestive system - sitting, lying on your back, standing; for spinal injuries - lying on your back and stomach, standing on all fours, reclining, standing.

The selection of physical exercises and determination of their duration are carried out taking into account the principle of gradualness (from easy to difficult, from simple to complex), as well as the characteristics of the patient’s personality and the course of the disease.

The duration of physical exercises is determined by the actual time spent by the patient on their implementation. This depends on the complexity of the exercises, the number of exercises in the complex, and the individual reaction of the patient’s body to the load.

The number of repetitions of each exercise depends on the characteristics of the course of the disease, the number, nature and type of exercises included in this complex, and the duration of their implementation. The number of repetitions of exercises for small muscle groups may be greater than for large ones.

The pace of movements may vary. There are slow, medium and fast tempos. In a hospital setting, exercises are usually performed at a slow and medium pace; at the outpatient and sanatorium stages of rehabilitation - at a slow, medium and fast pace.

Reducing or increasing the amplitude (span) of movements also allows you to regulate physical activity.

The degree of force tension when performing movements depends on volitional tension, the use of weights, resistance, or a combination thereof. Weighting can be done with weight own body, the weight of objects, the weight or resistance of a partner.

The degree of complexity of the movements also affects the amount of load. It is necessary to complicate the exercises gradually, as you master them, and also as the functional capabilities of the body grow.

The rhythm of movements, or the system of their alternation, has a great influence on performance. A correctly selected rhythm of movements delays the onset of fatigue. The rhythm of movements helps reduce the load on the nervous system due to the development of automaticity.

The number of general developmental and breathing exercises in a lesson depends on the period and nature of the disease. As recovery progresses, the proportion of these exercises decreases due to the introduction of special exercises. In some cases, for example, with diseases of the respiratory system, digestive system or in the postoperative period, these exercises are special.

The use of the emotional factor is to create positive emotions in the patient during physical exercises. This increases the therapeutic and health-improving effect of exercise and delays the onset of fatigue.

The density of the activity is of great importance for dosing physical activity. It is determined by the ratio of the duration of the actual execution of the exercise to the duration of the entire lesson. In therapeutic physical culture, the load density reaches 25-30%. It mainly depends on the length of breaks between individual exercises. In therapeutic and recreational physical culture, the load density increases significantly.

The dosage of the load in physical therapy exercises is very important, since the therapeutic effect of physical exercise largely depends on it. An overdose can cause a deterioration in the condition, and an insufficient load does not give desired effect. Only if it corresponds to the patient’s condition and his capabilities, physical activity can optimally change the functions of various body systems and have a therapeutic effect.

Physical activity is dosed depending on the objectives of a given period of treatment, manifestations of the disease, functionality and age of the patient. It is not always necessary to strive for great physical activity. The healing and therapeutic effect for many diseases is achieved by special physical exercises with moderate physical activity. For example, improvements in peripheral circulation can be obtained by using exercises for small muscle groups and breathing exercises, which are low-intensity exercises.

You can change physical activity using various methodological techniques, since it depends on many factors. The main ones are the volume of muscle groups involved in the movement, the number and nature of physical exercises: pace, amplitude of movement, degree of muscle tension.

You can increase or decrease physical activity by increasing or decreasing the number of repetitions of each exercise and changing the nature of their implementation.

Specially selected starting positions allow you to regulate the impact of physical exercise. Some of them themselves cause physiological changes, as they require static muscular efforts. For example, in a sitting position, heart rate increases by 5-8%, and in a standing position - by 10-20% compared to a lying position.

Alternating muscle loads, when exercises for one muscle group are replaced by exercises for another group, and exercises with a large muscle load are alternated with exercises requiring little muscle effort, or with breathing exercises and relaxation exercises, prevents premature fatigue and provides the opportunity for a long time, without Take long rest breaks to do physical exercise.

Physical activity is also regulated by the degree of difficulty of the exercises. Exercises that are difficult to coordinate can cause tension in muscles not involved in the movement, thereby increasing the load.

The intensity of physical exercise can be low, moderate, high and maximum (V.K. Dobrovolsky). Low-intensity exercises include exercises involving the movement of small and medium muscle groups, performed at a slow and medium pace, static breathing exercises and muscle relaxation exercises. The starting positions should not cause large static stresses and make it difficult to perform the exercises. Physiological changes when performing these exercises are insignificant: a slight change in heart rate, a moderate increase in maximum and decrease in minimum blood pressure, slowing and deepening of breathing.

Moderate-intensity exercises involve medium (at a medium and fast pace) and large (at a slow and medium pace) muscle groups. Dynamic breathing exercises, exercises with objects and small weights, walking at a slow and medium pace, and sedentary games are used. When performing these exercises, heart rate increases slightly, maximum arterial and pulse pressure increases moderately, and pulmonary ventilation increases. The recovery period lasts several minutes.

High-intensity exercises are characterized by the simultaneous inclusion of a large number of muscle groups in the work, performing movements at a medium and fast pace. These include exercises on gymnastic apparatus, with weights, brisk walking, running, jumping, moving and sports games, skiing, etc. All of them place significant demands on the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems: they cause an increase in heart rate, an increase in maximum blood and pulse pressure, and an increase in metabolism. The duration of the recovery period is over 10 minutes.

Maximum intensity exercises are rarely used in therapeutic physical culture. Such exercises with maximum load include, for example, speed running. When they are executed, it occurs oxygen debt, therefore, the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is significantly enhanced.

It is necessary to dose general and local physical activity. The total load consists of the body’s energy expenditure to perform muscle work in all physical exercises. Its compliance with the patient’s capabilities can be judged by external signs of fatigue and the reaction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems - the dynamics of heart rate and respiration. Local physical activity has mainly local effects. An example of such a load is exercises to restore movement of paralyzed muscles.

Passive movements and exercises performed with assistance have a slight overall effect, and therefore must be dosed to the extent of local influence. In some cases, local loads, for example, exercises to strengthen the muscles of the trunk in case of compression fractures, are dosed according to both general and local effects (based on heart rate and degree of muscle fatigue) on the patient’s body. For a more accurate assessment of the general and local load, the patient’s subjective sensations are also taken into account.

Depending on the tasks during different periods of treatment, there are three main options (both general and local) for the dosage of loads: therapeutic, tonic (supportive), and training.

Therapeutic dosage is used in cases where it is necessary, first of all, to provide a therapeutic effect on the affected system or organ, to form compensation, and to prevent complications. At the same time, the total physical load in classes is usually small and increases slightly from lesson to lesson. As the condition worsens, it decreases. Local physical activity consists of special exercises and can be small (for example, in the initial period of treatment of patients with bronchial asthma or with neuritis of the facial nerve) or moderate (for example, in the treatment of fractures during the period of immobilization). Signs of general fatigue may not be observed, although fatigue of individual muscle groups is often noted. Physiological changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are less pronounced.

A tonic (maintenance) dosage is used in the satisfactory condition of the patient during prolonged immobilization, chronic diseases with an undulating course, after completion of rehabilitation treatment with the maximum possible therapeutic effect. General and local physical activity depends on the functional capabilities of the body as a whole and the individual affected organ or system. They should stimulate the functions of the main systems, i.e., have a tonic effect and maintain the achieved treatment results. Moderate to vigorous intensity exercise is used. A characteristic feature of this version of the dosage of loads is that they do not increase during the course of therapeutic physical education. The exercise should not tire the patient, but cause a feeling of vivacity, a surge of strength, and an improvement in mood.

The training dosage is used during the recovery period and during the period of rehabilitation treatment, when it is necessary to normalize all functions of the patient’s body, increase his performance or achieve a high degree of compensation. Physical activity when performing both general developmental and special exercises increases from lesson to lesson due to various methodological techniques and dosed to cause fatigue. Physiological changes in the activity of the main systems are usually significant, but depend on the disease and condition of the patient. Moderate intensity exercises with a gradually increasing dosage can also have a training effect during certain periods of the disease. To determine the volume of physical activity that has a training effect, various tests are carried out. Thus, in case of diseases of the cardiovascular system, the maximum permissible physical activity is determined using a test of tolerance to it; the magnitude of the axial load for diaphyseal fractures - using pressure with the damaged immobilized leg on the scales until the appearance pain(80% of the obtained value is the optimal load); The training effect to increase muscle strength is exerted by a load of 50% of the maximum.

Forms of therapeutic physical culture

There are many forms of therapeutic physical culture: morning hygienic gymnastics, therapeutic exercises, independent physical exercises, therapeutic dosed walking, dosed climbing (health path), mass forms of health-improving physical culture, dosed swimming, rowing, etc. (see diagram).

Morning hygienic exercises are the performance of a specially selected set of physical exercises that promote the body’s transition from a state of inhibition (sleep) to an active daily routine. At the post-hospital stage of rehabilitation, morning hygienic gymnastics can be done outdoors, combining it with a short walk.

Therapeutic gymnastics is the main form of therapeutic physical education, aimed at restoring the function of the affected organ and the entire organism as a whole. The lesson consists of three parts: introductory, main and final. In the first, elementary gymnastic and breathing exercises are given, preparing the patient for increasing physical activity. In the second, special and general developmental exercises are used that provide positive impact on the affected organ and the entire body of the patient. The third includes basic gymnastic and breathing exercises to relax muscle groups, reducing overall physical activity and helping to restore physiological parameters.

Independent studies Therapeutic gymnastics is carried out by patients who know how to perform physical exercises correctly and are conscious of the quality of their performance. A set of exercises for them is compiled by specialists in therapeutic physical culture, taking into account the individual characteristics of each patient. Independent classes, which are carried out for preventive purposes, are based on the recommendations of the specialists themselves, as well as recommendations received through the media (television and radio programs, specialized literature, etc.).

Therapeutic dosed walking is carried out to normalize gait after injuries and diseases of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, metabolism, to train the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as to adapt the body to stress. Therapeutic walking is dosed by the speed of movement, the length of the distance, the length of the step, the terrain, and the quality of the soil. Such walking is an independent form of therapeutic physical culture, in contrast to walking as an applied sports exercise used in therapeutic gymnastics as a means of therapeutic physical culture.

Dosed ascent (health path) - treatment with dosed walking with gradual ascent and descent on special routes. This form of exercise is used for diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, metabolic disorders, traumatic lesions of the musculoskeletal system and nervous system. Depending on the steepness of the ascent, the path routes are divided into groups with an ascent angle of 4-10°, 11-15°, 16-20°. The most famous health path routes are in Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Sochi, Gurzuf, Yalta.

Dosed swimming, rowing, skiing, skating, etc. can be not only means of therapeutic physical education (as a type of sports-applied exercise), but also an independent form. They are designed to further train the functions of the affected organs and the entire body as a whole, increase the performance of those recovering, and prevent diseases. This form of training is used individually - taking into account indications, contraindications and appropriate dosages. Recently, it has been widely used in the rehabilitation of athletes, young and middle-aged people.

Mass forms of health-improving physical culture include elements of sports games, close tourism, elements of sports, mass physical education performances, and holidays. These forms are selected and dosed individually. They are used during the period of final recovery in order to train all organs and systems. Mass forms of therapeutic physical culture can also be used for preventive purposes, especially in health groups, at resorts and in sanatoriums.

Conclusion

Health is not only the absence of diseases, but also a certain level of physical fitness, readiness, functional state of the body, which is physiological basis physical and mental well-being. Physical activity is one of the indispensable conditions of life, which has not only biological, but also social significance. It is considered as a natural biological need of a living organism at all stages of ontogenesis and regulated in accordance with the functional capabilities of the individual. the most important principle healthy image human life.

Thus, even brief overview the possibilities of physical therapy allows us to draw conclusions about the enormous importance that it has in a person’s life:

By doing physical exercises, a person himself actively participates in the treatment and recovery process, which has a beneficial effect on his psycho-emotional sphere;

influencing the nervous system, the functions of damaged organs are regulated;

as a result of systematic use of physical exercises, the body better adapts to gradually increasing loads;

the most important mechanism of exercise therapy is also its general tonic effect on a person;

Physical therapy exercises also have an educational value: a person gets used to systematically performing physical exercises, this becomes his daily habit, and contributes to maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

List of used literature

1. V.A. Epifanov “Therapeutic physical culture”. - Moscow, 1987. - 528 p.

Vardimiadi N.D., Mashkova L.G., “Therapeutic exercise and diet therapy for obesity.” - K.: Health, 1998. - 43 p.

Vasilyeva Z.L., Lyubinskaya S.M. "Health reserves". - L.: Medicine, 1980. - 319 p.

Demin D.F. "Medical supervision during physical exercises." - St. Petersburg: 1999.

Dubrovsky V.I. “Therapeutic physical education: a textbook for university students.” M.: VLADOS, 1998-608s.

Epifanov V. A. “Therapeutic physical culture and sports medicine.” Textbook M. Medicine 1999, 304 p.

Popov S. N., Ivanova N. L. “To the 75th anniversary of the DEPARTMENT OF THERAPEUTIC PHYSICAL EDUCATION, MASSAGE AND REHABILITATION OF RSUPC / Physical education in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation” No. 3, 2003.

Preobrazhensky V. “How to survive in a tent, kiosk, bank. Gymnastics, hidden from prying eyes” //FiS. - 1997.

Tolkachev B.S. “Physical education against illness.” - M.: Fizkult. And sport, 1980. - 104 p.

Encyclopedia of health. / Ed. V.I. Belova. - M.: 1993.

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Physical therapy - affordable and effective way restore and strengthen health. Suitable Methods There is a physical therapy program for every patient.

Exercise therapy (therapeutic physical culture) is a method of treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of diseases, which consists in the use of specially selected physical exercises and staging.

Exercise therapy is based on the use of one of the main biological functions of the body - movement, as the main stimulator of growth, development and formation of the body.

“Movement is life,” says Voltaire’s famous saying. But many people are limited in their ability to exercise at a sporting level due to health reasons. Exercise therapy methods allow us to solve this problem, taking into account the individual characteristics of a person.

What is exercise therapy used for?

Therapeutic exercise is a necessary component of all sections of modern practical medicine. Exercise therapy is widely used in the following areas:

• traumatology (for open and closed fractures, soft tissue injuries to accelerate healing);
• orthopedics (joint diseases, flat feet);
• neurology (disc herniation, glenohumeral periarthrosis, depressive states);
• cardiology (hypertension, etc.) to improve nutrition of the heart muscle and enhance its contractile function;
• pulmonology (pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchial asthma);
• in preparation for operations on the abdominal and thoracic cavities, and rehabilitation after them (as a means of preventing postoperative complications);
• in the complex treatment of various pathologies in children (diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, rheumatism).
• for diseases of the digestive system (peptic ulcer, liver and biliary tract disease),
• metabolic disorders and endocrine diseases (gout),
• in obstetrics and gynecology (chronic inflammatory processes, abnormal positions of the uterus, prolapse of the vaginal walls, menopause).

Physical therapy exercises affect the central nervous system, changing the mobility of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex; correct the functions of the main body systems (breathing, blood circulation, etc.); improve exchange processes; influence the emotional state of a person, distracting from thoughts of illness and giving a feeling of cheerfulness.

Physical therapy is prescribed exclusively by a doctor and is carried out strictly according to his instructions, most often in healthcare institutions. When choosing funds and exercise therapy techniques The characteristics of the disease and the patient’s current condition are taken into account.

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Means and methods of exercise therapy

Therapeutic exercise is not only physical exercise. Its remedy is any physical activity: swimming, walking, bath procedures, games for medicinal purposes. Exercise therapy is used in combination with a complex of health and therapeutic measures (therapeutic massage, physiotherapy, medication, diet).

Complexes of physical exercises are divided into gymnastics, applied sports (for example, swimming, rowing, skiing), outdoor and sports games. The most commonly prescribed gymnastic exercises are in the form therapeutic exercises. Exercises vary according to:

• anatomical principle: for the muscles of the arms, legs, respiratory organs, etc.;
• activity: active exercises are performed entirely by the patient himself. They can be free, lightened, with effort, for relaxation. Passive exercises are performed with outside help.

Types of physical therapy:

• general training aimed at strengthening and healing the body as a whole;
• special training, the purpose of which is to eliminate disturbances in the functioning of certain organs and systems of the body.

As part of a special training, certain groups of exercises are selected. In particular, to strengthen the abdominal muscles, exercises are done in a standing, sitting and lying position. To improve blood circulation in the pelvic area, exercises are used while lying on your stomach.

Exercise therapy classes can take place either with an instructor (in a group or individually) or independently. They take the form of morning or industrial gymnastics, dosed walking, therapeutic, short-range tourism and health path, occupational therapy, mechanotherapy (exercises using special devices and devices).

For exercise therapy to be effective, classes must be carried out for a long period, systematically and regularly with gradually increasing loads, taking into account the individual characteristics of a person (age, health status, motor activity, profession). As the course of exercise therapy progresses, the body adapts to the stress, and the disorders caused by the disease are corrected.

1).The concept of exercise therapy. Features of the exercise therapy method and the scientific foundations of exercise therapy. Exercise therapy is a scientific-practical, medical-pedagogical discipline that studies the theoretical foundations and methods of using physical education for the treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of various diseases. Exercise therapy uses physical therapy as the main therapeutic agent. The basis of exercise therapy is the use of the biological function of the body - movement, which is the main stimulator of growth, development and formation of the body, stimulating the active activity of all its systems, and helps to increase the overall performance of the body. Exercise therapy is a method of nonspecific therapy, and the physical stimuli used are nonspecific stimuli that involve all parts of the nervous system in the response. Fs are capable of selectively influencing different functions of the body, which is very important when taking into account pathological manifestations in individual systems and organs. Exercise therapy is a method of pathogenetic therapy; the systematic use of physical exercises can influence the reactivity of the body and the pathogenesis of the disease. Exercise therapy is a method of active functional therapy. Regular dosed physical training stimulates, adapts the patient’s body to increasing physical activity and leads to the patient’s functional adaptation. Exercise therapy acts as a method of general influence on the patient’s entire body. Exercise therapy expands the patient’s connection with natural factors, promoting his adaptation. The preventive positions of exercise therapy are determined by its health-improving effects on patients. Exercise therapy is a method of rehabilitation therapy. With complex physical rehabilitation, exercise therapy is successfully combined with drug therapy and various physical methods. One of the characteristic features of exercise therapy is the process of dosed training with physical exercises; a distinction is made between general and special dosed training. The general therapy is used for healing, strengthening and general development body, general strengthening and general developmental physical exercises are used. The purpose of special training is the development of functions and restoration of the organ involved in the pathological process. Special exercises are used that affect the affected system, the diseased organ (breathing exercises for pneumonia, exercises for developing paralyzed limbs, etc.). Scientific research is characterized by an in-depth study of the mechanism of action of differentiated methods of rehabilitation therapy (physical exercises, correction by position, traction treatment, massage, etc.) in the treatment of patients at the stages of rehabilitation: inpatient - outpatient - sanatorium-resort after-care. The complex use of exercise therapy for various diseases and injuries is carried out based on the study of changes immune system body and metabolism, testing the patient’s physical performance using various methods of monitoring the functional state of the body during physical activity. Physical activity programs have been created, methods have been developed medical supervision in the process of raising children ( preschool age, schoolchildren) and students, when the adult population engages in mass forms of physical education. The programs are based on an analysis of the mechanisms of adaptation of people of different gender, age, and professional background to physical activity of varying volume, intensity and direction, taking into account the level of physical performance, functional state and health criteria.

3) General and specific action of fu. The role of the nervous and humoral systems in their implementation. Physical exercises determine the formation, strengthening and consolidation of nerve connections between the central nervous system and afferent systems of the locomotor apparatus and internal organs. One of the tasks of pulmonary hypertension in diseases of the circulatory system is the development in patients of the correct full breath, as well as the ability to combine muscle activity in different motor modes with breathing. Breathing disorders and the inability to regulate them are typical for patients with pathology of the circulatory system and are, apparently, signs of decreased function of the cardiovascular system and general incoordination of movements. Therefore, teaching patients how to breathe correctly, developing in them vital and important everyday skills and qualities (coordination of movements, voluntary relaxation skeletal muscles, muscle strength, endurance to static force, posture, normalization of the dynamic stereotype, etc.) are included in the tasks of exercise therapy as a method of neuromotor re-education of the patient. The main part of exercise therapy for diseases of internal organs consists of isotonic exercises (for the classification, see Chapter 2). Exercises in the isometric mode are included in strictly dosed doses, and their nature and volume are different for various diseases of the circulatory system. Peculiarities muscle activity in isometric mode allow you to systematize physical exercises according to three main criteria: a) anatomical, which takes into account not only the localization of muscle groups involved in performing static tension, but also mass muscle tissue; b) the intensity of the developed static force; c) the duration of the developed static voltage (Table 5.1). In practical work, it is necessary to constantly take into account all these signs of exercises, since they are closely related to each other (I.B. Temkin). In the effect of exercises in the isometric mode on the central nervous system, in particular on interaceptive processes and relationships, it is first of all necessary to note their distinct stimulating effect, followed by shifts in the opposite direction in the recovery period. For some diseases of the circulatory system (for example, with primary arterial hypotension), exercises in the isometric mode create protective arousal, thus providing a directed pathogenetic effect. The change of excitation to inhibition in the aftereffect period of exercises in isometric mode, as well as the strengthening of inhibitory processes as a result of breathing exercises and exercises in voluntary muscle relaxation, which are combined with static efforts, provides a pathogenetic effect in some diseases of the circulatory system (for example, hypertension ). Exercises in the isometric mode provide broad intersystem regulatory influences and, above all, reflex interaction of the locomotor and visceral systems (M.R. Mogendovich For diseases of the circulatory system, breathing exercises are used: a) as special ones that help normalize blood circulation; b) as a means to reduce the amount of general and special load in the PH procedure; c) to teach patients proper rational breathing and the ability to voluntarily regulate breathing during physical activity. The dominance of the motor analyzer, caused by physical exercise, normalizes the state of the respiratory system. Under the influence of proprioceptive impulses, the functional lability of the respiratory center changes: excessively high - decreases, and pathologically low - increases. It is also important that the activation of proprioceptive afferentation provides another important link in improving the body - increasing the coordination of the functions of two interconnected systems - blood circulation and respiration. The motor dominant not only normalizes and increases the functional ability of each individual system, but also integrally determines the correlation of their activities at a higher level.

4. Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of fu on the body. The therapeutic effect of physical exercise is explained by the important social and biological role of movements in human life. Various structural and functional disorders occur in the body of a sick person, but at the same time protective processes are strengthened, compensation develops, and metabolism changes. Forced long-term physical inactivity can worsen the course of diseases and cause a number of complications. Exercise therapy, on the one hand, has a therapeutic effect (stimulating protective mechanisms, accelerating and improving the development of compensation, improving metabolism), on the other hand, it reduces the adverse consequences of reduced physical activity. The tonic effect of physical exercise is to stimulate the intensity of biological processes in the body. Strengthening the activity of the endocrine glands improves the activity of the cardiovascular system, respiratory and other systems, and metabolism. Alternating exercises that enhance the processes of excitation in the central nervous system (exercises for large muscle groups, with pronounced muscle effort, at a fast pace) with exercises that enhance the processes of inhibition (breathing exercises, muscle relaxation exercises) helps restore normal mobility of nervous processes. Trophic effect of ph - under the influence of muscle activity, metabolic processes and regeneration processes in the body are improved, the functional state of vegetative centers is rebuilt, which improves the trophism of internal organs and musculoskeletal system. The effectiveness of using the trophic effect of physical exercise largely depends on the optimality of the loads used. With muscle activity, the trophic influence of the nervous system on the heart also increases, which helps improve metabolic processes in the myocardium. The action of fu is manifested in the formation of compensations, i.e. temporary or permanent replacement of impaired functions. If the function of a vital organ is impaired, compensatory mechanisms are activated immediately. For example, when the contractility of the heart weakens, heart contractions become more frequent, i.e. providing the required minute volume. Regulation of compensation processes occurs according to a reflex mechanism. The ways of forming compensation were established by Anokhin. According to his theory, signals about dysfunction are sent to the central nervous system, which rearranges the work of organs and systems in such a way as to compensate for changes. Compensations are divided into temporary and permanent. Temporary compensation is an adaptation of the body for a short period, for example, increased diaphragmatic breathing during surgery chest. Permanent compensation is necessary in case of irretrievable loss, for example, pulling up and rearranging a straight leg in an orthopedic device using the muscles of the pelvis and torso in case of paralysis of the legs due to traumatic injury to the spinal cord.

Unfortunately, even young children are not immune from problems with the spine and poor posture, because modern children spend more and more time with their parents at home watching TV or with a phone and tablet in their hands. And such a lifestyle will certainly affect the condition of the child’s musculoskeletal system. But if it is problematic for adults to correct the curvature of the spine, then in children this is all possible with assistance from physical therapy. This is physical therapy that compensates for the lack of physical activity. We will look at what features it has in children and what benefits it brings in our article.

What is exercise therapy

This is a set of exercises that is more reminiscent of yoga because it is performed smoothly and slowly. The basis of physical therapy is the use of the main function of our body - movement. The whole complex consists of selected exercises combined with proper breathing.

As a separate section medicine exercise therapy isolated only in the 20th century, but Plato also noted that movement is the same healing power as medicine. Physical therapy is not only exercise, but also water procedures, normal walking, outdoor games.

Positive aspects of exercise therapy

For the body to develop normally, it is important not only proper nutrition, but also constant physical activity. Adults often forget about this when they start scolding their kids for being too active. Exercise therapy for children is not just physical therapy, it also plays an educational role:

• The child receives some hygiene knowledge.
• Knows the world around him better.
• Learns to relate himself to the world around him.

What benefits does physical therapy give to a child? This is a question parents often ask, believing that only serious sports can bring benefits. But this is far from true. Physical therapy exercises:

• promote the harmonious development of the musculoskeletal system;
• posture is formed correctly;
• strengthens the back muscles;
• If there is asymmetry in posture, correction occurs.

Exercise therapy is a complex that can prevent posture problems. Therapeutic exercise develops endurance, strength, and improves coordination of movements.

Also thanks to exercise therapy:

• immunity is strengthened;
• the body becomes less susceptible to various pathogens;
• the child adapts better to school;
• the functioning of the whole organism is normalized;
• sleep and appetite improves.

Children especially need exercise therapy for diseases of the musculoskeletal system. But preliminary consultation with a specialist is necessary to select an effective complex.

Types of exercises

Some believe that physical therapy is an ordinary gymnastics complex, but experts say that any type of exercise therapy can be classified as active recreation. Often classes with children are held in a playful way so that the kids find it interesting.

All exercises included in the complex can be divided into:

1. General. They are used to strengthen the entire body.
2. Special exercises are aimed at a specific system, for example, exercise therapy for fractures will promote rapid healing and restoration of mobility of the damaged limb. If there is scoliosis or flat feet, then exercises are selected to correct these pathologies.

All exercises can also be divided into groups:

• Active movements.
• Static holding poses.
• Passive. These exercises are usually included in the complex for infants, because the baby cannot yet do them on his own.

The nature of the exercises also differs; they are:

• Respiratory.
• Relaxing.
• Stretching.
• Corrective.
• Coordination.

Taking into account what abnormalities the child has in the musculoskeletal system, the specialist selects a set of exercises.

Contraindications for exercise therapy

Despite the enormous benefits of therapeutic exercises, it is not indicated for all children; contraindications include:

• The presence of any pathologies in acute form.
• Malignant tumors.
• Frequent bleeding.
• Heart defect.
• Heart rhythm disturbances.
• The child is not feeling well.
• High temperature.

Even in the absence of contraindications, if a child gets sick with a common cold, then it is worth stopping for a few days. exercise therapy classes, after recovery, resume again.

Features of children's exercise therapy

Since classes are conducted with children, the instructor must prepare thoroughly. It is important to choose as much as possible more exercise in a playful way. But you still need to consider the following points:

• Age of kids.
• Level of physical development.
• State of mind.
• Development of fine motor skills.

Therapeutic gymnastics not only helps correct formation posture in a child, strengthening the body, but also normalizing the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Some rules for exercise therapy

This is a complex that must be performed in compliance with certain rules that can make classes more effective:

• Before the first lesson, you must visit a doctor, because if there are serious pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, medical attention may be required.
• Classes should be conducted by specialists who can adequately assess the child’s condition.
• It is necessary to load the baby gradually.
• Exercise therapy exercises should not cause pain to the child when performed.
• To make it more interesting for children, it is necessary to select a variety of exercises and include playful moments.
• You should not start performing the complex immediately after eating; at least 45 minutes should pass.

• It is necessary to practice in a well-ventilated room.
• If the complex is done with a baby, then it should begin and end with a pleasant stroking, but for older children, relaxation and breathing exercises are done at the beginning and end of the complex.
• Some believe that exercise therapy complex does not require a warm-up, but it is not. It is also divided into introductory, main and concluding parts.
• A course of exercise therapy is usually prescribed by a doctor and can be repeated several times throughout the year.

Features of exercise therapy for scoliosis in a child

Considering that our children now spend much more time in front of computer monitors than in active movement, it is not surprising that many are already elementary school have incorrect posture. If everything is still not so advanced, then there is every chance of returning the child’s straight back.

For this it is important to choose correct exercises, and only an orthopedist who needs to be visited can do this competently. In serious cases, not only gymnastics may be required, but also the use of a special corset.

Depending on the type of spinal curvature, exercises are selected:

1. If you are diagnosed with kyphosis thoracic, then exercise therapy for children must necessarily include exercises to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder girdle, as well as stretching the chest muscles.
2. If you have a flat back, you need to choose exercises that evenly strengthen the muscles of the back, legs, shoulder girdle.
3. Scoliosis requires exercises to increase the mobility of the spine, improve coordination of movements, and stretch the spinal column.

Exercise therapy for the shoulder and lumbar regions is not important; it requires that the exercises be performed regularly. If you practice only a couple of times a week, there will be no effect.

Approximate complex for preschoolers

It has already been noted that for children it is necessary to include many game moments in the complex, but we can highlight the main exercises:

1. You need to start the complex with a warm-up. You can start by walking with your knees raised high for a few seconds, on your toes and heels.
2. Swinging your arms to the sides, simultaneously rise on your toes.
3. Exercise with a gymnastic stick. Lift her off the floor, lift her up with outstretched arms and put her back on the floor.
4. Swing your legs from a position lying on your stomach, while your pelvis should not lift off the floor.
5. Exercise "swallow".
6. Half squat, bending your knees, and move your arms back, return to starting position. Your back should be straight during the exercise.
7. Movement coordination exercise: take turns standing on one leg with your arms spread to the side.

Exercises can be done using various gymnastic equipment, for example, jump ropes, balls, hoops.

Sample complex for schoolchildren

After warming up, you can begin to perform the following exercises:

1. Lower and raise your hands with the ball, while your elbows should be spread to the side.
2. Keeping your back straight, you need to lower and lift the ball behind your head.
3. Place one hand behind your back from above, and the other from below and try to fasten them into a lock.
4. Bend to the side with arms spread to the side.
5. Take a position lying on the floor and arch your back without lifting your pelvis.
6. From a kneeling position with emphasis on your hands, bend and round your back.
7. Lie on your stomach and simultaneously raise your legs and shoulders, holding for a few seconds.
8. Exercise "bicycle".

After finishing the complex, you must walk around and do breathing exercises. During classes, the trainer must monitor the correct execution of the exercises, breathing and the position of the child’s back.

Poor posture is not a death sentence. If parents pay attention to this in a timely manner, the special complex will not only quickly return a straight back to the child, but will also strengthen the entire body.

Exercise therapy – therapeutic physical culture, i.e. teaching a person to benefit himself through physical exercise and make himself healthier.

Thus, for most painful conditions, you can help yourself with a certain set of exercises. It is difficult to find an area of ​​medicine where there is no exercise therapy.

Indications for the use of exercise therapy in medicine

Most often, exercise therapy is used:

• with osteochondrosis at different stages of manifestation (from manifestations in the form of pain in a certain place to various kinds of radicular disorders with protrusions and herniations of intervertebral discs);
• in patients after various types of injuries (limbs, nerves, brain and spinal cord, internal organs, muscles, ligaments, etc.);
• for orthopedic problems (scoliosis, torticollis, poor posture, flat feet, etc.);
• bronchopulmonary diseases (bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma);
• cardiovascular disorders (fluctuations blood pressure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction);
• visual impairment (astigmatism, myopia, farsightedness, cataracts);
• in the recovery period after a stroke;
• to relieve stress;
• in the fight against excess weight;
• before and after operations on internal organs, blood vessels of the legs;
• during and after pregnancy;
• in the treatment of gynecological and urological problems.

Benefits of exercise

• Gas exchange improves due to breathing exercises. The blood is saturated with oxygen, hypoxia in all organs and tissues is reduced.
• Removed muscle tension Consequently, manifestations of pain (acute and chronic) go away, and static-dynamic changes occur in the limbs and spine.
• Improves peristalsis, motility of the stomach and intestines, gall bladder, and improves digestion processes
• The tone of the muscles of the uterus and bladder changes, problems with urination (enuresis, urinary incontinence or difficulty urinating) go away.
• The tone of large and small vessels is normalized, which means blood supply to all muscle groups and organs, skin, brain and spinal cord improves.
• Nerve conduction improves or is completely restored, and proper regulation of all vital systems and organs is formed.
• The phenomena of stagnation in the pelvic and abdominal organs go away, trophic disorders are restored due to the restoration of mechanisms for regulating metabolic processes.
• Changes occur in the acid-base, water-salt, and electrolyte composition of the blood.
• The range of motion in joints increases, contractures disappear, lost skills are restored and strengthened.
• During movement, hormones responsible for feelings of joy and calm are released, emotions and sleep are normalized.
• The body's adaptation processes and resistance to stress improve.

Types of physical therapy

Depends on the purpose of the exercise and the set of exercises used:

1. Morning exercises. It represents a minimal load and is carried out to prepare the body after sleep to perform one or another type of activity. It gives you a boost of energy for the whole day. During its implementation, the production of substances necessary for participation in metabolic processes improves, blood supply is activated, gas exchange and oxygen absorption improves. Muscle tone improves, which promotes endurance during physical activity during the day.
2. Therapeutic gymnastics. It already has a specific goal and the set of exercises used depends on this. Private or group lessons are offered.

Includes:

• warm-up: a few simple preparatory, more frequent breathing exercises for 1-2 minutes$
• main part: specific exercises to stretch muscles, increase range of motion in joints, strength exercises, for coordination. For endurance, etc. The duration depends on the initial level of health of the student and ranges from several to 20-30 minutes.
• final part: to restore the rhythm of breathing, pulse, blood pressure and relax the muscles involved in the load. About 5-8 minutes.

Types of gymnastics

1. Dosed walking. Performed at different speeds on level terrain. From 3 km/h to 6.5 km/h. It is determined by a physical therapy doctor. Prescribed to patients after myocardial infarction, pneumonia or bronchial asthma, after prolonged bed rest, weakened after infectious diseases. Its task is to improve respiratory and cardiovascular system, establish metabolic processes in the body, improve the mood of patients.
2. Therapeutic swimming. The main indications for use are osteochondrosis of the spine, poor posture, scoliosis, obesity, neuroses and depression. Swimming styles vary. The patient’s age and ability to float on water also matter. Therefore, various types of devices can be used (swimming ring, arm guards, fins, etc.). Swimming must be carried out under the supervision of medical personnel. A type of swimming is hydrokinesitherapy, when strength exercises are performed in water. This is especially true for people with physical disabilities (children cerebral palsy, anomalies of limb development, amputation of limbs at different levels).
3. Gymnastics for pregnant women. This category of patients has a special approach to exercise, depending on the stage of pregnancy. It is selected strictly individually. Includes exercises for training economical breathing, stretching and strengthening the pelvic muscles, and preventing constipation.
4. Gymnastics for older people is aimed at preventing coordination disorders, maintaining the overall tone of the body and psychological mood
5. Therapeutic gymnastics for children. You can start at four months of age. It is carried out in the form of a game and only individually, the time of classes depends on the desire of the child. After the first year, the child’s horizons expand, the volume of exercises increases, and in addition to general strengthening exercises, others are used to solve a specific problem.
6. Rehabilitation physical therapy is highlighted separately. Specifically to restore lost function.

• gymnastics for the eyes
• facial exercises
• development of limbs after fractures to prevent joint contractures

Note! Passive gymnastics is carried out in patients with impaired consciousness, in severely weakened patients when they cannot perform movements independently. These exercises are aimed at preventing bedsores and the development of contractures.

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Contraindications to physical therapy exercises

There are not many of them, some of them can be classified as relative contraindications. You can always find a replacement set of exercises:

1. Acute stage of an infectious disease.
2. Feverish conditions.
3. Severe pain syndrome with exacerbation of osteochondrosis or arthrosis, arthritis.
4. Respiratory or heart failure in the stage of decompensation.
5. Instability of breathing rate and pulse during exercise.
6. Malignant neoplasms.
7. The period after bleeding has occurred or there is a threat of its recurrence.
8. Severely weakened and exhausted patients.

Note! In any case, the decision on the need to carry out the type of set of exercises, the time for performing these exercises, is made by the attending physician and the responsible physician for physical therapy on an individual basis, with subsequent correction of the set of exercises.

Do healthy people need exercise therapy?

In the modern rhythm, moderate physical activity fades into the background, the need for walking is less and less. Humanity is beginning to lead a “sedentary lifestyle” while working at the computer; for traveling even short distances there is a car.

Against the background of physical inactivity, there is an increase in emotional stress and anxiety. The phrase “Movement is life” loses its relevance.

A decrease in physical activity leads to gradual hypotrophy of the entire muscular system body, people are increasingly beginning to suffer from manifestations of osteochondrosis, in the form of chronic back pain at all levels (cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral).

Against this background, general weakness appears, mood changes for the worse, and a person cannot resist stress. Lost interest in life. The question arises what to do. This is where exercise therapy comes to the rescue.

Relaxation exercises, increasing lung capacity, and relieving emotional stress help to counteract this and maintain your health. It is better to conduct group classes or in the form of games that turn into competitions, which will contribute to pleasant live communication.

Therapeutic exercise is one of the leading methods of treatment and prevention large quantity diseases. You can start using it from infancy and fairly old age. This technique can be used either independently or in combination with massage and physiotherapeutic procedures. Can be designed for individual or group use.