Mimic muscles or muscles of the face. Anatomy of the muscles of the face and neck: photos with descriptions and diagrams

27.03.202027.05.2017

Our perception of the face depends on the shape of the head, the size, shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the ears or nose, and other anatomical features given by nature. But there are also very important structures that we can influence ourselves. These are the skin and muscles of the face.

There are more than 100 muscles on the head and neck and they are divided into several groups: facial muscles, oculomotor muscles, masticatory muscles, hyoid muscles, muscles of the neck and adjacent areas. The division of muscles into groups is rather arbitrary, and sometimes some of them can be assigned to one or another group. Below we will consider all the main muscles, the state of which determines the state of the face, using the links below you can go to the exercises for each of these muscles.

Mimic muscles.

Among the muscle structures that affect the state and perception of the face, it is necessary, first of all, to single out the facial muscles, which are often simply called the facial muscles. Mimic muscles differ from all the others, first of all, in that only one end (and even then not always) is attached to the bones, and the other end is attached directly to the skin of the face.

In their structure, facial muscles do not differ from other skeletal muscles: they are striated muscles, consisting of bundles of fibers through which blood vessels and nerves pass. But there are also differences. These muscles do not have dense shells (fascia) and rigid attachment to the bones. Thin and almost flat facial muscles lie close to the surface in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and are partially woven into the skin. main function facial muscles- creating emotional facial expressions. The performance of this function occurs due to the stretching of the skin and the formation of skin folds. Folds always form across the direction of muscle contraction. Poor condition and use of facial muscles leads to accelerated formation of wrinkles on the face as well as the neck.

Most of the facial muscles are paired, that is, of the same name, having the ability to act independently, the muscles are located on the right and left halves of the face. Greater development of one of the muscles of the pair leads to facial asymmetry. The circular muscle of the mouth, the muscle of the chin and the subcutaneous muscle of the neck do not have a pair. All facial muscles are innervated by a separate facial nerve and can be used in a wide variety of combinations.

The figures below show the location of the muscles of the head, including all facial muscles.

Mimic muscles of the upper part of the face.

Two parts of the frontalis muscle through a wide tendon covering the top of the head (aponeurosis or tendon helmet) are connected with the occipital muscle, forming a single occipital-frontal or supracranial muscle. The tendon helmet is formed from connective tissue, it is very durable and practically does not stretch. Starting from the tendon helmet, the fibers of the frontalis muscle run vertically from the hairline to the eyebrows, where they are woven into the skin. Muscle contraction occurs when the eyebrows and forehead skin are raised upward with the formation of horizontal folds on the forehead. Depending on the amount of eyebrow raising, the muscle expresses different degrees of surprise, as well as distrust, if only one eyebrow rises.

Between the parts of the frontal muscle in the lower part of the forehead and at the top of the nose is the pyramidal muscle of the proud, lowering the skin of the forehead down. The muscle is attached to the bone of the nose and is woven into the skin of the forehead. Contracting, the muscle of the proud forms horizontal folds on the bridge. The tension of this muscle gives the face a stern, angry or formidable expression.

Almost always, simultaneously with the muscle of the proud, the muscle that shifts the eyebrows also contracts. The muscle starts from the frontal bone near the bridge of the nose, passes under the eyebrows to about their middle and is woven into the skin of the eyebrows. Muscle contraction occurs due to the formation of one or two vertical folds on the forehead. With the help of this muscle, we frown or show our diligence.

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. The ability to move the ears is combined with the simultaneous tension of the temporalis muscle. The anterior ear muscle pulls the auricle forward. The upper pulls the auricle up. Better than other ear muscles, the posterior auricular muscle is developed, attached to the posterior convex surface of the auricle and pulling the auricle back. Muscle movement, apparently, should reflect attention or fear. With this movement, the skin shifts from the outer corners of the eyes to the ears.

The external muscles of the eye are combined into a single circular muscle of the eye, in which it is possible to distinguish the annular (orbital) muscle that performs separate functions, which narrows the palpebral fissure, the muscle of the upper eyelid that closes the eyes, the muscle of the lower eyelid responsible for squinting and the lacrimal part, expanding the lacrimal sac. The circular muscle is attached to the edges of the orbit and is woven into the skin of the eyelids. When tensed, the annular part of the circular muscle reduces its diameter, creating skin folds at the outer edges of the eyes (crow's feet) and on the nose, and is also able to push the eyeball forward, creating the effect of goggle eyes. Our vision depends on the condition of these muscles.

Mimic muscles of the middle part of the face.

In the cartilaginous part of the nose, there are several facial muscles, which are usually hardly used. The nasal muscle covering the wings of the nose lowers the wing of the nose and narrows the nostrils. The narrowing of the nostrils occurs due to the formation of folds above the upper lip. The depressor septum muscle depresses the nasal septum and the middle of the upper lip. Maybe it's the face that shows anger. You can also highlight small muscles that expand the nostrils by increasing the nasolabial fold. Weakness of the nasal muscles leads to poor breathing through the nose and colds.

The largest and deepest of the muscles of the middle part of the face is the buccal. This muscle makes up the bulk of the cheeks and determines their shape. The buccal muscle starts from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with a narrow end into the circular muscle of the mouth and the skin of the corner of the mouth. By contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back, pressing the lips and cheeks to the teeth and causing a skeptical or displeased facial expression. The main function of the muscle, sucking, is used intensively in infancy, then the muscle weakens, which can cause the appearance of "hollow cheeks" and contribute to an increase in the layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue in which it is located.

Above the buccal muscle on the diagonal of the cheek are the large and small zygomatic muscles, acting together. Starting from the zygomatic bone, the large zygomatic bone is woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth, and the small one is woven into the skin of the nasolabial fold. The main function of these muscles is to express joy when the mouth is closed and laughter, laughter when open. This function is performed by deepening the nasolabial fold, creating folds on the cheeks and around the eyes. With muscle tension, the skin of the face moves from the corners of the mouth towards the temples.

In the other direction, from the corners of the mouth towards the earlobes, the skin moves with the contraction of the side muscle of laughter. This superficial muscle is capable of producing a wide variety of smile patterns due to its extremely flexible attachment. side muscle laughter starts from the fascia (shell) of the masticatory muscle and is woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth. Muscle contraction occurs due to the lengthening of the nasolabial fold and the creation of folds near the corner of the mouth and at the bottom of the cheek, as well as under the eyes.

The third muscle, the contraction of which creates a smile on the face, is the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth. This muscle starts from the bone under the lower edge of the eye socket and above the fangs, then weaving into the skin of the corner of the mouth, and raises the corners of the mouth up and towards the nose. Muscle contraction occurs due to the deepening of the nasolabial fold, the creation of skin folds above the corners of the mouth and under the eyes.

The muscle that lifts the upper lip is often called the weeping muscle. Contracting, the muscle simultaneously raises the wing of the nose, creating an expression of disgust and discontent on the face. The muscle is attached to the bone of the edge of the eye cavity under the eyes, with the largest bundles attached at the inner corner of the eye, the smaller ones in the middle and at the outer corner of the eye. Muscle fibers are located almost vertically from top to bottom, weaving below into the skin of the upper lip. Muscle contraction occurs due to the formation of the nasolabial fold and folds of the skin of the nose and under the eyes.

Mimic muscles of the lower part of the face and neck.

The orbicularis oculi muscle surrounds the oral cavity and includes the lips. Deep-lying muscle bundles are arranged radially, superficial - arcuate. The bundles of the circular muscle of the mouth are intertwined with the fibers of the buccal muscle, the muscle that lowers the lower lip, subcutaneous muscle neck and tightly fused with the skin of the upper and lower lips, as well as the corners of the mouth. The muscle is the basis of the structure of the lips, it closes and opens the mouth, pulls forward or compresses the lips. When the muscle contracts (squeezing or pulling the lips forward), the skin above the upper and under the lower lip gathers into vertical folds.

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth is rarely used in facial gymnastics, since with age the corners of the mouth fall under the influence of gravity, and this tendency is tried not to be strengthened. Her training is only important if you want to make your chin more impressive. Mimicically, this triangular muscle is used to express extreme discontent. The wide base of the triangle of the muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth is fixed on the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth near the corner of the mouth. Muscle contraction occurs due to the deepening of the nasolabial fold and the creation of folds down from the corners of the mouth.

The muscle that lowers the lower lip originates on the lateral parts of the lower jaw bone and is attached to the skin of the lower lip closer to the surface than the muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth. The lowering of the lower lip, which gives the face an expression of disgust, occurs due to the contraction of the skin of the chin and the formation of a horizontal fold under the lower lip.

The chin muscle has no pair. This muscle, starting from the bone between the canines of the lower jaw, forms a bulge in the center of the chin and is woven into the skin of the center of the chin. Since ancient times, the massiveness of this muscle has been associated with determination and self-confidence, its contraction will cause an expression of arrogance on the face. Contracting, the muscle pulls the skin and tissues of the chin up, raising and protruding the lower lip due to the formation of a sharp fold of skin under the lower lip and lowering the corners of the mouth.

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck is the only muscle covering the front and sides of the neck. Her condition, basically, determines the quality of the skin of the neck. The muscle starts from the center of the lower jaw, lower lip and corners of the mouth, attaching below to the fascia chest muscle at the level of the second rib. The fibers of this wide and thin muscle cover the top of the muscles under the lower jaw and have a noticeable effect on the shape of this area (the so-called "second chin" zone). The contraction of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck gives the face a frightening, angry or, conversely, extremely frightened look. When contracting, the muscle creates skin folds in the corners of the mouth or on the cheeks, it can also deepen the nasolabial fold, help lower the corners of the mouth down.

Other muscles of the face.

The muscle that lifts the upper eyelid, one of the muscles of the eyeball, opens the eye and is located in upper eyelid under the subcutaneous fat pad. This muscle is similar to the facial ones in that the skin of the upper eyelid is usually attached to the muscle, and at the point of attachment, when the eye is open, a fold forms on the upper eyelid, which increases with age and turns into an overhang.

The maxillohyoid and digastric muscles are located under the lower jaw, their main function is to lower the lower jaw when eating or talking. The good condition of these muscles, the absence of chronic tension is extremely important for normal breathing and articulate speech. However, they are attached to a movable hyoid bone, so their position is less fixed than that of other skeletal muscles, resulting in a gradual downward sagging due to gravity. These muscles do not move the skin during their contraction, but their weakness and sagging leads to stretching of the skin under the lower jaw and the formation of a double chin.

Least impact on appearance faces render masticatory muscles. A powerful chewing muscle that raises the lower jaw does not need to be trained, as it is constantly used when eating and talking. However, spasms often occur in it, often associated with the habit of clenching the teeth. Spasms that turn into chronic stress can significantly impair blood circulation and accelerate facial skin aging. The same can be said about the pterygoid chewing muscles, which move the lower jaw to the right and left to grind hard food. Our modern diet has left these muscles out of work, and chronic tension in them is very common. The elimination of these tensions is important not only for the improvement of the skin, but, even more so, for the health of teeth and gums.

The state of the strongest of the chewing muscles, the temporalis, can contribute to the formation of wrinkles on the face. The fan-shaped temporal muscle fills the temporal fossa, then the muscle bundles, heading down, form a powerful tendon, which is attached to the process of the lower jaw. Above the temporal muscle in the layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue are the mimic muscles of the auricle. In the temporal muscle, zones of tension are often formed, which are felt as headache in temples. Therefore, the temporalis muscle needs to be trained periodically. You can train the temporalis muscle along with the muscles of the auricle associated with it, the weakness of which with age leads to the formation of crow's feet at the outer corners of the eyes.

Chewing muscles. The chewing muscles include the temporal, chewing, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. They differentiate from the muscles of the first visceral (jaw) arch. Combined and varied movements of these muscles cause complex chewing movements.

Muscles of the head and neck; side view. 1 - temporal muscle (m. temporalis); 2 - occipital-frontal muscle (m. occipitofrontalis); 3 - circular muscle of the eye (m. Orbicularis oculi); 4 - large zygomatic muscle (m. zygomaticus major); 5 - muscle that raises the upper lip (m. Levator labii superioris); 6 - muscle that raises the corner of the mouth (m. Levator anguli oris); 7 - buccal muscle (m. buccinator); 8 - chewing muscle (m. masseter); 9 - muscle lowering the lower lip (m. depressor labii inferioris); 10 - chin muscle (m. mentalis); 11 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (m. depressor anguli oris); 12 - digastric muscle (m. digastricus); 13 - maxillofacial muscle (m. mylohyoideus); 14 - hyoid-lingual muscle (m. hyoglossus); 15 - thyroid muscle (m. thyrohyoideus); 16 - scapular-hyoid muscle (m. omohyoideus); 17 - sternohyoid muscle (m. sternohyoideus); 18 - sternothyroid muscle (m. sternothyroideus); 19 - sternocleidomastoid muscle (m. sternocleidomastoideus); 20 - front scalene muscle(m. scalenus anterior); 21 - middle scalene muscle (m. scalenus medius); 22 - trapezius muscle (m. trapezius); 23 - muscle that lifts the scapula (m. Levator scapulae); 24 - stylohyoid muscle (m. stylohyoideus)

Muscles of the head and neck; deep layer. 1 - lateral pterygoid muscle (m. pterygoideus lateralis); 2 - buccal muscle (m. buccinator); 3 - medial pterygoid muscle (m. pterygoideus medialis); 4 - thyroid muscle (m. thyrohyoideus); 5 - sternothyroid muscle (m. sternothyroideus); 6 - sternohyoid muscle (m. sternolyoideus); 7 - anterior scalene muscle (m. scalenus anterior); 8 - middle scalene muscle (m. scalenus medius); 9 - posterior scalene muscle (m. scalenus posterior); 10 - trapezius muscle (m. trapezius)

temporalis muscle begins fan-shaped from the temporal fossa. Converging downward, the muscle fibers pass under the zygomatic arch and attach to the coronoid process of the lower jaw.

chewing muscle starts from the zygomatic arch and is attached to the outer roughness of the angle of the lower jaw.

The temporal and chewing muscles have dense fasciae, which, attaching to the bones around these muscles, form bone-fibrous sheaths for them.

medial pterygoid muscle starts from the pterygoid fossa of the sphenoid bone and is attached to the internal roughness of the angle of the lower jaw.

All three chewing muscles described raise the lower jaw. In addition, the masticatory and medial pterygoid muscles somewhat push the jaw forward, and the posterior tufts of the temporal muscles back. With unilateral contraction, the medial pterygoid muscle displaces the lower jaw in the opposite direction.

Lateral pterygoid muscle lies in a horizontal plane, starts from the outer plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and, heading backwards, is attached to the neck of the mandible. With a unilateral contraction, the muscle pulls the lower jaw in the opposite direction, with a bilateral contraction, it pushes it forward.

Superficial muscles of the head and neck

Mimic muscles develop from the muscles of the second visceral (hyoid) arch. With one end they start from the bones of the skull, and with the other they are attached to the skin of the face. These muscles do not have fascia. With their contractions, they displace the skin and determine facial expressions, that is, expressive facial movements.

Mimic muscles are grouped around the natural openings of the face, one of them covers the roof of the skull. Participation in the act of speech determined the differentiation of muscles in the region of the mouth, as well as in the eyes. In the area of the nose (since a person's sense of smell is not of leading importance) and especially around the ears (since a person has ceased to alert them), muscle reduction has occurred.

The mimic muscles include the supracranial (with frontal and occipital bellies); proud muscle; the circular muscle of the eye, wrinkling the eyebrow; circular mouth; muscle that raises the corner of the mouth; muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; buccal; muscle that raises the upper lip; zygomatic; laughter muscle; muscle that lowers the lower lip; chin; nose muscles and ear muscles.

Skull and facial muscles

Mimic muscles and integuments of the face

supracranial muscle it is mainly represented by a tendon sprain covering, like a helmet, the roof of the skull. Tendon stretch passes into small muscle bellies: behind - occipital, attached to the upper nuchal line; in front - in more developed frontal, woven into the skin of the superciliary arches. If the tendon helmet is fixed by the occipital bellies, then the contraction of the frontal bellies lays horizontal folds on the forehead and raises the eyebrows. With sufficient development of the abdomens of the supracranial muscle, their contraction sets the scalp in motion.

Muscle of the proud starts from the back of the nose and attaches to the skin above the bridge of the nose. Contracting, the muscle forms horizontal folds here.

Circular muscle of the eye located in the orbit and is divided into three parts: the orbital, secular and lacrimal. The orbital part is formed by the most peripheral fibers of the muscle; contracting, they close their eyes. The eyelid part consists of fibers laid under the skin of the eyelids; contracting, they close their eyes. The lacrimal part is represented by fibers surrounding the lacrimal sac; contracting, they expand it, which contributes to the outflow of lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal canal.

Eyebrow wrinkling muscle, starts from the nasal part of the frontal bone, goes laterally and, piercing the frontal belly of the supracranial muscle, is attached to the skin of the forehead in the region of the superciliary arches. Contracting, the muscle lays vertical folds on the forehead.

Orbicular muscle of the mouth represents a complex muscle fibers included in the upper and lower lips. It consists mainly of circular fibers and, contracting, narrows the mouth. Several other facial muscles are woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, originates from the canine fossa of the maxillary bone. Descending to the corner of the mouth, it attaches to the skin and mucous membranes and is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth in the region of the lower lip.

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, originates from the edge of the lower jaw. Converging in its bundles to the corner of the mouth, it attaches to the skin and is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth in the region of the upper lip.

The last two muscles, contracting simultaneously, close the lips.

buccal muscle lies and thicker cheeks. With its upper bundles, it originates from the maxillary bone above its alveolar process, the lower bundles - from the body of the lower jaw below the alveoli, the middle ones - from the maxillary-pterygoid suture - a tendon cord connecting the base of the skull with the lower jaw. Heading towards the corner of the mouth, the upper bundles of the buccal muscle are woven into the lower lip, the lower ones into the upper lip, and the middle bundles are distributed in the circular muscle of the mouth. The main value of the buccal muscle is to counteract intraoral pressure. By pressing the cheeks and lips to the teeth, it helps to hold food between the chewing surfaces of the teeth. Accumulates on the buccal muscle adipose tissue, especially in childhood(causes the roundness of children's cheeks).

Muscle that lifts the upper lip, begins with three heads: from the frontal process and the lower orbital edge of the maxillary bone and from the zygomatic bone. The fibers go down and are woven into the skin of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, they deepen this fold, lifting and stretching the upper lip and expanding the nostrils.

Large zygomatic muscle goes from the zygomatic bone to the corner of the mouth, which pulls up and to the sides when contracted.

Laughter muscle inconstant, thin tuft stretches between the corner of the mouth and the skin of the cheek. Contracting, the muscle forms a dimple on the cheek.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip, starts from the body of the lower jaw deeper and medially to the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; ends in the skin of the lower lip, which, with its contraction, pulls down.

Chin muscle starts from the holes of the lower incisors, goes down and medially; attached to the skin of the chin. During its contraction, the muscle lifts and wrinkles the skin of the chin, causing the formation of pits on it, presses the lower lip to the upper one.

The nasal muscle originates from the sockets of the upper canine and external incisor. It distinguishes two bundles: narrowing the nostrils and expanding them. The first rises to the cartilaginous back of the nose, where it passes into a common tendon with the muscle of the opposite side. The second, attaching to the cartilage and skin of the wing of the nose, pulls the latter down.

front, top and posterior muscle ear fit the auricle and the cartilaginous part of the external auditory canal. Muscles are rarely developed enough to move the auricle.

Deep facial muscles(A) and neck(B). (Left scalenus anterior removed)

In order to safely carry out any injection techniques for facial rejuvenation, it is necessary to know exactly the danger zones where the branches of the nerves and large vessels pass. Today we will tell you in detail how the mimic muscles of the face are located, we will dwell on the features of the blood supply and innervation of the zones in which it is necessary to carry out aesthetic correction.

With age, the appearance and outlines of the face change. The reason for such changes is the weakening of the muscles of the face and neck, which decrease in volume and deform, while their tone decreases. This entails the need for the introduction of fillers and botulinum toxins.

For a safer work of a cosmetologist, the performance of any cosmetic procedures or manipulations of the face area inevitably requires knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the formations of this zone. the site will not only describe, but also demonstrate the video lesson "anatomy of facial aging for cosmetologists".

Anatomical structures: nerves, vessels, vessels of the face

There are several important aspects of facial anatomy for cosmetologists that need to be assessed by a doctor before starting work:

1. Using botulinum toxin in work, it is necessary to clearly understand and imagine the work of facial muscles, the place of origin and attachment of the muscle, its size, strength, number of muscle bundles and fibers, interlacing and interaction of muscles with each other.

2. Working with needles requires precise knowledge of the location of the vessels, possible places of their damage or puncture, pressure points in emergency cases.

3. Knowledge of the innervation of the face, the difference between the sensory and motor branches of the nerves sometimes becomes a decisive factor in determining the cause of deformation or asymmetry on the face.

Nerves of the face anatomy

Motor innervation of the face(innervation of the facial muscles) is provided by the branches of the facial nerve (n.facialis):

rr.colii cervical branches - innervation of platysma;
rr.marginalis mandibulae extreme branches of the lower jaw - innervation of the muscles of the chin and lower lip;
rr.buccalis buccal branches - innervate the muscle of the same name and the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth;
rr.zygomatici zygomatic branches - innervate the large and small zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and wings of the nose, the partially circular muscle of the eye and the cheek muscle;
rr.temporalis temporal branches - innervate the circular muscle of the eye, the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow, the frontal muscle and the anterior part of the ear.
Sensitive innervation of the face and neck is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. trigeminus), supratrochlear (n. supratrochlearis), supraorbital (suprorbitalis), infraorbital (n.infraorbitalis) and chin (n.mentalis) nerves.

Blood supply of the face anatomy

The blood supply to the face is carried out to a greater extent by the branches of the external carotid artery (a.carotis externa): a.facialis, a.temporalis superfacialis, a.maxillaris.

In the region of the orbit, there is an anastomosis between the outer and inner carotid artery with the help of a.ophtalmica. The vascular network on the face is very developed, which, on the one hand, ensures perfect nutrition of all areas, and on the other hand, it means that an injury to one of the vessels can lead to severe bleeding.

Mimic facial muscles anatomy

The name "mimic muscles" is functional. In the course of evolution, they transformed from specially adapted structures for capturing food, acute smell and hearing into facial muscles, the contraction of which moves the skin of the face in accordance with the psycho-emotional state of a person, and is also responsible for the articulation of speech;

Mimic muscles are mainly concentrated around the natural openings on the face, expanding or closing them.

The muscles surrounding the oral cavity have the most complex structure and the largest number.

In accordance with their development, the facial muscles have a close relationship with the skin of the face, into which they are woven with one or two ends. For us, this is important because in the process of skin aging, loss of elasticity and firmness, they cannot adequately contract, the muscular frame weakens. This underlies skin ptosis and the appearance of mimic wrinkles on the face;

Most often, botulinum toxin injections occur on the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, the circular muscle of the eye, the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscles that lower the corner of the mouth and lower lip, the chin muscle, since their active contraction causes a reflection of our psycho-emotional state in facial expressions.

Your attention is invited to a visual representation of the location of anatomically important formations in the face from the site:

We hope that by paying attention to how the mimic muscles of the face work, how blood vessels and nerve endings pass, you will be able to work more confidently and bring amazing aesthetic results to your patients!

The anatomy of the face is basic knowledge for cosmetologists. The skin is as important an organ as the stomach or liver - it protects the body from all kinds of environmental influences. And it is with the right cosmetic effect on the skin of the face that you can not only remain attractive and young for many years, but also healthy - the better the condition of the skin, the stronger the immune system.

The face is a complex connection of muscles, vessels, nerves and veins. The internal structure, which is a rather complex and intricate mechanism.

In order to properly carry out aesthetic and medical procedures, one should take into account a complex of interrelated features of the skull, the placement of facial muscles, as well as their relationship with the lymphatic system, vascular network and the structure of the facial nerves.

The structure of the skull

The human skull is the main protection for the facial muscles and nerves that are responsible for the facial movement of the face. In total, the skull contains 23 bones - that is, 8 paired and 7 unpaired. All of them are divided into 2 groups: facial and brain bones.

The facial bones are smaller paired bones:

Nasal.
Palatal.
Zygomatic.
Tearful.
Upper jaw.
Inferior turbinate.

Unpaired facial bones:

Trellised.
Sublingual.
Coulter.
Lower jaw.

This group affects the normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive organs. Marrow bones in total consist of paired and unpaired bones.

They are located above the facial section, form some parts of the face, namely:

Frontal bumps.
Eye sockets.
Frontal zone.
Whiskey.
Nasal cavities.

Paired bones are the parietal and temporal small bones, and unpaired bones are the frontal, occipital and sphenoid. All parts of the skull are interconnected by special "seams".

Facial muscles

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists pays special attention to the muscular structure - soft tissues that contract when a person is nervously excited.

According to myology, the science of muscles, it is possible to trace 1200 combinations of muscle work on the face, which reflect different states of emotions and well-being. Such facial expressions are possible only with the joint contraction of several muscle groups - different combinations of their work form certain emotions of bliss, pain, disgust, interest or complacency on the face.

Usually, most of the facial muscles are structurally attached to the bone at one end and to the deep layer of the skin at the other.

But there's a group of 4 on a man's face deep muscles, which are attached to the bone on both sides and provide chewing actions:

Aesthetic cosmetology does not work with such deep muscles, but their condition, tone and activity directly affect the condition of the skin of the face and the shape of the oval.

The facial muscles are characterized by a thin form of structure from a flat fleshy part. They are mostly located in the subcutaneous tissue of the face. With this muscle contraction, several folds are formed, and they are perpendicular to the corresponding fibers.

The main reason why changes in human facial expressions occur is the sensory impact of the nervous system on the work of the muscles, which manifests itself in the corresponding sequential reaction of the muscles on the face.

The change in facial expression is due to the internal state and experiences of a person.

Such changes are possible with the help of 16 major muscle groups:

Type of muscle	Functions
Occipitofrontalis muscle	This muscle includes two paired smaller muscles. She stretches the skin of the forehead, holds the line of the eyebrows. Due to the loss of muscle tone, over time, the eyebrows begin to droop and create sagging eyelids and age lines. With its active activity, transverse folds appear - between the eyebrows and on the forehead.
forehead muscle ( top part)	Controls facial expressions in the area from the outer part of the forehead to the tip of the eyebrow. During her activity, her forehead wrinkles around the entire perimeter.
Superciliary muscle	The small muscle responsible for wrinkling the forehead is found among the right and left frontalis muscles, above the inner base of the eyebrows. With its help, a frown, arousal or pain is expressed. Over time, this muscle provokes the appearance of vertical wrinkles on the forehead.
Circular muscle of the eye	Anatomically located around the perimeter of the eye. It consists of 3 parts that contract without affecting other parts of the muscle: orbital, eyelid and lacrimal parts. The loss of their elasticity provokes the appearance of "crow's feet".
Pyramidal muscle (peduncle of the frontalis muscle)	This muscle is located at the tip of the nose. When it moves, the top of the eyebrow stretches, due to which vertical folds form between them. Its other name is the muscle of threat or proud people.
Muscle above the upper lip	Allows you to wrinkle your nose, move your nostrils and the tips of your lips.
Alar muscle of the nose	With its contraction, the facial expressions of the tip of the nose change, the nostrils expand.
Nasal (transverse) muscle	It covers the entire upper base of the nose; when it is active, mimic wrinkles appear in the form of swallows near the lips. The nasal muscle also pulls the skin of the cheeks with it.
Minor zygomatic muscle	The base of the muscle is in the upper part of the cheekbones, and stretches to the soft tissues in the corners of the lips. Lips react to her work, they can rise by 1 cm, and with this movement they create a nasolabial furrow.
Large muscle or muscle of laughter	Its beginning is in the back of the zygomatic bone, and the end is in the deep skin tissues near the mouth. When it moves, nasolabial folds appear. Which, in turn, put pressure on the cheeks, because of which they slightly bulge and rise. This movement of the cheeks provokes the appearance of wrinkles near the eyes.
buccal muscle	When it contracts, the cheeks puff up. This is the most "safe" muscle, it does not provoke the appearance of facial wrinkles.
Muscle that lifts the corners of the mouth	Its base is located in the front of the upper jaw, under the eye, and this muscle ends in the deep tissues above the lip. Due to the fact that it is poorly developed, you can notice its reduction only during strong aggression.
Circular muscle around the lip line	Flat muscle, has the shape of a circle, which consists of two semicircles: upper and lower. They join near the lips. These muscles begin to move when eating or talking.
Muscle of the corner of the mouth (triangular)	It is located near the chin muscle, its beginning is attached to the lower jaw, and the end is near the skin near the corners of the lips. Its contraction greatly affects facial expressions - the corners of the lips eventually drop and bend the line of the lips.
Muscle of the chin or bundle of muscle fibers	Located deep under the skin of the chin. During its contraction, the lower lip rises, which causes tubercles on the chin.
Subcutaneous muscle of the neck	Refers to the mimic muscles of the facial group - when this muscle moves, almost all the muscles on the face react.

The golden rule of all cosmetic procedures is to follow the massage lines.

It is very important for cosmetologists to know the anatomy of facial massage lines.

This ensures the tone and elasticity of the muscles that support the frame of the face and guarantee youthful skin. Cosmetologists recommend adhering to the scheme of massage lines, since they are areas that are least prone to stretching of skin tissues.

If you regularly maintain the tone of the muscles of the face and gently massage along the corresponding massage lines, you can tighten the shape and create a more expressive contour of the oval features.

All muscles during their contraction change facial features, expresses the internal state of a person. Since each muscle is associated with a certain state of mind, which is displayed on the face in the form of a change in its shape, a corresponding facial expression occurs, as a result of which wrinkles and folds appear over time.

lymphatic system

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists focuses on important role normal operation of the lymphatic system on the condition of the skin.

This system is a very dense capillary network, which is present in all organs and tissues of the body. Violation of the lymphatic system often affects the condition of the skin of the body - it loses its beautiful color, elasticity and velvety. The loss of these qualities due to problems with lymph flow is doubly noticeable in the condition of the skin of the face.

The lymphatic system refers to the vascular system of the body. Under its influence, lymph moves in the body, a transparent liquid, which, like blood, circulates through the human body.

But lymphatic system does not have a pump, the function of which in circulatory system fulfills the heart, and therefore the movement of lymph occurs very slowly - towards the large veins, at a speed of 0.3 mm / s. Therefore, it is always worth activating its work by mechanical action - massages, baths and cosmetic procedures - such manipulations will speed up the work of the glands.

This system cleanses the body.

Important functions of the lymphatic system are:

Distribution of fluid in the body.
transport of nutrients from tissues.
Protection of the body from bacteria, support of immunity.

It consists of:

Vessels.
Nodes.
Duct.
Tonsil, thymus.

In the human skull, the lymphatic system has 7 groups of nodes:

Occipital.
Neck.
Behind the ear.
Cheek.
Submandibular, located in the triangle of the chin.
Parotid.
Chin.

Therefore, if the lymphatic vessels are clogged and the system is disrupted, many diseases appear on the skin, which can manifest themselves in the form of acne, boils, and other rashes.

If you regularly carry out lymphatic drainage procedures, then these manipulations will have a good effect on metabolic processes in the tissues of the body. So, for example, you can reduce swelling of the face, improve its contours and elasticity, normalize the tone of facial muscles with regular massage. It is very important for a cosmetologist to know the direction of the lymph flow on the face.

Since this is a complex network of capillaries, the lymph flow has several directions:

A) The lymph that flows through the tissues of the face enters here with the help of superficial vessels. The lymph flow corresponds to the blood veins.

Superficial lymphatic vessels are grouped into anterior and posterior:

Posterior vessels supply lymph to the back of the head. There they pass into another group of vessels - the occipital.
Anterior vessels located simultaneously from the forehead, eyelids, crown and temples. These vessels are connected to the nodes near the ears, through which the lymph continues to move through the vessels down the neck.

B) From the eyelids, from the nose, cheeks and lips, the lymphatic network begins, its movement is partially directed to the submandibular triangle, where the submandibular nodes are located. Another part of these vessels interrupts its circulation in the buccal nodes.

IN) The submental lymph nodes, which are located under the hyoid bone, are supplied with lymph from vessels near the lips and chin.

G) Deep vessels from the hard and soft palate direct their lymph flow to the deep nodes of the parotid gland.

Skin on the face

The skin of the face performs a protective function of the body from the external environment. In order for this protection to take place in the best possible way, cosmetologists do their best to maintain the normal state of the skin of the face, because sagging, wrinkles, rashes or dryness are not only aesthetically ugly, but also signs of deterioration in the motility of cellular metabolism, or malfunction of skin tissues.

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists describes in detail the structure of the facial skin, which consists of many cells, and their healthy state affects the appearance of a person.

The vital activity of cells is very similar to the life of all creatures - they absorb oxygen, feed, have the ability to multiply. Although cells are the smallest living units, they contain a large number of, organelles and elements that provide the normal life cycle of each cell, and respectively - its owner:

Ribosomes provide protein synthesis in the cell.
The centrosome takes part in the regeneration of nutrients.
Lysosomes are responsible for metabolism and nutrient absorption.
Cytoplasm - retains the activity of all useful substances in the cell, except for the nucleus.
Microvilli are responsible for transporting substances from the cell through the membrane.
The nucleus - stores information about hereditary traits.

The epidermis is the first upper layer of the skin of the face, it serves as the main protective barrier, responsible for getting a tan from the sun. Almost all cosmetic procedures aimed precisely at maintaining the elasticity and tone of this particular layer of the skin. The epidermis in its structure has several layers of cells - the lower, spiny, granular, flattering and horny.

The last layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, is the topmost, and consists of dozens of corneocytes - cells that are the most mature on the face, and therefore any metabolic processes stop in them. These cells are already old, and therefore contain a small amount of water, keratin and do not have nuclei.

Their main function is to create a protective barrier against external factors for the skin of the face. Usually, within 28 days, the old cells are shed, and new ones grow in their place - there is a constant process of the appearance of new cells and the exfoliation of old ones. Most mechanical and chemical peels work at this level. The second layer of facial skin is the dermis.

It consists of two levels:

mesh layer- the level at which the networks of lymphatic and blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and all fibers are located - they are responsible for the smoothness of the skin.
papillary layer concentrates nerve endings, outgrowths and capillaries.

You can do any procedures on this layer of skin with the help of deeply drooping products with active ingredients. Most cosmetics are surface products, so only a special education will help you choose the composition of products that will penetrate through the epidermis to the dermis.

The dermis is responsible for the production of elastin and collagen in skin cells. Therefore, when deep wrinkles appear, there is an immediate need to act on this layer of the skin, to ensure its elasticity, to strengthen it.

The third, deepest, layer - subcutaneous fat, is responsible for storing nutrients. which directly affect the condition of the skin. This layer of skin is made up of many nerve and blood vessels, as well as fatty deposits. The need to act on this layer of the skin occurs with beriberi, when the face loses its healthy color.

Vascular and nervous tissue of the face

Facial anatomy necessarily teaches the location of the vascular network on the human face - small venous ducts that supply facial tissues with important nutrients. For cosmetologists, the problem of blood vessels, or rosacea, is the most common complaint for which women turn to aesthetic medicine for help.

Couperose is a genetic predisposition of almost every person to the manifestation of redness and irregularities on the skin of the face. But for everyone, this property of the skin has different forms, and can be more or less noticeable.

The first signs of "asterisks", "veins" can appear even in childhood, and only proper treatment and maintenance of vascular health can save the problem from aggravating. If a girl has such a predisposition, then there is a chance that the rosacea network after 30 years will become very noticeable.

Treatment of facial skin rosacea requires a systematic approach - you need to regularly add aromatic oils to your daily care - this will strengthen the walls of blood vessels and prevent their potential damage, for example, during stressful situations.

If the problem of rosacea already has a more pronounced condition, then the treatment procedure requires the use of hardware cosmetology:

An important knowledge in aesthetic cosmetology is also the structure of the nervous tissue - an ectodermal formation of nerve cells, neurons. Its main task is the excitability and conduction of nerve receptors and impulses from a particular organ to the central nervous system. They form a network of nerve nodes that perceive any irritation upon contact with them.

If the vascular or nervous system is damaged during the procedure, facial symmetry can be broken or a muscle or nerve can be pinched.

Knowledge of the location of the vascular and neural networks on the face is a very important skill for a cosmetologist - when performing any injection technique, it is necessary to clearly understand where the cords of large vessels and nerve tissues pass in order to avoid further dangerous manipulations in these areas.

facial nerves

One of important points facial anatomy is the structure of the facial nerves - an unsuccessful procedure can cause a certain form of deformation or asymmetry of the face after the procedure. Along with muscles, the facial nerves are responsible for facial expressions, and it is often nerve disease that can cause facial distortion.

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists describes the structure of the facial nerve as one of the most difficult topics to study, since its scheme is very confusing - the facial nerve is 7 of the 12 cranial nerves, which affects the activity of the facial muscles of the face.

Its complex topography is explained not only by the extension of this nerve through the facial canal from the temporal bone, but also by the constant complication of its circuit due to permanent processes in other directions:

The nerve itself is made up of fibers that run from several nuclei: motor fibers, sensory fibers, and secretory fibers. Then it penetrates into the opening of the ear canal.
From the parotid gland, 4 branches of the nerves begin: the posterior auricular nerve, stylohyoid, digastric and lingual.
5 more branches depart from the parotid salivary gland: temporal, zygomatic, buccal branches, marginal branch of the lower jaw and cervical.

The anatomy of the facial nerve is an intricate system of small channels in the face that send signal responses to specific parts of the head or neck. The facial nerve is mainly responsible for the motor function of the muscles in the face.

Knowledge of the functions of each branch of this nerve is very important for cosmetologists - this is the only way to determine the main problem of impaired sensitivity and facial expressions, and determine the subsequent treatment tactics.

Article formatting: Mila Fridan

Video about the structure of the face

Anatomy of the muscles of the face:

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Muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system. At the signal of the impulses of the nervous system, they contract, moving the whole body, regulating running, breathing, smiling, talking. Well-established work of the latter ensures all physiological processes. Scientists do not give the exact number of muscles in the human body. According to official scientific data - 640. Using different calculation methods, the number varies from 639 to 850. Together with the skeleton, they form the outlines of the body.

scientific classification

Regarding their shape, the muscles are quite different. Science has long known how many muscles people have.

Depending on the location, they are distinguished by the following types:

skeletal;
smooth;
cardiac.

The largest such group is skeletal (striated). There are more than six hundred skeletal muscles in a person, the weight can be up to forty percent of the entire body, in athletes it even exceeds this figure. It is the muscles that create the outlines of the silhouette. The basis of the composition of muscle cells are water (Pro water balance read), protein. Enlarge cells, make the body embossed, more attractive thanks to special exercises, proper diet. With a contraction, shortening, thickening, moving them to those nearby occurs. For smooth precise movement the action of some tissues is necessary - at the same time opposition to it by others.

The second type is smooth muscle, is building material skin, blood vessels, organs of the internal cavity. Smooth rhythmic contractions are involuntary, stimulated nervous system. Make up a shell internal organs(stomach, intestinal tract), contribute to the implementation of unconscious processes of the body, for example, moves food.

The heart muscles (myocardium) are separate group. Their contractions are controlled unconsciously, regulated by the nervous system.

Features of the muscular tissue of the face

When skeletal muscles moving parts of the body perform each fixed function (or how), then the muscles of the head are slightly different. After all, the tissues on one side are attached to the cranial bone, the other is connected to the skin or mucous membrane. Therefore, contracting, they provoke changes in appearance - various facial expressions. This process requires little effort, which is why the mimic muscles are weaker, smaller than the rest. The only exception is the part that is responsible for the chewing process.

How many muscles on the face form mimic wrinkles? Almost everything. When contracting, they make one or more folds that are perpendicular to the direction of the contracted muscles.

The main groups are located around the openings (mouth, nose, ears). Each contraction corresponds to a certain facial expression. These actions are displayed by names, for example, "anger", "pain".

Accordingly, the purpose of the muscles in a person, namely the head, they are separated by only four types: the vault of the skull, the circumference of the eyes, the nose, and the mouth.

They consist of the following groups:

vault of the skull - the main task is to raise the eyebrows up, rounding the next ones with an arc;
circular eye - powerful, consisting of a peripheral, also an inner part. Responsible for the work of the inner, outer century.
wrinkling eyebrows - draws the eyebrows together, causing wrinkles above the bridge of the nose.
nose circumference - promotes compression of the cartilaginous part of the nose, descent of its wing, nasal septum;
proud muscle - the shape of a pyramid that crosses the bridge of the nose. Lowers the skin of the superciliary arches, forms wrinkles between them;
expanding nasal wings;
circular muscles of the mouth - with their contraction they set the lips in motion;
large zygomatic - form the movement of the corners of the lips;
moving the upper lip;
buccal - form the surface of the cheeks, structure the circumference of the cheekbones;
laughter - transverse fickle, pulls the corners of the lips, forming a smile;
chin - stimulates the mobility of the lower lip, chin.

By studying how many muscles on the face, chewing muscles are also secreted, which are moved by the lower jaw by the process of contraction.

Among the muscles of the neck, superficial, median, deep are distinguished. Which are located in the direction from the collarbone to the chin covering each other. It is important to know to understand the process.

Learning process own body continuous. There is a science that studies the amount on a person's face, functioning, facial expressions - myological proposology. Based on the data of certain studies, it can be assumed that facial wrinkles are influenced by character.

The evolution of muscle tissues

There is no reliable data on how muscle tissue developed during evolution. The first creature to have moving cells is the worm, the contracting fiber inherent in unicellular organisms. Contractions allow movement, but are not muscle cells. Mollusks already have a developed complex system of smooth muscles. Arthropods, on the other hand, have grown a developed muscular system.

The scientific process is developing rapidly. Taiwan scientists have developed artificial muscles covering the onion cells with gold. This is a breakthrough in the production of robots, since the material does not create friction, does not wear out.

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