The entire human body, including the head, face and neck, is formed by muscles. And the contours of a particular zone of the human face depend on the tone in which they are located. In order to maintain the elasticity and elasticity of the muscle frame for a long time, you should understand how to work with them correctly, you need to study photos with descriptions and be able to read muscle structure diagrams.
Modern cosmetic procedures cannot be carried out without basic knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the skin.
This information enables the beautician to work correctly on age-related changes in the skin, qualitatively improve its general condition and carry out timely work with the muscles of the face, influencing them with the help of massage movements when performing cosmetic manipulations.
The structure of the muscles of the skin of the face, the study of their descriptions from photographs and diagrams is basic knowledge anatomy. Without them, not a single cosmetologist will be able to competently perform a massage, inject Botox under the skin of the face without negative consequences, or perform a microcurrent therapy procedure.
Anatomy of the muscles of the face
What shape are the facial muscles
The facial muscles look like flat elongated bundles with a very thin muscle part.
Where are the muscles located and how are they attached?
This group of muscles is located in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the front of the head. They, unlike the muscles located in other parts human body, do not have a double attachment to the bones of the skeleton, but are woven at one end into the ligaments. 
The exception is a small group of four muscles, which is located on the lateral surface of the head and provides the process of chewing food. The facial muscles are often paired, with the exception of circular muscle mouth, nasal and supracranial. In addition, muscles are classified according to their depth. Allocate deep, medium and superficial muscles.
How to shrink
The activity of the facial muscles is always coordinated by the central nervous system. The brain, receiving a signal about some external process, transmits it to the facial muscles, and they, in turn, translate the information received into the language of muscle contraction and display it on the person’s face in the form of any mimic movements.
Any muscle movement is always an accurate reflection of all kinds of nerve impulses.
With nervous diseases, injuries, infections, muscle contraction is disturbed. These changes can be congenital, permanent or temporary. The most serious disease is paralysis of the facial muscles. Because of it, the muscles lose the ability to completely close their eyes and jaws.
Where is platysma
Platyma is a superficial thin layer of the muscles of the neck, which is responsible for its beauty and appearance generally. It is located just under the skin and fuses tightly with it.
Despite this fact, the platysma does not participate in the movements carried out by the head and neck, and tenses up only with strong physical activity or with acute emotional experiences: for example, at a moment of violent anger or with severe physical pain, thereby playing a significant role in facial expressions. In many ways, platysma differs from all other muscle groups.
platysma is more susceptible to all sorts of changes and quick loss elasticity, so its condition needs timely and high-quality preventive care.
Massage lines and facial muscles - the relationship
Facial muscles are a kind of frame that keeps the skin in good shape, keeping it elastic and elastic. And massage is the manipulation that has a beneficial effect on them, further tightening the skin on the face itself. Massage makes the skin on the face even more fresh and beautiful, helping to get rid of acne and bumps, creating a chiseled contour of the face itself. 
This procedure is done strictly along the massage lines - certain directions of movements that the beautician who performs this procedure adheres to.
Direction of massage lines: 
- from the middle of the chin along the jawbone;
- from the corners of the lips to the bottom of the ears;
- from the back of the nose in the direction of the temples in both directions;
- from the wings of the nose to its back;
- from the bridge of the nose to the hairline;
- from the space between the eyebrows to the temples and hair.
Massage lines coincide with the direction of the lymph flow, and with certain manipulations contribute to its acceleration. This, in turn, has a good effect on the general condition of the skin and helps rid the body of excess toxins and toxins, relieve swelling.
muscle groups
A person has more than a hundred facial muscles located on the head and neck. Each of them can be seen in detail in the photo with a description and diagrams.
Anatomy divides all these muscles into several conditional groups:
- mimic;
- oculomotor;
- chewing; oral cavity; language;
- neck muscles.
Some of the facial muscles may be related simultaneously to different groups.
Chewing muscles
Chewing muscles provide chewing movements.
These include:
- head muscles (temporal, chewing, lateral, medial pterygoid muscles);
- muscles of the neck, the location of which is higher than the hyoid bone (maxillary-hyoid, geniohyoid and digastric muscles).
This group of muscles has minimal impact on the appearance of the face.
The chewing muscle, which is responsible for raising the lower jaw of a person while pronouncing sounds or eating food, is constantly in good shape and does not need to be additional exercises. However, it tends to undergo spasms due to increased compression of the teeth, and this negatively affects the blood supply to this area of the face and activates the aging process in it.
The same can be said about the pterygoid masticatory muscles, the main purpose of which is to grind coarse products. Care for this muscle group must be competent in order to promote the formation of the correct oval of the face and prevent further formation of deep wrinkles in the lip area.
Mimic muscles
The functionality of facial muscles is to form emotional manifestations on a person's face due to a certain extensibility of the skin and the formation of folds that appear in the transverse direction, relative to muscle contraction. The more emotional a person is, the higher the risk that facial wrinkles will quickly appear on his face and neck.
Mimic muscles are divided into muscles:
- upper front part;
- middle part;
- lower face and neck.
The former, when stretched, form vertical wrinkles on the forehead, horizontal folds on the bridge of the nose and the so-called crow's feet under the eyes, the second - create the effect of "sunken cheeks", deepen nasolabial folds and wrinkles under the eyes, and in the oral area.
The muscles of the third group - lower the corners of the lips and protrude their lower part forward. A high-quality study of the entire muscle zone will completely remove the listed shortcomings and make the skin relief smoother and even.
Neck muscles
The neck muscles are divided into three subgroups:
- superficial muscles of the neck;
- muscles of the hyoid bone;
- deep muscles of the neck: anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles.
The cervical muscles, in contrast to the facial muscles, have five fascia (the so-called connective tissue membranes that cover the muscles themselves):
Muscle imbalance and spasm of the neck muscles always provoke the development of skin laxity in this area of the body and contribute to the development of wrinkles and folds on the side of the neck, the formation of transverse folds and the second chin.
Other classifications
In addition to the above muscle groups, there are so-called muscles of the internal organs, such as the tongue, palate, middle ear and eyes. 
These muscles also take part in shaping the appearance of the face and facial expressions. You can see them in more detail in the photo with descriptions and diagrams presented in the article.
Facial muscles and emotions
Each muscle belonging to the mimic group coordinates the expression of any emotion:
In total, about 1200 different combinations of muscle contractions have been identified in nature, reflecting one or another emotion on a human face.
Age-related changes in facial muscles
Over the years, the muscular facial tissue loses its elasticity and lengthens. The format of such metamorphoses depends on how the muscles behave in different conditions: in a stressful situation, during a holiday or work process, or when talking with people. Such moments as life style, self-care literacy and heredity also have a considerable influence. 
In those areas where the muscles are not firmly fixed with one of their parts on the skin membrane, over time, the so-called fatty hernias are formed due to the pulling of the ligaments under the influence of the load that has arisen. And where the ligaments are still able to hold the muscles of the face, folds and creases appear. 
It is believed that aging muscle tissue faces are due to tone, elasticity and its increased relaxation, but in fact the point here is something else - in the constant tension of the muscles that cause spasms. The skin of the face with increased muscle contraction falls off in a fold, changing the relief and structure of the skin. 
In the photo - a diagram and description of the work of the muscles of the face, leading to the appearance of "weeping" corners of the lips For example, a spasm of the muscle tissue of the forehead leads to the formation of transverse and horizontal lines in this area of the face, increased tone the circular muscle of the eye - to the formation of wrinkles in the eye area, and the contraction of the muscles of the middle facial part - to the appearance of nasolabial furrows.
What muscles of the face are injected with Botox
The introduction of Botox is aimed at eliminating mimic wrinkles and restoring smoothness to the skin relief. Injections of botulinum toxin (purified natural protein) are performed by a cosmetologist subcutaneously or intradermally into the mimic muscles.
These are the muscles where it is necessary to reduce the susceptibility to incoming nerve impulses in order to slow down the process of deepening wrinkles in the skin and tighten sagging skin.
The best injections of botulinum toxin show their action in the following muscles:
- in platysma;
- in the muscle that lowers the corners of the mouth;
- in the circular muscles of the mouth and eyes;
- in the chin muscle;
- in the nasal muscle;
- in the frontal muscle;
- in the muscle of the proud and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow.
The amount of the drug for each muscle zone is determined by the cosmetologist conducting the procedure for introducing Botox under the skin, on an individual basis. Maximum effect"hardening" of mimic muscles is observed for 3-6 months after the injection. 
As soon as the muscles begin to make the first contractions, after this period of time, the effect of botulinum toxin injections under the skin lasts for about another six months.
The muscles of the face (photos with descriptions and diagrams can be seen above) should be studied according to the presented photographs and diagrams. The schemes are presented in Russian and in Latin. On them you can see detailed description where one or another group of muscles of the face is located.
If you know the exact location of the facial and neck muscles and become familiar with the principle of their work, having understood this through the study of descriptions, photographs and diagrams, then it is possible, through subsequent competent stimulation of certain muscle groups, to slow down the aging process, while maintaining elasticity and youthfulness of the skin for a long time.
Video on the topic: facial muscles, photos with descriptions and diagrams
How to tighten the muscles of the face and make the perfect oval:
Scheme of self-massage of facial muscles Renaissance:
Description of the procedure for injections of dysport into the muscles of the face:
Face muscle tightening. Photos before and after the operation:
Understanding the anatomy of how the muscles of the face are located is a direct key to eternal youth, smooth tightened skin. The whole body pervades muscular system. The outlines of a particular area are determined by its tone, current state. To ensure safety, elasticity, plasticity, to prevent thinning, it is necessary to be aware of how different muscle groups work, to be able to read the structure diagrams.
The value of facial anatomy for cosmetologists
Innovative cosmetic procedures should not be implemented without basic understanding of human anatomy: its structure, characteristics of the epidermis.
This information helps the cosmetologist to build a correct program of work on age-related modifications of the epidermis and improve its condition. They are also necessary when choosing cosmetic effects, massage techniques.
The study of structural features, facial expressions, analysis according to methodological tables, diagrams are the basic information that a cosmetologist should be guided by. Without them, it is impossible to carry out any aesthetic procedure: neither Botox, nor injection therapy.
They are elongated beam-like branches with the thinnest muscular layer. They are located in the skin-connective head structures.
Unlike muscles located in other areas of the human body, facial muscles do not have a double attachment to the bone skeleton. Instead, they are woven with one tip into the internal ligaments.
An exception to this rule is only a small muscle group located on the lateral surface of the face. Responsible for grinding food, it regulates the process of chewing. All facial muscles (except for the circular oral, nasal and supracranial) have a pair, differ in the depth of placement. So, they distinguish superficial, deep, medium.
Job deep muscles face is regulated by the CNS. The brain receives signals-calls about current processes, it reports them to the facial muscle groups. That is, they translate the information received into abbreviations, displaying certain facial movements on the human face.
Any muscle movement is always a detailed reflection of the transmitted nerve impulses.
Muscle contractions can be disturbed in traumatic and infectious diseases. Violations are congenital or acquired (in this case, permanent or temporary) in nature. One of the most significant pathologies is partial paralysis. It provokes an inability to correct muscle contraction, because of which a person has difficulty closing his eyes, jaw.
Platyma: what is it, where is it
Platyma is the thinnest superficial layer of the cervical muscles, responsible for its aesthetics, general appearance. Located in the deep layers of the skin, it fuses tightly with it.
Although the platysmal tissue is not involved in the motor activity carried out by the neck and head, it is activated during tense exercise. This determines its role in facial expressions.
Platyma has a number of significant differences from other facial muscle groups. It is more susceptible to modifications, quickly loses plasticity. Therefore, it needs carefully selected care that would meet modern cosmetological requirements.
How muscles are connected to massage lines
The facial muscles are an impromptu frame that keeps the skin in good shape, maintaining its firmness and elasticity. Massage is a cosmetic manipulation that has a positive effect on them. Having a tightening effect, it allows you to transform the skin of the face, making it fresher and more rested, getting rid of redness and rashes, creating a clearly defined contour.
The procedure is performed strictly in accordance with the massage lines. These are the directions of movements that the beautician must adhere to.
Massage lines line up in accordance with the flow of lymph, and under certain influences, they can speed it up. This is favorably displayed on the general condition of the skin, relieves the body of toxins and toxins, relieves swelling.
Read on the site about the most popular and effective facial massage techniques in this one.
In the human body, there are over 100 facial muscles located on the head and neck. You can study each of them in more detail, based on the photos, pictures, descriptions below.
On the anatomical side, all facial muscles can be divided into 6 subgroups:
- Mimic;
- cervical musculature;
- chewable;
- Language;
- oral cavity;
- Oculomotor.
Some may be assigned to several subgroups at the same time.
This includes those responsible for regulating chewing movements. Namely:
These muscles provide minimal impact on general form faces.
The chewing muscle group is responsible for the movement of the lower jaw during speech activity, grinding food. She is always in hypertonicity, does not need to perform specific exercises. Subject to spasms due to excessive compression of the teeth, it can negatively affect blood flow, activating photoaging processes in the designated area.
This can be said about the pterygoid muscles, whose main purpose is to grind solid food. Care for them is selected according to the testimony of a particular person. This is the only way to achieve positive dynamics: tighten the oval of the face, prevent the development of deep wrinkles, etc.
The functions of facial muscles are reduced to displaying emotions. Due to the extensibility of the epidermis, the construction of folds that appear in the vertical direction, relative to muscle contraction, emotional manifestations are formed. Hence the rule - the more emotional the person, the more likely the formation of mimic creases in the face or neck area.
The facial muscles are divided into three categories:
- Upper facial;
- median;
- Lower facial and cervical.
The former, in case of stretching, provoke the formation of vertical frontal wrinkles, diagonal folds in the bridge of the nose, as well as "crow's feet" under the lower eyelids. The latter provide a feeling of "sunken cheeks", outline the nasolabial folds, make wrinkles under the eyes and in the corners of the lips more noticeable. The mimic muscles of the face of the third group contribute to the protrusion of the lower lip forward, lowering the corners of the mouth.
All indicated defects and problems are easily removed by high-quality working out of the entire muscle zone.
Neck group
By analogy with the facial muscles of the face and neck, the neck is also divided into three categories:
- Superficial cervical muscle group;
- Deep cervical muscles (this includes the posterior scalene, anterior and median).
If we talk about the differences, then the cervical, in comparison with the facial and chewing muscles of the face, have five fascia (connective sheaths that cover them from the outside):
- Surface;
- own neck;
- Scapular-clavicular;
- Internal cervical;
- Prevertebral.
Neck spasms provoke the formation of skin laxity in the designated area of the body, lead to the development of wrinkles and folds, and trigger photoaging processes. In some cases, a second chin occurs, as well as transverse creases.
Topology of facial muscles and their functions
Facial anatomy is a well researched branch of medicine. And therefore muscle function does not need additional study - they have long been thoroughly analyzed and strictly defined. In some cases, muscle groups have a "speaking" name, and therefore it is not difficult to guess about their functions.
Muscle of the cranial vault(also known as " tendon helmet”) is responsible for raising the eyebrows, collects the skin on the forehead in transverse folds.
Occipital frontal pyramidal muscle raises the eyebrows, leading to the formation of transverse folds and creases. It is a pair - one above both eyebrows, which is why they move independently of each other. This activity affects the opening of the eyes, which gives the face different expressions.
Temporal muscles coordinate jaw movements.
fibers muscles of the proud placed between the eyebrows and stretched to the forehead. The shift of the eyebrows, the wrinkling of the nose are the actions for which they are responsible. Structural features of the muscles of the face cause the appearance of wrinkles between the eyebrows with their tension.
Wrinkling eyebrow muscles set them in motion. They lead the inner eyebrow border to the median line in two directions: inward and upward, as a result of which the edges converge. Hypertonicity provokes the formation of vertical creases between the eyebrows.
Responsible for closing the gaps between the eyes.
Contracting, provokes the motor activity of the wings of the nose. Its contraction causes expansion and narrowing of the nasal passages.
tear muscles lift the upper lip, move the wings of the nose.
Infraocular muscle- also responsible for lifting the upper lip.
Located in the lower region of the face, it will mix the mouth corners in different directions. It is she who is responsible for the smile, can provoke the formation of nasolabial creases.
Pulls and stretches the lips, allows you to compress them.
Modioulos(in Latin) - knot of the corner of the mouth. It is he who gives the aesthetics of the lower facial third.
Needed to stretch the mouth corners. In a number of people, during its contraction, dimples form on the cheeks. In addition to mimic functions, it is of particular importance in the overall aesthetics of the face, its modeling. Competent study of the muscle of laughter allows you to make adjustments to the oval of the face, slightly raise the corners.
They are located immediately above the laughter. They model the cheeks, dispersing the mouth opening to the sides. When the mouth expands, the muscle goes into hypertonicity. Interesting fact about the muscles: there is a layer of fat between the cheek muscle and the epidermis, in men it is narrower than in women. In children, it is noted in the greatest volume.
Triangular muscle (lowering the mouth)- she is responsible for lowering the corners of the mouth. Direction helps in expressing feelings of sadness. In a state of hypertonicity, the face takes on a negative expression.
drooping muscles pull the lips down, giving the face an expression of disgust.
It is represented by two parts that are located under the square of the muscles of the lower lip. At the time of contraction, a dimple may form on the chin.
Neck muscles especially important when turning and tilting the head. Muscular thinning provokes the formation of a second chin, as well as a decrease in the plasticity and elasticity of the skin, and the acquisition of a gray tint of the face.
In addition to the described muscle groups, those that belong to internal organs(uvula, palate, middle ear, etc.).
How do emotions and muscles relate?
All the muscles included in the mimic group are responsible for displaying a certain emotion:
- Frontal - raises the brow arches, forms horizontal forehead wrinkles, in this way expressing delight, amazement on the face.
- The circular muscle allows you to close your eyes with a strong fright, as well as roll them up or lower them. With its help, a person shows embarrassment, misunderstanding.
- The zygomatic muscles major and minor help in producing a smile by lifting the corners of the mouth.
- The muscles responsible for lowering the mouth corners are active during negative emotions.
- The laughing muscles allow the corners of the lips to stretch in a horizontal direction, forming "pits" at the moment of smiling.
- The greatest activity of the circular muscle is noted when sending air kisses.
- Disappointment, anger, confusion - those emotions that are displayed with the help of the chin muscle (it slightly raises the lower jaw, pushing it forward).
- Fear, disgust and other negative feelings are impossible without a superficial neck muscle that works by straining.
More than a thousand different combinations of muscle contractions have been studied and recorded, displaying one or another feeling on a human face.
Photoaging: age-related muscle modifications
Over time, the muscle structure loses its elasticity and plasticity, changes in size and lengthens. Features of modifications depend on the nature of muscle manifestations in different situations. For example, under stress, during leisure or work, in dialogues with people, etc. Factors such as lifestyle, proper care, and heredity acquire importance.
In those areas where the muscles are not firmly attached to the skin surface, fatty hernias form over the years. They occur due to the pulling of the ligaments under the influence of excessive loads. Where the ligaments remain able to hold the facial muscles, wrinkles, creases and folds occur.
Most people are convinced that age-related changes in tissues occur due to their hypertonicity or excessive relaxation, but the point is different - incessant muscle activity causing spasms. With frequent contraction, the muscles fall off in folds, change the relief of the skin, its structure.
For example, spasms in the region of the frontal muscle tissues provoke the development of horizontal and vertical folds in the indicated facial region, and increase the tone of the circular muscles. Gradually, all this leads to the appearance of "crow's feet", nasolabial furrows.
It often happens that people with dissimilar facial features still have a lot in common in appearance. For example, they may have the same smile, or they may both wrinkle their foreheads when they are upset. This similarity is given to us by the same facial expressions, which are determined by the facial muscles of the face and the facial nerves with which these muscles are innervated. The site has prepared an article about the anatomy of the face, its muscles, nerves, blood vessels and the anatomical structure in general. It will help you learn more about your own physiology, the structure and location of muscles, their contraction, and will also be useful to cosmetologists when studying muscles to perform a rejuvenating facial massage.
Anatomical structure of the face
The face is considered to be the head section, the upper boundary of which runs along the upper orbital margin, the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch to the auditory opening, and the lower boundary is the jaw branch and its base. Simplifying this medical definition, it can be noted that the face is the area of the head, top which are the eyebrows, and the lower one is the jaw.
The following areas are concentrated on the face: orbital (including the infraorbital region), nasal, oral, chin and lateral regions. The latter consists of: buccal, parotid-chewing and zygomatic regions. It also contains receptors for visual, gustatory and olfactory analyzers.
human face skeleton
Regardless of how well developed the muscles of the face are, it is the skeleton that determines its appearance. Representatives of the stronger sex are characterized by a powerful bone skeleton, small eye sockets and strongly pronounced superciliary arches, while women are distinguished by less pronounced facial bones, rounded eye sockets and wide short noses.
The skull can be divided into two sections: the bones of the skull and the bones of the face. Directly in the skull are the brain, eyes, organs of hearing and smell. Facial part of the skull or bones of the face - form the frame of the face.
The human face consists of paired and unpaired bones. These include:
- upper jaw;
- palatine bone;
- cheekbone.
Unpaired:
- lower jaw;
- hyoid bone.
All bones are fixedly connected to each other by sutures and cartilaginous joints. The only movable part is the lower jaw, which is connected to the skull by the temporomandibular joint. At birth, a person has a rounded face shape, since the bone skeleton is very poorly developed. Over time, it transforms, some cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. The formation of the face ends at the age of 16-18 for women and at 20-23 for men.
It happens that people are born with defects in the facial bones and cartilage - their deformation due to various factors: birth trauma, or, for example, a genetic disease. The quality of life of such people is greatly deteriorating not only in aesthetic terms, but also in physiological terms. With improper fusion of bones and nasal cartilage, breathing problems occur. Sometimes a person, having difficulty inhaling / exhaling, begins to breathe through his mouth, which leads to negative consequences. This kind of problem is solved by plastic surgery, namely rhinoplasty.
Nerve branches on the human face
There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves in total. Each of them is indicated by the order of the Roman numerals. There are many nerve branches on the face, the functioning of which is closely related to the facial muscles. Inflammation of these nerves can lead to various changes in appearance and violation of the symmetry of the face. Nerve fibers go from the nuclei to the muscles:
- olfactory nerve - to the organs of smell;
- visual - to the retina;
- oculomotor - to the eyeball;
- block - to the upper oblique muscle;
- trigeminal - to chewing muscles;
- abducent - to the lateral rectus muscle;
- facial nerve - to facial muscles;
- vestibulocochlear - to the vestibular department;
- glossopharyngeal - to the stylopharyngeal muscle, parotid gland, pharynx and posterior third of the tongue;
- wandering - to the muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate;
- additional - to the muscles of the head, shoulder and shoulder blades;
- the hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue.
1. Olfactory nerve.
Responsible for olfactory sensitivity. On the surface of the nasal mucosa there are neurons of special sensitivity - olfactory. Neurosensory cells transmit information through the neural circuit to the anterior parahippocampal gyrus, which is the associative zone of the olfactory system. So, pleasant smells inevitably simultaneously cause a salivation reflex, and unpleasant smells - vomiting, nausea. Perception is also closely related to the formation of the taste of food.
2. Optic nerve.
Optic nerve fibers begin in the neurons of the retina, pass through the vascular, white membranes of the eye and the orbit, forming in fat body the beginning of the optic nerve and the orbital part of the nerve, entering the optic canal. The fibers end in the occipital lobe. The optic nerve transmits impulses (a photochemical reaction of rods and cones in the retina) to the visual center of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, where this information is processed.
3. Oculomotor nerve.
This is a mixed nerve, consisting of two types of nuclei. Starting from the tire of the legs of the brain, which lie flush with the upper mounds of the roof of the midbrain, the nerve fibers are divided into two branches, the upper of which approaches the muscle that lifts the upper eyelid, and the lower, in turn, is divided into three more branches innervating the medial rectus the muscle of the eye, the lower rectus muscle and the oculomotor root, heading to the ciliary node. The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve provide adduction, elevation, lowering and rotation of the eyeball, innervating 4 of the 6 oculomotor muscles.
4. Block nerve.
Its nuclei originate from the tegmental pedunculus at the level of the inferior colliculus of the midbrain roof. It goes around the brain stem from the lateral side, exits the fissure near the temporal lobe, following the wall of the cavernous sinus, enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Provides a turn of the eye to the nose, abduction outwards and downwards.
5. Trigeminal nerve.
It is a mixed nerve, combining sensory and motor intermediate nerves. The former transmit information about the sensitivity of the skin of the face (tactile, pain and temperature), nasal and oral mucous membranes along with impulses from the teeth and temporomandibular joints. The motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve innervate the chewing, temporal, maxillofacial, pterygoid muscles, as well as the muscle responsible for the eardrum.
6. Abducens nerve.
Its nucleus is located in the back of the brain, projecting into the facial tubercle. The fibers exit in the groove between the pons and the pyramid, through the dura mater of the brain, entering the cavernous sinus, enter the orbit, lying under the oculomotor nerve and innervating only one oculomotor muscle- lateral rectus muscle, which provides abduction of the eyeball outward.
7. Facial nerve.
It belongs to the group of cranial nerves and is responsible for the innervation of the facial muscles of the face, the lacrimal gland, as well as the taste sensitivity of the anterior part of the tongue. It is motor, but on the basis of the brain, the intermediate nerves responsible for taste and sensory perception join it. The defeat of this nerve causes peripheral paralysis of the innervated muscles, which leads to a violation of the symmetry of the face.
8. Vestibulocochlear nerve.
It consists of two different roots of special sensitivity: the first carry impulses from the semicircular ducts of the vestibular labyrinth, the second - conduct auditory impulses from the spiral organ of the cochlear labyrinth. This nerve is responsible for the transmission of auditory impulses and our balance.
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve.
This nerve plays very important role in facial anatomy. It is responsible for the motor innervation of: the parapharyngeal gland (thus providing its secretory function), the muscles of the pharynx, the sensitivity of the soft palate, tympanic cavity, pharynx, tonsils, soft palate, Eustachian tube, and also for the taste perception of the back of the tongue. In addition to the motor fibers of the sensory fibers inherent in the nerves described above, the glossopharyngeal nerve also has parasympathetic ones. In case of fractures of the base of the skull, aneurysm of the vertebral and basilar arteries, meningitis and a number of other disorders, damage to the lingual nerve can occur, which leads to such consequences as the loss of taste perception of the posterior third of the tongue and the sensation of its position in the oral cavity, the absence of pharyngeal and palatine reflexes, such as and other deviations.
10. Vagus nerve.
Contains the same set of nerve fibers as the glossopharyngeal: motor, sensory and parasympathetic. It innervates the laryngeal and striated muscles of the esophagus, as well as the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx. Carries out parasympathetic innervation smooth muscles esophagus, intestines, lungs and stomach, cardiac muscle, along with sensitive innervation of part of the external auditory canal, eardrum and skin area behind the ear, as well as the mucous membrane of the lower pharynx and larynx. Affects the secretion of the stomach and pancreas. Unilateral damage to this nerve causes sagging of the soft palate on the side of the lesion, deviation of the uvula to the healthy side and paralysis vocal cord. With bilateral complete paralysis of the vagus nerve, death occurs.
11. Accessory nerve.
Consists of two types of nuclei. The first is a double nucleus, located in the posterior sections of the medulla oblongata, and it is also the motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The second - the nucleus of the accessory nerve, is located in the posterolateral section of the anterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which provides tilt to its side cervical, raises the head, shoulder, shoulder blade, rotates the face in the opposite direction, brings the shoulder blades to the spine.
12. Hypoglossal nerve.
The main function of this nerve is the motor innervation of the tongue, namely: the styloglossus, chin-lingual and hyoid-lingual muscles along with the transverse and rectus muscles of the tongue. With a unilateral lesion of this nerve, the tongue shifts to the healthy side, and when protruded from the mouth, it deviates towards the lesion. In this case, atrophy of the muscles of the paralyzed part of the tongue occurs, which practically does not affect speech and chewing functions.
The listed nerves of the face in the process of innervation of the facial muscles set the facial expressions of the individual.
Mimic muscles of the face
The muscles of the face, contracting, shift certain areas of the skin, giving the face all kinds of expressions, which is why they are called "mimic". The mobility of certain areas of the skin of the face is due to the fact that the facial muscles begin on the bones of the cranium, connecting with the skin, they are also devoid of fascia. Most of them are concentrated near the eye, mouth and nasal openings. There are such mimic muscles:
- Supracranial (occipital-frontal) - pulls the scalp back, raises eyebrows, forms transverse folds on the forehead;
- Proud muscle - responsible for the formation of transverse folds above the bridge of the nose, with muscle contraction on both sides;
- The muscle wrinkling the eyebrow - contracting, forms vertical folds on the bridge of the nose, reduces the eyebrows to the midline;
- The muscle that lowers the eyebrow - lowers the eyebrow downward and slightly inward;
- The circular muscle of the eye - provides squinting and closing of the eyes, narrowing the palpebral fissure, smoothes the transverse folds on the forehead, closes the palpebral fissure, expands the lacrimal sac;
- The circular muscle of the mouth - is responsible for narrowing the mouth and pulling the lips forward;
- The muscle lifting the corner of the mouth - pulls the corner of the mouth up and outward;
- Laughter muscle - pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side;
- Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth - closes the lips, pulls the corner of the mouth down and out;
- Cheek muscle - determines the shape of the cheeks, presses the inner surface of the cheeks to the teeth, pulls the corner of the mouth to the side;
- The muscle that lifts the upper lip - forms the nasolabial fold during contraction, raises the upper lip, expands the nostrils;
- Large and small zygomatic muscles - forms a grin, raising the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, can also be the cause of dimples on the cheeks;
- The muscle that lowers the lower lip - pulls the lower lip down;
- Chin muscle - wrinkles the skin of the chin, pulls it up, forming pits on it, stretches the lower lip;
- Nasal muscle - slightly raises the wings of the nose;
- Anterior ear muscle - shifts the auricle forward and upward;
- Upper ear muscle - pulls the ear up;
- Back ear muscle - pulls the ear back;
- Temporoparietal muscle - with its help we can chew food.
All of them can be divided into two large groups according to the performing function: constrictors - allow you to close your eyes, mouth, lips and dilators - responsible for their opening.
The main role in the blood supply to the face is played by the carotid artery - all facial arteries originate from it. Two arteries are responsible for blood flow to the face, tongue and other organs of the oral cavity: the lingual and the facial.
lingual artery takes the base from the front wall of the outer carotid artery, a few centimeters above the superior thyroid artery. Its trunk is located in the submandibular region and serves as a guideline for determining it during surgical interventions. After the lingual artery passes into the root of the tongue and provides blood supply to its muscles, mucous membrane and tonsils. Also, separate branches of this artery supply the diaphragms of the mouth, sublingual and mandibular glands.
Facial artery begins a centimeter above the lingual, originating at the anterior surface of the external carotid artery. She climbs up her face, touching rear surface submandibular gland, after which it goes around the lower edge of the lower jaw. Its route runs to the corner of the mouth, then goes to the side of the nose to the medial corner of the eye between the superficial and deep mimic muscles. This section of the facial artery is called the angular artery. The palatine, mental, lower labial and upper labial arteries also branch off from it.
A large role in the blood supply to the face is taken by the mass of capillaries and the lower ophthalmic vein. The latter does not have valves; blood enters it from the eye muscles and the ciliary body. Sometimes blood passes through it into the pterygoid plexus if it leaves the orbit through the infraorbital fissure.
We hope our article was useful for you and you learned the most important thing about the location of the facial muscles, blood vessels and nerves. And the site site opened for you the curtain of that part of the body that is hidden from our eyes under the skin.
