Systematic classes diving helps to develop composure, willpower, develop the vestibular apparatus and coordination of movements, as well as strengthen the muscular system.
This hobby is one of a kind water sports, recognized by the International Amateur Swimming Federation, which includes a series of diving from towers and springboards up to 10 meters high.
But extreme sports appeared, for whom it was not enough to complete the basic sports program. They desired to make the most high jump into the water and become famous all over the world. Cliff diving is the name given to risky entertainment.
Where does it all begin?
As a rule, cliff diving is done by jumpers who have already completed their careers. Often these are winners of the Olympic Games, various world championships, accustomed to jumping from a springboard 10 meters high. But often there are people who choose high diving as a way to have fun and relax.
Among famous athletes, who discovered a new hobby, we can note Andrey Ignatenko, Vyacheslav Polishchuk and many others. Even advanced age does not prevent people from devoting time to such a risky hobby. The goal - to perform the highest jump into the water in the world helps thousands of people all over the planet fight fatigue, laziness and indecision.
In the world, this sport represents a huge number of people from Soviet Union. So it is worth paying tribute to the old and proven domestic jumping school.
The highest jump in the water, which for a long time could not be surpassed
From what height can you jump into the water? From 3 or 5 meters? Cliff divers choose rocks at least 25 meters high for jumping! But even this baseline cannot be compared to the fact that Randall Dickinson made the highest jump into the water in 1985.
For a long time no one managed to break the record, because few will dare to jump from a height of more than 53 meters.
Women also love extreme
Not only the representatives of the stronger sex risk their lives. So, a resident of America, Lucy Wardle, dared to jump from a cliff more than 36 meters high!
And they say that women are weak in spirit.
New records to be
In August 2015, the highest jump in the water in the world was made. The record was set by an athlete from Switzerland, Laso Schalle. A twenty-seven-year-old man jumped from a height of 58.8 meters into one of the mountain lakes of the Alps. Its speed in flight was 123 km / h.
The athlete was insured by a group of drivers, but, fortunately, their help was not needed.
Just imagine, Laso's flight can be compared to a jump from a 19-story building!
Jumping from great heights: is it safe?
There is an opinion that jumping into the water from a great height is completely safe, because a person lands in the water, and not on a hard surface. But theoretical calculation and practice speak of absolutely the opposite: water does not at all soften the fall.
When falling from a great height, the main factor to consider is maximum speed When the human body reaches it, it is fixed and remains unchanged. In some cases, the speed can reach 325 km per hour! But, if you want to make the highest jump into the water, do not strive for such an indicator, because it assumes the height of the starting point of the jump is more than 1000 m from ground level.
Not less than an important factor flight is the body position of the jumper: diving head down, the athlete automatically increases the speed of the fall.
Complex calculations by Lynn Emrich confirm that a person with a weight of 77 kg per minute can fly about 3 km and still survive, since the time of free flight is very short. But in practice, no one has tested this.
Attractive place for jumping tourists
Many divers prefer to indulge in their extreme entertainment in the most famous tourist center in his lifetime, he has seen more than one athlete demonstrating his courage and composure.
From what height can you make the highest jump into the water? Perhaps the answer to this question will remain a mystery. Some stay alive by jumping into the sea from great heights, while others are afraid of drowning in a bath.
An interesting fact: in 1942, senior lieutenant Ivan Chissov was shot down in the sky by German fighters. The pilot managed to jump out of the plane and, despite the fact that the parachute never opened, survived. Chissov's flight with a length of more than 7 km was remembered for him only by severe injuries. Although it was not a jump into the water.
Even the highest jump in the water in the world was made by a trained athlete who knows all the nuances of flight and tactically correct landing. Remember that only the person who strictly followed all the existing rules can stay alive without the slightest damage. Do not risk yourself, because even a fraction of a second spent in flight can bring you lifelong injuries.
Summer is just around the corner, which means that the time will come when you can spend time on the beach, sunbathe and swim. Well, in order to spend time fun and varied, it’s not enough just to swim, you also need to learn how to jump into the water. This skill will come in handy in the future. We will tell you how to jump into the water correctly and give you practical advice, which will allow you to learn how to jump into the water without negative consequences.
Experienced athletes jump from towers and ski jumps, doing various acrobatic stunts during the flight, however, if you are a beginner or an amateur, then start from low heights. There are several simple species jumps into the water, the technique of which always consists of four phases: approach, push, flight and entering the input.
- Soldier jump. Starting position: the body is straightened, arms along the body, legs together, chin raised. Next, you need to push off. To do this, you need to slightly bend your knees and push off the surface forward and upward. During the flight, your body should always remain upright and your head should remain slightly elevated. The last phase - entry into the water occurs at right angles to the water;
- Bomb jump also performed, but after you push off, you need to bend your legs in knee joints and bend your knees under you, clasping them with your hands;
- A fish jump is a head down jump. Starting position: the body is straightened, arms are straightened and stretched up, palms are connected. Push off with your feet and dive vertically head down with arms outstretched. It is very important to jump into the water with a flat body so that your stomach does not hit the water. Also bring your legs together so that they resemble the tail of a fish.
Safety engineering.
When you learn to jump into the water, it is very important to follow the safety rules. First, don't be afraid. Fear of water and heights is the main reason why people lose their bearings while jumping. Secondly, you need to know exactly how much time you can spend underwater. Third, do acrobatic exercises for training vestibular apparatus. For example, jump over a gymnastic horse or perform somersaults on a mat. And of course, if you decide to jump into the water, it's worth it or mastering it - it's not the style of swimming that matters, but your ability to stay on the water.
The main rule of safety during diving is the correct grouping. Your body during entry into the water should be straight, as elongated as possible. You need to enter the water either with your feet or head down. Otherwise, you may injure body parts. And one more thing: in order to avoid, choose proven reservoirs, where you are sure of sufficient depth and bottom topography.
Tips: how to learn to jump into the water.
- To saturate the blood with oxygen before the jump, take a few deep and quick breaths and exits;
- You must be convinced that the depth of the water is sufficient for diving;
- Do not be afraid and do not be upset if you did not manage to jump into the water beautifully the first time;
- Learn to group in the air.
Video
Jumping into the water, depending on the purpose of the jump, can be divided into several types:
https://pandia.ru/text/80/014/images/image002_98.jpg" alt="" align="left" width="116" height="308 src=">!} dismounts - jumps into the water without rotation of the body around the transverse axis, it is possible to perform dismounts with rotation of the body around the longitudinal axis.
Dismounts are made in various stances, face or back forward.
https://pandia.ru/text/80/014/images/image004_7.png" align="left" width="317" height="246 src="> gray hair - jumping into the water, performed, as a rule, from a small height (from the side of the pool). When performing sit-ups, the athlete pushes off, assumes the studied position and in this position sits on the water or, without repulsion, sits on the water in the studied position.
Sports diving - these are jumps performed by athletes in competition, listed in the official FINA tables and having a coefficient of difficulty. They are performed from the front and rear racks with the body rotating forward and backward, as well as with the simultaneous rotation of the body around the transverse and longitudinal axes (screw jumps). Jumps from the front stance can be performed from a place or from a run. From the tower, athletes can jump from the starting position of the handstand.
At competitions, sports jumps are performed from a rigid, fixed support-tower installed at a height of 5, 7.5 and 10 m, and from an elastic support-springboard 1 and 3 m high above the water surface. In recent years, the program of the largest competitions has included synchronized pair jumps from a 3 m springboard and a 10 m platform.
demonstration jumps V water - these are jumps performed with the aim of promoting diving, as well as demonstrating the skills of athletes during water festivals and demonstration performances.
diving technique
A jump into the water is a system of movements following one after another, providing repulsion and creation of body rotation around the transverse axis, flight, body control in flight and immersion in water upside down or head down.
Conventionally, jumps are divided into phases. Standing jumps include: preparatory phase, takeoff, flight and sinking phases. Running jumps, in addition to the above phases, include a run-up phase.
Preparatory phase. Includes the starting position before the approach, the approach and the method of taking the starting position before the jump (if the jump is performed from a place) or before the run (if the jump is performed from a run). Jumps are performed from the front stance (facing in the direction of the jump), back stance and handstand.
Run-up phase. It is aimed at performing a more effective repulsion and increasing the departure height. Allocate a run on the tower and a run on the springboard.
Run up on the tower. The forward spin jump is an easy run that ends with a low two-foot hop on the edge of the platform.
Run on the trampoline is a calm walk, with a high jump up at the end and coming to both feet on the edge of the springboard.
repulsion phase. Is main phase when performing water jumps. In the repulsion phase, the direction, the departure height necessary to perform the jumps, and the rotation of the body around the transverse axis are created.
Repulsion from the tower. Similar to repulsion from a solid support. When an athlete stands motionless on a support, the action of gravity and the reaction of the support is balanced. When bending and quickly unbending the legs (accelerated movement of the moving links), the body breaks away from the support, i.e., a jump is made.
flight phase. Having broken away from the support, in flight, the athlete can control the speed of his rotation around the transverse axis (along the somersault) and create rotation around the longitudinal axis (along the screws).
Dive phase. The athlete, having completed the jump, must plunge into the water at an angle close to 90 °, down with his feet or head, without splashing. When entering the water upside down, the position of the body that the athlete takes is similar to starting position, i.e. the head is kept straight; the stomach is tucked up; the legs are bent at the knee and hip joints, the socks are pulled back; arms, straightened at the elbow joints, tightly pressed to the body.
Diving- Olympic aquatic view sport, the essence of which is to perform acrobatic elements in a jump from a tower or springboard into the water. In diving, both the quality of the performance of acrobatic elements and the cleanliness of the entrance to the water are evaluated.
The International Swimming Federation (FR. Fédération Internationale de Natation, FINA) is an organization that develops diving and organizes international competitions.
The history of the emergence and development of diving
People from ancient times, one way or another, were engaged in diving, they did it from rocks, coasts, ships. This occupation was distributed mainly among fishermen, divers and warriors. If we talk about diving as a hobby, then for the first time they started talking about it in Switzerland in the 16th century.
Jumping into the water became widespread in the second half of the 19th century, this was due to the widespread construction of bathing complexes. In parallel with the Swiss school of diving, there was also a German school. The main difference German school from the Swiss is the projectile from which the jumps are performed - the springboard. The Swiss, on the other hand, performed high jumps.
During the ski jump, the athlete's whole body was very tense. Such jumps were distinguished by great accuracy of execution. The jumps of the Swiss were distinguished by the freedom and naturalness of the position of the body. Later, the American jumpers managed to combine both schools, and got a high reach and entry into the water without splashing.
In 1908, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) was formed, which influenced the further development of diving and promotes its development at the present time.
Diving rules
Each jump must be identified by 3 or 4 numbers and a letter after them.
First digit denotes the jump class:
1 - jumps from the front stance with forward rotation;
2 - jumps from the rear rack with backward rotation;
3 - jumps from the front stance with backward rotation;
4 - jumps from the rear rack with forward rotation;
5 - jumps with rotation in two planes with propellers;
6 - jumping from a handstand.
Second digit can take the value 1 or 0. The number 1 indicates that the jump has a flight phase, and the number 0 indicates that there is no flight phase. In handstand jumps, the second digit indicates the class or direction to which the jump belongs:
1 - front;
2 - back;
3 - with rotation back from the front pillar.
In the helical jump class, the second digit indicates the class or direction of take-off.
Third digit shows the number of half-turns performed.
Fourth digit in the twist and handstand classes, means the number of half twists performed.
The letter at the end of the jump number indicates the position in which the jump is performed:
A - direct;
B - bending over;
C - in grouping;
D - free.
All competitions in individual and synchronized diving must include six dives. Jumps must not be repeated.
After the referee's signal, the athlete must take the starting position (free and independent). For example, when jumping from a place, the body should be straight, the head is straight, and the arms are straight in any position.
If a running jump is performed, then it must be smooth, aesthetically pleasing and continuous until the end of the springboard or platform, with the last step taken from one foot and always without jumping before taking off.
The take-off from the springboard must be done with both feet at the same time. The jumping take-off from the front stance forward to the back from the tower can be done with one foot.
During flight, the jump position must be aesthetically pleasing at all times.
The jump is considered completed when the entire body of the jumper is completely below the surface of the water.
Diving pool and equipment
For the diving and swimming competitions, the same pool is used, so their parameters will be identical: a width of 21 meters and a length of 18 to 22 meters. However, the FINA rules specify a minimum depth of a diving pool of 4.5 m and a minimum illumination of 1 m above the water surface of 500 lux.
The diving tower is equipped with platforms with a width of 0.6 m to 3 m located at a height of 1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 m. The platforms made of reinforced concrete are covered with hardwood and covered with an anti-slip coating on top.
Springboards are made of duralumin alloy, which achieves maximum spring qualities. The height of the springboards varies from 1 to 3 meters above the water surface, the width is 0.5 m, the length is 4.8 m. According to the FINA rules, the front edge of the springboard must recede from the edge of the pool by 1.5 m.
In addition, at competitions in diving, a unit is used to mechanically disturb the surface of the water. This is necessary for a better assessment by the athlete of the distance to the water surface.
Many people ask "Why do athletes climb into a small warm pool after a jump?" All this is done for reasons of hygiene and to maintain muscle tone.
Equipment
Equipment for male jumpers - swimming trunks with a cuff around the legs, for women - a one-piece swimsuit of the established sample of swimming companies with which FINA and European League swimming. Diving equipment material should be more durable than swimmers' clothing.
Types of diving
There are several groups by which all sports jumps are classified:
- Front (facing the water);
- Rear (back to the water);
- Handstand.
The presence of a run
- Jump from a place;
- Running jump.
body position
- Bending - straight legs connected together;
- Bending over - the body is bent at the waist, legs are straight;
- In the grouping - the knees are brought together to the body, the arms are wrapped around the lower part of the legs.
Turns and screws
- Half turn - a jump with body rotation around the transverse axis by 180 degrees;
- Turnover - a jump with a rotation of the body around the transverse axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps in 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4.5 turns;
- Half screw - jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 180 degrees;
- Screw - a jump with a rotation of the body around the longitudinal axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps with 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 screws.
The combination of different elements allows you to perform more than 60 options for ski jumping and more than 90 from the tower.
Refereeing
Diving competitions are regulated by the referee with the assistance of assistant referees, judges and the secretariat.
The formation of the panel of judges is carried out in accordance with the Qualification requirements for sports judges of the sport "diving".
In the case when there are eleven judges, five judges evaluate the synchronism of the jump execution, three judges evaluate the performance of the jump of one jumper, and three of the other.
Five judges may be used in all individual and team events, and nine judges in synchronized events. Five evaluate the timing of the jump, two judges evaluate the performance of one jumper, and two - the other. Jumps into the water are evaluated on a 10-point system.
Two independent secretaries (first and second) maintain and store the protocols of the competition.
Diving competition
The Olympic Games are the most prestigious diving competition.
The World Diving Championship is a competition between the national teams of countries belonging to the International Swimming Federation (FINA).
The European Championship is a competition between the national teams of European countries that are members of the International Swimming Federation (FINA).
2016-07-01We tried to cover the topic as fully as possible, so this information can be safely used in the preparation of messages, reports on physical education and abstracts on the topic "Diving".
Jumping into the water is one of the most exciting pastimes that both adults and children are exposed to. The history of this occupation has deep roots. Since ancient times, the peoples of many countries had daredevils who, for fun, threw themselves into the seas and rivers from rocks, bridges, ship masts. Hindus, for example, jumped straight into a deep, water-filled well from the top of a 20-meter temple. Young Swiss and Romanian jumpers were famous for their ability to dive from bridges almost half a millennium ago. Surprisingly, it was precisely because of the fear of being cut in half that they jumped not with their feet down - “soldier”, but exclusively with their heads down. French circus performers managed to jump into the river even on bicycles and horses. We also had a lot of such jumpers in Rus' who were not afraid to jump with enough high altitude. This hobby was recognized as a sport at the II summer Olympic Games in Paris in 1900. At the same time, the brave men who decided to perform difficult jumps wore sweaters or special quilted jackets, since jumping into the water from a great height requires serious sports training and carry not only self-satisfaction, but also danger. Let's try to figure out what you need to know in order to protect yourself from bruises and injuries when jumping into the water.
Jumps into the water are carried out from a certain height, as a rule, with some initial speed. After the start of the jump and before entering the water, the jumper moves in the air under the action of two forces: gravity 
and air resistance force 
. The latter is small enough to be neglected in our calculations. With this in mind, we calculate what speed a person will have at the surface of the water if he jumped from a height and had an initial speed directed at an angle to the horizon. Let's also define the distance of the jump - the horizontal distance from the starting point to the point of entry into the water.
The speed is easily determined based on the law of conservation of energy:
where is the acceleration of free fall, is the mass of a person, is the speed of entry into the water. After mathematical transformations, we get:
Thus, if the jump is performed from a height of 5 m with an initial speed of 4 m/s, then the speed of entry into the water will be approximately 10.7 m/s or 39 km/h. This is a fairly high speed, and if it collides with water, it can lead to bruises and injuries. The safest entry into the water is with your feet down (“soldier”) or head with arms outstretched forward to soften the impact on the water (“fish”). But the latter option is much more difficult to perform, since during the flight it is very difficult to control the rotation of the body and a collision with water on the stomach or back is possible, and at high speed this is unsafe. Athletes who engage in diving practice a lot to learn how to control their body during the jump and enter the water with little to no splash. At the same time, the higher the starting point of the jump, the more difficult it is to perform it safely for oneself. And you need to think carefully before taking risks. Moreover, the duration of the jump is very short, for example, a jump from a height of 5 m lasts about 1 s.
Now let's calculate the jump distance. To do this, you need to use the kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion and make up a system:
.
Eliminating the duration of the jump, we find the maximum distance of the jump, which is obtained if the angle is 45 0:
Thus, if a jump is made from a height of 5 m with an initial speed of 4 m/s, then the maximum distance of the jump will be 3.8 m, and with an initial speed of 2 m/s - 1.6 m. This must be taken into account in order to control the entry point to water. When jumping into the water, it is also necessary to take into account the depth of the reservoir so as not to hit the bottom or other unsafe objects lying on it and not visible from above. In this case dangerous places are marked with special signs, which in no case can not be ignored.
Let's calculate the depth of immersion if the speed of entry into the water is . At the speeds under consideration and the “fish” jump, we can assume that the force of hydrodynamic resistance of water 
is constant and equal to approximately 1000 H. In addition, since the average density of a person is approximately equal to the density of water, the force of gravity is balanced by the force of Archimedes. Then, using the law of conservation and transformation of energy, we obtain:
Thus, if the speed of entry into the water is 10 m / s, which is obtained when jumping from a height of 5 m, without an initial speed, and the mass of a person is 50 kg, then the immersion depth will be 2.5 m. In order to reduce it, it is necessary or to increase the force of hydrodynamic resistance of water by changing the shape of the body with the help of arms or legs, or jumping from a lower height. For example, when jumping from a height of 2 m without initial speed, the speed of entry into the water will be approximately 6.3 m/s, and the depth of immersion will be about 1 m.
Some animals, just like people, love to dive into the water. For example, dogs fearlessly rush after a ball thrown by their owner, and this often looks quite funny, especially underwater.
We suggest you solve the problem using the proposed method:
Calculate with what speed and at what distance from the tower a jumper with a mass of 60 kg will enter the water, to what depth he will dive if he jumped from a tower 10 m high with an initial speed of 5 m/s at an angle of 30 0 to the horizon. Ignore air resistance. The force of hydrodynamic resistance of water is assumed to be constant and equal to 1000 N.
