Target: to familiarize the parents of students with the rules for organizing and conducting articulatory gymnastics when performing speech therapy homework.
Tasks.
- To acquaint the parents of students with game exercises that contribute to the formation of articulatory movements and postures necessary for the correct pronunciation of sounds.
- Educate parents correct execution articulation exercises.
- Encourage parents to develop a sense of ownership and responsibility for performance corrective work on the development of articulatory motor skills in children.
What is articulation gymnastics and how to properly organize it in such a way that so that she would provide the child with maximum assistance in staging sounds?
It should start with the fact that speech sounds are formed as a result of a complex set of movements of the articulatory organs. We correctly pronounce various sounds due to strength, good mobility and well-coordinated work of the organs of the articulatory apparatus (lips, cheeks, tongue). Language - main muscle organs of speech; for him, as for any muscle, gymnastics is simply necessary. After all, the tongue must be well developed enough to perform the subtle purposeful movements necessary for a clear sound pronunciation.
Hence, goal of articulation gymnastics- the formation of full-fledged movements and certain positions of the lips, cheeks and tongue, necessary for the correct pronunciation of sounds.
Regular exercise of articulatory gymnastics will help:
- improve the blood supply to the articulatory organs and their innervation (nerve conduction);
- improve mobility articulatory organs;
- strengthen muscular system tongue, lips, cheeks;
- teach a child hold a certain articulatory posture;
- increase range of motion;
- decrease spasticity ( tension) articulatory organs;
- prepare the child for the correct pronunciation of sounds.
Requirements for conducting articulation gymnastics
Articulatory gymnastics is performed while sitting, since in this position the child has a straight back, the body is not tense, the arms and legs are in a calm position.
The child must clearly see the face of an adult, as well as his own face, in order to independently control the correctness of the exercises. Therefore, a child and an adult should be in front of a wall mirror during articulation gymnastics. You can also use a small hand mirror, but then the adult should be opposite the child facing him.
Carry out articulation gymnastics daily so that the acquired skills are consolidated.
Each exercise is performed 5-7 times.
Static exercises(for example, "Fungus") are performed for 10-15 seconds (holding the articulation posture in one position).
If the child does not get some kind of movement, you can help him (with a clean cotton swab, a teaspoon handle, or just a clean finger).
In order for the child to find the correct position of the tongue, for example, licking the upper lip, you can spread it with jam, chocolate or something else that your child loves (i.e. you need to be creative with the exercises).
Exercise "Pya-pya-pya"
Target. Develop the ability to relax the muscles of the tongue.
Short description. Open your mouth a little, calmly put your tongue on your lower lip and, slapping it with your lips, make sounds pya-pya-pya
...
Note.
1. The lower lip should not be tucked up and pulled over the lower teeth.
2. The tongue should be wide, its edges touching the corners of the mouth.
3. Pat your tongue with your lips several times on one exhale.
Exercise "Delicious jam"
Target. Develop the movement of the wide front edge of the tongue up.
Short description. Slightly open your mouth and lick the upper lip with the wide front edge of the tongue, moving the tongue from top to bottom, but not from side to side.
Note.
1. Make sure that only the tongue works, and the lower jaw does not help, does not "plant" the tongue up - it must be motionless (you can hold it with your finger).
2. The tongue should be wide, its lateral edges touch the corners of the mouth.
3. If the exercise does not work out, you need to return to the exercise "Foo-five-five." As soon as the tongue becomes flattened, lift it up with a cotton swab and wrap it on the upper lip.
Exercise "Turkey"
Target. To develop the rise of the tongue up, the mobility of its front part.
Short description. Open your mouth, put your tongue on your upper lip and make movements with the wide front edge of the tongue along the upper lip back and forth, trying not to tear your tongue from your lip - as if stroking it. First make slow movements, then increase the tempo and add voice until you hear the sounds " bl-bl"
(like a turkey "buzzing").
Note.
1. Make sure that the tongue is wide and does not narrow.
2. The movements of the tongue should be back and forth, and not from side to side.
Exercise "Horse"
Target. Strengthen the muscles of the tongue and develop the rise of the tongue up.
Short description. Smile, show your teeth, open your mouth and click the tip of your tongue (like a horse clatters its hooves).
Note.
1. The exercise is first performed at a slow pace, then faster.
2. The lower jaw should not move; only the language works.
Exercise "Fungus"
Target. To develop a rise of the tongue up, stretch the hyoid ligament ("bridle").
Short description. Smile, show your teeth, open your mouth and, pressing a wide tongue with the entire plane against the palate, open your mouth wide (the tongue will resemble a thin cap of a fungus, and the stretched hyoid ligament will resemble its leg.)
Note.
1. Keep your lips in a smile position.
2. The lateral edges of the tongue should be pressed equally tightly - no half should go down.
Exercise "Accordion"
Target. Strengthen the muscles of the tongue, stretch the hyoid ligament (bridle).
Short description. Smile, open your mouth, stick your tongue to the palate and, without releasing your tongue, close and open your mouth (as the accordion furs stretch, so the hyoid frenulum stretches). The lips are in a smile position. When repeating the exercise, you should try to open your mouth wider and longer and keep your tongue in the upper position.
Target. Develop a smooth, long, continuous air stream running in the middle of the tongue.
Short description. Smile, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the lower lip and, as if making a long sound f
, blow off the cotton wool on the opposite edge of the table.
Note.
1. Make sure that your cheeks do not puff out, for this you can lightly hold them with your fingers.
2. You need to drive the ball on one exhalation, not allowing the air stream to be intermittent.
Exercise "Focus"
Target. To develop the rise of the tongue up, the ability to give the tongue the shape of a bucket and direct the air stream in the middle of the tongue.
Short description. Smile, open your mouth, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the lower lip so that its lateral edges are pressed, and there is a groove in the middle of the tongue, and blow off the cotton wool placed on the tip of the nose. The air should go in the middle of the tongue, then the fleece will fly up.
Note.
1. The lateral edges of the tongue should be pressed against the upper lip; a gap is formed in the middle into which the air stream goes.
2. The lower lip should not tuck and stretch over the lower teeth.
Exercise "Brush your teeth"
Target. Learn to hold the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth.
Short description. Smile, show your teeth, open your mouth and “clean” your lower teeth with the tip of your tongue, first moving your tongue from side to side, then from bottom to top.
Note.
1. Lips are motionless, are in the position of a smile.
2. Make sure that the tongue is at the gums, and does not slide along the upper edge of the teeth.
Exercise "Swing"
Target. Develop the ability to quickly change the position of the tongue, necessary when connecting sound [l] with vowels a, s, o, u.
Short description. Smile, show teeth, open your mouth, put a wide tongue behind your lower teeth (with inside) and hold in this position for a count of one to five. Then raise a wide tongue by the upper teeth (also from the inside) and hold the count from one to five. So, alternately change position 5 times.
Note. Make sure that only the tongue works, and the lower jaw and lips remain motionless.
At the first stages, when performing exercises, there is tension in the movements of the lips, cheeks and tongue. Gradually, tension disappears, movements become relaxed, coordinated, their differentiation increases.
Do not be upset if some exercises do not work the first time even for you. Try to repeat them with your child, confessing to him: "Look, I can't do it either, let's try together"
. Be patient, kind and calm.
Remember that negative remarks can lead to refusal to perform movements. It is important to encourage the success of the child, systematically show him his achievements, cheer him up.
Bibliography
1. Articulation gymnastics [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:
2. Makerova, O. N. Recommendations for conducting exercises of articulation gymnastics [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.solnet.ee/parents.
3. Recommendations for articulation gymnastics [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:
Advice for parents on:
"Articulation gymnastics with a child at home"
Educator: Novikova Elena Yurievna
For correct sound pronunciation, it is necessary that the child's articulatory apparatus - tongue, lips, jaws - also work correctly and clearly.
In the formation and development of movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus important role plays articulatory gymnastics, which consists of special exercises for the development of mobility, dexterity of the tongue, lips, cheeks, frenulum.
We do gymnastics for arms and legs so that they become strong and dexterous. The same gymnastics is necessary for the speech organs, where the tongue (the main muscle) needs to be sufficiently well developed to perform the subtle, purposeful movements necessary to pronounce the required sound.
For children of two, three, four years old, articulatory gymnastics will help to gain purposefulness of tongue movements. Remember that at this age you are helping your baby achieve the correct sound pronunciation.
In the initial period, articulatory gymnastics must be performed in front of a mirror. The child must see what the tongue is doing. We adults do not think about where it is in this moment tongue (behind the upper or lower teeth). We have an automated skill, and the child needs to acquire this automatism through visual perception, constantly exercising.
Children of five, six, seven years old, articulation gymnastics will help overcome existing violations.
The exercises I have selected are recommended to be performed in front of a mirror, eventually moving to a faster pace. Each exercise is performed 6-8 times for 10 seconds. For better reliability, at first, do not hesitate to do them together with your child, carefully explaining and showing everything. Do not be upset if some exercises do not work the first time. Try repeating them with your child. Be patient, gentle and calm, and you will succeed. Soon the child will learn to perform movements independently and without a mirror. The exercises that the child performs without difficulty can either be omitted or returned to them a couple of times a week.
In the event that, nevertheless, some movement does not work out in any way, assistance should be provided. For example, to hold a wide tongue behind the upper teeth (to pronounce the sound [w], you can use the flat narrow handle of a teaspoon, to generate vibration of the tip of the tongue (for the sound [r]) - the child's finger.
When performing articulation gymnastics at home, the following requirements should be observed:
Perform each movement in front of a mirror;
Move slowly, rhythmically, clearly;
Compare the sample (adult's actions) with the working version (child's actions) more often;
When performing movements for the tongue, use the palm of your hand and the child's hand, imitating the movements of the tongue.
Remember: gymnastics should not bother the child. Make sure he doesn't get tired of it.
Before you start performing articulation gymnastics, I recommend that you do exercises to relax the organs of articulation.
First you need to turn the tongue into a spatula (the wide tongue lies on the lower lip) and perform the following movements:
Stroke the tongue gently with your lips; (show)
And then we tap gently with our lips; (show)
We stroke the tongue affectionately with our teeth; (show)
Gently bite (pat) we his teeth; (show)
And again we caress affectionately with our teeth; (show)
And then we slap our lips gently; (show)
And at the end we will gently caress your lips; (show)
The child must form two basic lip poses: an open smile, which is necessary for the pronunciation of sounds and, e, s, s, c. and a tube - stretching the lips forward - necessary for the correct articulation of sounds: o, y, w, w, h, u.
So: “Smile”, “Tube”, “Fence”, “Donut”, “Elephant Trunk” (accompanied by a show).
The following are exercises necessary for the correct pronunciation of certain sounds. It can be a group of whistling, a group of hissing sounds, sounds p, l. Depending on which group of sounds the child has.
Purpose of the consultation: Propaganda among parents of special knowledge on speech therapy assistance to children.
Tasks:
1. Expand the knowledge of adults about the importance of articulation gymnastics for the development of the speech apparatus and the formation of the child's pronunciation skills.
2. To form an idea of the variety of exercises of articulation gymnastics
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Advice for parents
Articulation gymnastics at home
Purpose of the consultation: Propaganda among parents of special knowledge on speech therapy assistance to children.
Tasks:
1. Expand the knowledge of adults about the importance of articulation gymnastics for the development of the speech apparatus and the formation of the child's pronunciation skills.
2. To form an idea of the variety of exercises of articulation gymnastics
The correct pronunciation of sounds by children is ensured by good mobility and differentiated work of the organs of articulation. Articulation gymnastics helps to develop clear and coordinated movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus.
Articulation gymnastics- this is a set of exercises, some of which help to improve the mobility of the organs of articulation, others - to increase the volume and strength of movements, others develop the accuracy of the posture of the lips, tongue, necessary for pronouncing a particular sound.
Articulation gymnastics- exercises for training the organs of articulation necessary for the correct sound pronunciation.
There is an opinion that articulatory gymnastics is not such an important, frivolous activity that you can not do. However, it is not. The systematic implementation of articulation exercises allows you to:
- Prepare the articulatory apparatus for the independent formation of the pronunciation of sounds (i.e., the earlier the parents and the child begin to engage in articulatory gymnastics, the faster the child has the sounds of his native language, even such difficult ones as R, L).
- Articulation exercises help children with complex speech disorders overcome speech defects faster.
- Articulatory gymnastics is very useful for children who are referred to as “porridge in the mouth” (i.e., such children have reduced muscle tone of the cheeks, lips and tongue).
Speech therapy classes for the correction of speech disorders are held two to three times a week, depending on the complexity of the speech disorder. However, this is not enough to correct speech. You also need to take care of your child at home.
How to do articulation exercises at home?
Organization of articulation gymnastics at home :
- You should do it daily for 7-10 minutes.
- All exercises are performed in front of a mirror ( the best option- a large mirror where the child sees himself and an adult, but a small mirror is also possible).
- All exercises are carried out in the form of a game. It is forbidden to force a child to force to study. It is necessary to interest: "Let's play with the tongue ..."
- At first, the exercise is carried out slowly, slowly, 4-5 exercises per day, then every day we add one new exercise.
Now let's dwell on what articulation exercises are. Articulation exercises are divided into static and dynamic (presentation "Articulation gymnastics at home").
Static exercises- these are exercises where the child performs a certain way, posture of the cheeks, lips, tongue. These are the exercises:
- "Fence",
- "window",
- "Tube",
- "Cup",
- "Pancake",
- "Needle",
- "Bridge",
- "Sail"
These are some basic exercises, there are many more. Here it must be said that the first two exercises are especially important - “Fence”, “Window”, since it is from these exercises that others will be performed. For example, to perform the exercise "Sail", we tell the child: "Make" Fence "-" Window "-" Sail ". And so any exercise will begin with these two.
Static exercises should be held by the child for 7 - 10 seconds, that is, it is not enough to show, the main thing is to be able to hold the pose. For example, we tell the child: “you will do the exercise, and I will count”
Dynamic exercises- these are exercises where the correct movement of the cheeks, lips, tongue is necessary. These are exercises such as:
- "Watch";
- "Swing";
- "Horse";
- "Brushing teeth";
- "Delicious jam";
- "Drummer";
- "Thin people - fat men" and others.
These exercises are also carried out under the account, only with each account the child needs to change the position of the cheeks, lips or tongue. In the exercise "Swing" can be considered, so the child raises - lowers the tongue up - down, and the adult counts "swing - swing".
If the child's tongue trembles, is too tense, deviates to the side, the child cannot even hold the position a short time Be sure to consult a speech pathologist.
- E. Pozhilenko "Articulation gymnastics"
- T. Kulikovskaya "Articulation gymnastics in pictures and verses"
- T. Budyonny "Speech therapy gymnastics",
- E. S. Anischenkova "Aritculatory gymnastics for the development of speech of preschoolers",
- E. Kosinova “Articulation gymnastics. Tales, games, exercises for the development of speech.
These manuals are designed so that each parent can easily carry out articulation exercises with their child. In the book on each page - one exercise, its purpose, detailed description, a rhyme, problems that may arise, and of course, a picture with the correct execution.
Articulation gymnastics.
When the baby amusingly distorts his first words, the parents listen to him with emotion, retelling the "pearls" of the child to their relatives and friends. Of course, this age and often goes away with time, but not as harmless as it might seem.
Why do you need gymnastics
Speech defects can seriously poison the life of a child, because they often become an occasion for jokes and ridicule among children.
Incorrect pronunciation of sounds occurs due to the imperfection of the articulatory apparatus. This is the name of the totality of organs involved in the generation of sound: the larynx, lips, tongue, jaw, etc. And just as parents develop the physical data of the child with physical education, these organs need gymnastics.
The goal of articulatory gymnastics is the development of the speech apparatus, the improvement and development of its movements.
Does everyone need it, and why do the exercises if it is too early to talk about speech defects? Everyone. For children 2-4 years old, it will help strengthen the muscles of the articulatory apparatus, gain tongue mobility. By 5 - 7 years, already existing violations can be corrected. It is important to understand here that the earlier you start classes, the more likely a positive result is. closer to school age and in the primary grades, speech defects are very difficult and sometimes impossible to correct even with a speech therapist.
Sometimes children pronounce sounds correctly, but due to the lethargy of sound pronunciation, “porridge in the mouth” is obtained. This phenomenon is considered an unexpressed deviation in the development of speech and is called an erased form of dysarthria.
Basic rules of gymnastics
Classes should become a system for you and your child, only regular training can give results. What else you need to know:
- the duration of the "exercises for the tongue" depends on the fatigue of the crumbs, but not more than 10 minutes;
- during classes, the baby sits in front of the mirror to see his tongue;
- never force the baby, it is better to turn training into a game;
- classes are held at a measured pace, 4-5 exercises per session;
- if it is difficult for the baby to repeat the articulatory movement after you, help him with the handle of a teaspoon;
- the task of parents is to monitor the correctness and smoothness of the actions, otherwise gymnastics does not make sense.
If gymnastics is given to a preschooler with great difficulty, his tongue trembles and does not obey, it is better to contact a speech therapist. Perhaps the baby needs a special massage.
Types of exercises
Articulation exercises are static (the tongue is fixed in a fixed position) and dynamic (all organs of the speech apparatus participate).
Static exercises
When performing them, it is important not only to show the position of the tongue, but also to hold the pose for about 7 - 10 seconds.
"Shovel". We open our mouth wide, “lay” the relaxed tongue on the lower lip.
"Mushroom". We stick the tongue to the palate and open the mouth as much as possible.
"Proboscis". We stretch the closed lips forward as much as possible with a “tube” and hold for 5 to 10 seconds.
Dynamic exercises
The exercises are performed under the account, where the position of the speech organs changes rhythmically.
"Watch". We open our mouths and smile. We make the tongue narrow, with its tip we stretch to the corners of the mouth.
"Swing". We open our mouth and stretch our tongue to the chin, then to the nose.
"Where's the candy?" The lips are closed, alternately resting the tongue on each cheek.
"Horse". We fix the tongue, as in the “mushroom” exercise, and click strongly.
As you can see, the movements are very simple, and you can perform them even without a speech therapist.
Age features of children and gymnastics
It is still too early to do articulatory gymnastics with babies, but an eight-month-old baby is quite capable of repeating some actions for an adult: puff out his cheeks, stick out his tongue, pronounce simple combinations of sounds. For example, you can snort with the baby while changing clothes or washing.
For children 2 - 3 years old
Full-fledged classes for the development of the articulatory apparatus should begin at the age of two. It is too early to talk about the production of the most problematic sounds - hissing, sonorous and whistling. Therefore, the main goal of work at this stage is the development of auditory attention, familiarity with the strength and pitch of the voice, controlling the duration of the oral breath, clarifying the pronunciation of onomatopoeic combinations (meow-meow, ko-ko, boom-boom).
"Ball". Ask your child to puff out their cheeks and blow them out. If he doesn’t succeed right away, lightly press on them. Subsequently, you can inflate the cheeks alternately.
"Guess." Prepare hot and cold water, a teaspoon. When the child closes his eyes, touch the device to the lips of the tongue and offer to guess what water the spoon has been in.
"House". Opening the mouth (house), the baby shows the tongue, then hides it again.
"Gates". Opening your mouth wide, you need to fix the position (5 - 7 seconds).
For children 3-4 years old
The purpose of the classes is to introduce the organs of speech and their functions (lips smile, stretch out with a tube; the lower jaw helps to open and close the mouth; the tongue moves up, down, in a circle, right and left).
"Smile". Smile and hold this position for the account.
"Delicious jam" Have your child pretend to lick the jam off their lips. First from the top, then from the bottom.
From the above exercises, children learn to perform the “Shovel”, “Watch”, “Swing”, “Horse”.
The game character will add to the articulation gymnastics the use of pictures that clearly show how to perform the exercise and what needs to be depicted. Funny poems will also help to entertain the crumbs.
For children 4 - 5 years old
Purpose of work: consolidation of old and introduction of new concepts: upper and lower lips, teeth; wide and narrow tongue; bumps behind teeth. The requirements for the exercises being performed increase, the pace of work increases.
"Needle". We open our mouth, push the tongue forward as much as possible, making it narrow.
"Sail". Smiling, open your mouth wide. The tip of the tongue rests on the tubercle behind the lower teeth. The position is held.
"Let's brush our teeth." The mouth is wide open again, a smile on the lips. With the tip of the tongue we make movements reminiscent of brushing the teeth from the inside (left-right). Only the tongue works, the rest of the organs are motionless.
For children 5 - 7 years old
The purpose of the work: to give an idea of the back of the tongue. The performance of the studied exercises is impeccable and brought to automatism. The child easily performs complexes in which he easily and quickly changes the position of organs. For example, having heard such a verse, the baby will perform a “proboscis”, “smile” and a house.
By this age, it is already noticeable which speech defects need to be corrected. Therefore, exercises are selected individually for each child. It is important to pay attention to the development phonemic hearing, after all, school is just around the corner, but how a child will write letters if he cannot distinguish them by ear.
"Clap your hands." An adult names sounds, and a preschooler clap his hands (squats, raises his hand) when he hears a predetermined sound. The task can be complicated by pronouncing not sounds, but words in which the desired sound occurs.
"Change the Sound" The adult calls the word, the child replaces one of the sounds. For example, "Replace the first sound with [r] and say what happened: squeak - ..sk."
"Delicious" games with benefits for speech
Children love to play, and they also love sweets. Tiresome classes in the development of speech organs can be diversified with the help of confectionery, for example, sticks and candies.
- Draw in the spaghetti marmalade, stretching your lips into a tube.
- Fix the stick under the nose with the help of the upper lip, as if it were a mustache.
- The task is the same, only now the tongue and upper lip are involved.
- The mouth is open, a stick is placed on the tongue. The goal of the baby is to keep it in balance.
- The lollipop lies on the tongue, as in a cup. The mouth is open.
- Licking the lollipop with different parties, round.
Speech therapy, or articulatory, gymnastics is a set of exercises for developing the muscles of the articulatory apparatus: lips, cheeks, jaws, tongue, lips, palate.
We pronounce various sounds both in isolation and in a speech stream due to the strength, good mobility and differentiated work of the organs of the articulatory apparatus.
Thus, the pronunciation of speech sounds is a complex motor skill.
The goal of articulatory gymnastics is to decompose the way of the disturbed sound, which is difficult for the child, into light simple elements, and then combine them and get the required articulation way. In addition, the task of articulation gymnastics is to strengthen the corresponding muscle groups during the execution of the movements.
When selecting exercises for articulatory gymnastics, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the defect, the normal articulation of sound.
Speech therapy gymnastics is indicated for children from two years old for the prevention of sound pronunciation disorders and for older children for the correction of speech disorders.
It should be done for 3-5 minutes several times a day, every day in front of a mirror, after explaining to the child what and how to do. Children should not be offered more than 3 exercises at a time. Each exercise is performed 5-7 times.
A speech therapist or an adult from the environment of the child should show the exercise, and the child should do it under his control.
When selecting exercises for articulation gymnastics, you must follow a certain sequence, go from simple exercises to more complex ones.
It is better to spend them emotionally, in a playful way. Of the two or three exercises performed, only one can be new, the other two are given for repetition and consolidation. If the child performs some exercise not well enough, new exercises should not be introduced, it is better to work out the old material.
To consolidate it, you can come up with new game techniques.
When conducting articulatory gymnastics, special attention must be paid to the quality of articulation movements. It is important to monitor the purity of the execution of movements, the smoothness of movements, pace, normal muscle tone, the ability to hold the movement for a certain time. Muscles should be without unnecessary tension and lethargy.
Articulatory gymnastics is performed while sitting, since in this position the child has a straight back, the body is not tense, the arms and legs are in a calm position.
Below are the sets of exercises traditional in speech therapy practice used in articulatory gymnastics.
Lip exercises
1. Smile. Holding lips in a smile. Teeth are not visible.
2. Proboscis (Tubule). Pulling the lips forward with a long tube.
3. Fence. The lips are in a smile, the teeth are closed in a natural bite and are visible.
4. Bagel (Speaker). The teeth are closed. The lips are rounded and slightly extended forward. The upper and lower incisors are visible.
5. Fence - Bagel. Smile - Proboscis. Alternating positions of the lips.
6. Rabbit. The teeth are closed. The upper lip is raised and exposes the upper incisors.
Exercises for lips and cheeks
1. Biting, patting and rubbing the cheeks.
2. A well-fed hamster. Inflate both cheeks, then inflate the cheeks alternately.
3. Hungry hamster. Pull in your cheeks.
4. The mouth is closed. To beat with a fist on inflated cheeks, as a result of which the air comes out with force and noise.
Static exercises for the tongue
1. Chicks. The mouth is wide open, the tongue lies quietly in the oral cavity.
2. Spatula. The mouth is open, a wide relaxed tongue lies on the lower lip.
3. Cup. The mouth is wide open. The anterior and lateral edges of the wide tongue are raised, but do not touch the teeth.
4. Needle (Arrow. Sting). The mouth is open. Narrow tense tongue pushed forward.
5. Gorka (Kiska is angry). The mouth is open. The tip of the tongue rests on the lower incisors, the back of the tongue is raised up.
6. Tube. The mouth is open. The lateral edges of the tongue are bent up.
7. Fungus. The mouth is open. Tongue stick to the palate.
