How are power transformers different from voltage transformers? What are the purposes of one and the other? and got the best answer
Answer from Alexander R9AAA Prokudin[guru]
1. Differ in mode. The power transformer (TS) operates at a rated load (current and voltage) Sload~Snom. The voltage transformer (VT) operates in a mode close to idling (Sload is much less than Snom).
2. For HP, the coefficient is more rigidly normalized. transformation and no-load current, since these parameters affect the accuracy of voltage transformation (transformation coefficient errors and phase errors). Compliance with the accuracy class is established.
3. The design of the magnetic circuit. For three-phase VTs, the magnetic circuit is always closed for zero-sequence flows (five-rod circuit), or the VT is made of three separate transformers.
Power transformers are designed to convert electrical energy with one parameters (current and voltage) into electrical energy with other parameters. There are step-up, step-down and autotransformers. All of them are installed at substations. At substations of power plants, mainly step-up transformers and autotransformers are installed. At the nodal (transit) substations, autotransformers are most often installed. Substations have step-down transformers.
Voltage transformers are designed to lower the voltage of the measured circuit to a safe level and galvanic isolation between the measured circuit and measuring instrument circuits.
The rated voltage of the secondary windings of the VT is assumed to be 100 V.
Source: El. part of the stations. 3rd energy course
Answer from Mynda Shvynda[guru]
More like almost the same thing. Power for galvanic separation and obtaining several voltages on the secondary winding, and the voltages may not be power but sound
Answer from Oleg mezhnov[newbie]
current is amps, voltage is volts. Here's how you should be guided by it.
Answer from Alexslav[guru]
The question is a little wrong, the power trance can also be a voltage trance
Answer from Alex Ivan[guru]
these are specialized terms. in fact, both are ordinary transformers. to the voltage transformer VT, serves to power the secondary measuring circuits. similar to a CT current transformer. which is also installed in the secondary measuring circuits.
A power transformer supplies the consumer. that is, the main power current flows through it.
Answer from Foxius[guru]
TRANSFORMER
static electromagnetic device having two or more inductively coupled windings and designed to convert, by means of electromagnetic induction, one or more alternating current systems into one or more other alternating current systems
POWER TRANSFORMER - a transformer designed to convert electrical energy in electrical networks and in installations designed to receive and use electrical energy.
DUAL PURPOSE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
voltage transformer, in which one magnetic circuit performs two functions - measuring and protective, such a transformer may have one or more secondary windings.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER FOR PROTECTION
voltage transformer designed to transmit an information signal to protection and (or) control devices.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER FOR MEASUREMENTS
voltage transformer designed to transmit an information signal to measuring instruments and meters
Functional training. What is it, and where to start?
Part 1
AUTHOR: Mikhail Ivlev. Training Director of the Wellness Academy. Associate Professor of the Department of Gymnastics RGUFKSiT. Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences. Master of Sports in gymnastics. Judge of the international category in sports aerobics. Wellness Academy teacher.
Personal trainer highly qualified, specializing in complex cases of rehabilitation after injuries and operations, working with clients with problems with the spine and musculoskeletal system.
Functional training: understanding the concepts
Ask ten trainers what functional training is and you'll get ten different answers. Sometimes, functional training is misunderstood as only functional exercises for developing explosive strength, often used by professional athletes. These exercises require good basic training otherwise, there is a high risk of injury.
In fact, functional training uses the normal movements of our body (sometimes exaggerated) in various planes that reflect our daily activities. These can be, for example, squats, lunges, repulsions, thrusts and twists (turns). We use all these movements in life: we squat when we want to pick something up from the floor; we twist (turn) the body when leaving the car and push the car door with our hands and chest when closing it; a lunge is an exaggerated form of walking, and so on.
In functional training, the so-called “transfer effect” is actively exploited. Its essence lies in the fact that the effect of the development of functional strength and neuromuscular coordination is transferred to actions in everyday life and positively affects other sports skills in other disciplines, which ultimately reduces the risk of injury.
At the initial stage in functional training, it is quite enough to use only your own body weight. Then you can add all sorts of accessories: rubber bumpers, unstable platforms, balls, free weights, body bars, etc. But it is fundamentally important to first learn how to technically perform basic exercise, and only then can additional resistance and/or instability elements (unstable platforms, Bosu, etc.) be added.
What can functional training do?
Functional training can give a lot to an athlete of any level: from amateur fitness novice to professional athlete in any sport. Functional training improves the sense of balance (balance), posture, coordination, strength capabilities, improves athletic performance and reduces the risk of injury in life and sports.
How is functional training different from strength training?
Functional training affects the body in a more complex way than traditional strength training. Traditional strength training uses isolation individual muscle or muscle groups, while functional training trains the entire neuromuscular system to work together. After all, in ordinary life and in sports competitions our nervous system operates with integral movements, and not with a separate muscle.
With help functional exercises intermuscular coordination develops, since different parts of the body must simultaneously perform the movement in the most optimal way in coordination with each other.
Traditional strength training gives very good aesthetic results, developing the relief of the muscles and the beauty of the body, but the functional performance of bodybuilders is far from the highest. Yes, a bodybuilder can squeeze a lot big weight from a prone position on a bench, but this skill does not transfer to everyday life and does not improve athletic performance in other disciplines. In addition, bodybuilders are highly prone to soft tissue injuries, and their gait and movements in general are not associated with lightness and flexibility. Rather, on the contrary, bodybuilders are easily recognizable by some “heaviness” and sluggishness.
Maximum training results can be achieved by combining functional and strength training so that they complement each other. Exercises functional training should not 100% replace traditional strength training. Exercises that use isolation of one or more muscle groups indispensable when you need to strengthen more weak muscles.
The best option is to supplement the strength training program with functional ones.
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in the struggle for harmony and healthy body strength exercises are indispensable: they tone muscles, train the heart, stimulate metabolism, form an aesthetic relief and good posture. Strong muscles prevent osteochondrosis, back pain and joint pain. But the phrase “strength training” often draws in the female imagination the image of a bodybuilder torturing himself with weights in a “rocking chair”. But girls dream not so much about cast muscles (unless, of course, we are talking about their life partners), but about harmony and grace.
In Pilates, as in strength training, one of the main tasks is given to the construction and strengthening of muscles. How are these methods different? First, the mode and technique. Strength programs suggest dynamics - multiple repetitions, several approaches, work with weights. In Pilates, exercises are performed in the rhythm of breathing, the pace is calm, the movements are measured, the number of repetitions is small. Second, goals.
Pilates or strength training: the goal is to improve health
“Initially, it was a rehabilitation technique that, during the First World War, made it possible to raise the wounded with severe injuries of the musculoskeletal system to their feet,” says Ekaterina Soboleva, fitness director sports club Zupre. - Then this technique was used by ballet stars to recover from injuries. So this is the first place to start when it comes to back and joint health. Basically, all exercises in Pilates are performed lying down with minimal load on the spine. This is a very functional training system: clearly laid out, effective, while sparing and soft. Only after all the joints, ligaments and muscles are restored, you can move on to strength training.
Pilates, unlike most strength training, is indicated during pregnancy and during the recovery period after childbirth.
Pilates or strength training: the goal is to correct the figure
“First of all, Pilates is flexibility, excellent intermuscular coordination, muscle tone without excess muscle volume, good functioning of the entire musculoskeletal system, explains Ekaterina Soboleva. “But in terms of weight loss, it is less effective than weight training or cardio due to lower energy costs.”
Pilates or strength training: the goal is to work out hard-to-reach muscles
Strength training is built around strengthening large, superficial muscle groups. Pilates engages the internal stabilizer muscles that make up the "corset" for correct posture. These exercises improve the mobility of the spine and joints, increase muscle elasticity and flexibility of the whole body. And balance exercises allow you to simultaneously work out several muscle groups at once.
Pilates or strength training: the goal is to return to the sport after a break
“If after several months of stable strength training you took a break, say, for the New Year holidays, in order to return to the previous results, it will take two to three weeks of classes in a calm mode, do not immediately try to complete the load that you did on last workout- says Ekaterina Soboleva. - Otherwise, you risk serious injury, such as sprains or torn ligaments. Muscles need to be prepared for stress. If you want to avoid unpleasant consequences, go to the previous level of working weights and repetitions gradually. Pilates is very suitable for this.”
Swing not pump over
The hormone estrogen protects girls from full biceps. He is responsible for the smooth lines of the female body and will not allow you to pump. To really build a mountain of muscle, you need to try: train regularly with big weights(much more than 15 kg), eat protein, amino acids and protein shakes. An ordinary woman who follows a diet and training regimen is able to increase muscle mass up to a maximum of 500 g per month. So there is nothing unnatural in strength exercises with medium weights for a girl's body, if they are performed skillfully and in moderation.
The first ones focus on cardio training (which we already talked about in the material “What is cardio training?”), And they are perplexed why other girls want to be “jocks”. The latter, fans of strength training, openly laugh at the former, believing that their "jumps" are not sports at all.
To find out which of them is right, we understand what strength training is and why it is needed.
What is strength training?
In short and understandable words, power loads are those loads that are built on working with weight. Such exercises maximally involve the muscles of the body, are aimed at their development, which as a result ensures fat burning.
Strength training can be done different ways- working with free weights(dumbbells, barbells), on simulators or testing own body. Yes, you understood correctly, without additional equipment you can also do strength training, you just need to know what exercises and with what intensity to perform. But still with professional equipment it will be much easier and more efficient to do.
Of course, working with free weights or other devices can be traumatic. Therefore, in order to avoid trouble and achieve results, it is important to master the correct execution of the exercises. For beginners, it will not be superfluous to contact a coach, at least at first.
Strength training for weight loss
The advantage of strength training is that it gives a 100% guarantee of weight loss. That is, by doing the right thing three times a week for an hour and observing the simplest rules of proper nutrition, after two months you can see a positive result. In addition, exactly strength exercises, unlike all other loads, will help not only get rid of extra pounds, but also "pump up" the body. So, for example, to make the buttocks round and elastic, the press is embossed, and also to avoid the effect of skinny fat - you can only do it with the help of strength training.
The main difference between strength training and cardio is that in the first case, the effect of burning calories occurs within 12-24 hours after exercise, when the body is recovering. In the second option, calories are burned exclusively during training. And even if you burn significantly more calories during cardio, after the session the body will try to restore them as quickly as possible by accumulating fat cells. While strength training during exercise consumes carbohydrate reserves, and in order to restore them after exercise, the body will use fat as fuel. Which in the end result will bring a faster result in weight loss.
myths
The most common obstacle for girls on the way to strength training, in addition to laziness, is the fear of “pumping over” and gaining a male figure. Believe me, a bodybuilder's figure can only be obtained by taking steroids in addition to years. intense training specifically aimed at muscle hypertrophy.
If the loads vary in the range of 3-4 hours a week, they will not be able to turn you into a person, even remotely resembling bikinists on bright posters hung in the rocking chairs. Moreover, the bikinists themselves look so “menacing” only during the competition, when they sit on the “dryer” for several months. The rest of the time, their body does not scold with pronounced musculature and wiryness.
No one can tell you that it is better to focus on cardio training or lean on strength, you must determine this for yourself, depending on what goals you are pursuing.
For healthy and beautiful body experts recommend combining cardio and strength training, alternating them on different days.
If you don’t have the time and opportunity to do so much, and reset overweight you really want to do it as soon as possible, then you should prefer strength training with 10 minutes of cardio immediately after it.
But in all cases, it is worth considering the fact that no training will provide an eternal result, if they are then abandoned. Sports only work when you do them. Therefore, you should not immediately lean on training with excessive pressure if you have not previously been engaged in physical activity. Too active jerk will quickly bore you and exhaust you. It is better to start with small loads that you can handle and only then gradually increase them, whether it be strength, cardio or mixed exercises.
Training is usually divided into anaerobic or otherwise strength and aerobic, which are also called cardio training. In this case, strength means any activity like powerlifting, bodybuilding, arm wrestling, etc., during which the maximum number of muscle fibers is involved (note - not groups!). Anaerobic workouts are designed to increase strength and gain muscle mass. It is during this kind of occupation that occurs. What is the difference between strength training and cardio, and what effect does it have on the whole body?
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
In order for a person to be able to carry out any physical activity he needs energy. Its source is always the ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate). A small amount (approximately 3.5-7.5 mmol / kg) of ATP is found in our muscles, but this reserve is only enough for a few seconds. physical activity. However, the human body is a unique system, and it provides for numerous processes that ensure the restoration of this energy. Depending on what kind of exercise is performed (aerobic or anaerobic), ATP recovery processes are different. 
Literally translated, "anaerobic" means "without the participation of oxygen", "aerobic" - "with the participation of oxygen." Those. the difference is in its presence or absence. In fact, these are completely different biochemical processes. Since we are now talking about strength training, then we will analyze the first one, which is called anaerobic glycolysis.
Energy is generated as a result of the splitting of the ATP molecule into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate. This process is accompanied for the most part by the release of heat and about a third in the form of energy production for mechanical work. Since this energy lasts only a few seconds, ATP recovery is necessary, i.e. reverse connection of ADP and phosphate, and this also requires resources. And here it is customary to distinguish between alactate and lactate cleavage. In the first case, we are talking about creatine phosphate, which is found in small amounts in the muscles. This resource is developed when a sudden very intense load is needed, for example, a jerk of a barbell. Creatine Phosphate also depletes quickly and lasts for 15-30 seconds of hard work or 5-7 seconds of extreme hard work. For longer work at medium intensity, such an energy carrier as glycogen is more suitable.
Glycogen is the body's main carbohydrate store. It is the result of the breakdown of glucose and is deposited in the liver and muscles.
Provided that oxygen does not take part in this process, glycogen is broken down into lactic acid (lactate), which ensures the restoration of ATP. This is what we begin to feel when the muscles, as they say, “burn”. Clearly in the video below.
Why is lactic acid dangerous?
Why aerobic exercise we can practice for quite a long time without a break - run, jump, jump for hours, and we can only perform power loads by making approaches (sets) with a break for rest? The thing is that the anaerobic training regime depletes all energy reserves, and the lactate (lactic acid) released during such glycolysis "clogs" the muscles and prevents further work. It reaches the so-called threshold - when the formation of lactate already exceeds its decay.
Lactic acid is produced very rapidly during anaerobic work and cannot be compensated, decomposed or eliminated by blood or respiration. With prolonged power load acidic degradation products will lead to an increased concentration of lactate in the muscles and blood, which in turn will prevent further breakdown of glycogen and the restoration of ATP. Here it is important to note the following:
ATP is needed not only to provide muscle work but also for subsequent muscle relaxation.
Therefore, in order for such training to be effective and safe, it is necessary to follow the regime, take breaks between sets. During this time, part of the lactic acid will leave muscle fibers, ATP will recover and you will be able to continue working. But, this does not mean that you can do an infinite number of approaches. As already mentioned, ATP is quickly restored due to glycogen, but it itself is restored much longer. Therefore, with each approach, even with a break for rest, there will be less and less strength to complete the exercise. This is why the duration of strength training rarely exceeds 1 hour.
The restoration of all energy reserves and the breakdown of lactate occur only during aerobic processes, so it is recommended to take breaks between power approaches accompany with low-intensity exercise, such as light running, aerobics, swimming or stretching, the main thing is not to stand idle. Those. It is desirable to always combine both modes. A mixed format of classes is optimal.
Of course, everything is very individual. The processes and speed of recovery, glycogen and creatine phosphate reserves largely depend on the level of training of a person and third-party factors - nutrition, sleep, supplements, etc.
What is the benefit of strength training?
The main goal of strength training is most often to increase strength. However, this is not all the advantages. Anaerobic training allows you to:
- Make bones stronger;
- Strengthen the cardiovascular system;
- Reduce the risk of developing diabetes;
- Fight depression;
- Improve mood;
- Get rid of excess weight(very well contributes to weight loss and fat burning, especially in combination with cardio);
- Overcome insomnia;
- Increase endurance;
- Cleanse the body of toxins, etc.
Strength training is also indicated for people with VVD (vegetative-vascular dystonia), as it significantly alleviates symptoms.
Who shouldn't do strength training?
This type of training has a lot of contraindications. First of all, this should include high blood pressure, asthma, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, heart disease. Careful training should be approached in case of problems with ODA, during critical days, during pregnancy and thyroid pathologies - here it is imperative to consult a doctor before starting classes. If you have never done such things, then you should not start at home, first practice in gym under the supervision of a specialist who can control your pulse. But you should not give up on yourself in advance, you can always adjust the training program to your health, eliminating certain exercises.
Materials used:
- Vadim Protasenko "Think or super training without delusions"
- Mike Mentzer "Supertraining"
- Hartman J., Thunnemann H. “Modern strength training. Theory and practice"
- Seluyanov V. N. "Technology of health-improving physical culture"
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