This substance is a universal source of energy. ATP is synthesized during the citrate Krebs cycle. At the moment of exposure to the ATP molecule of a special enzyme ATPase, it is hydrolyzed. At this moment, the separation of the phosphate group from the main molecule occurs, which leads to the formation of a new ADP substance and the release of energy.
Myosin bridges, when interacting with actin, have ATPase activity. This leads to the splitting of ATP molecules and obtaining the necessary energy to perform a given work.
The process of formation of creatine phosphate
The amount of ATP in muscle tissues is very limited and for this reason the body must constantly replenish its reserves. This process occurs with the participation of creatine phosphate. This substance has the ability to detach a phosphate group from its molecule, attaching it to ADP. As a result of this reaction, creatine and an ATP molecule are formed.
This process is called the Loman reaction. This is the main reason why athletes need to consume creatine supplements. At the same time, we note that creatine is used only during anaerobic exercise. This fact is due to the fact that creatine phosphate can only work intensively for two minutes, after which the body receives energy from other sources.
Thus, the use of creatine is justified only in power types sports. For example, it makes little sense for athletes to use creatine, since it cannot increase athletic performance in this sport. The supply of creatine phosphate is also not very large and the body uses the substance only in the initial phase of training. After that, other energy sources are connected - anaerobic and then aerobic glycolysis. During rest, the Loman reaction proceeds in the opposite direction and the supply of creatine phosphate is restored within a few minutes.
Exchange and energy processes of skeletal muscles
Thanks to creatine phosphate, the body has the energy to restore ATP reserves. During the rest period, the muscles contain about 5 times more creatine phosphate compared to ATP. After the start of the muscle robots, the number of ATP molecules is rapidly decreasing, and ADP is increasing.
The reaction of obtaining ATP from creatine phosphate proceeds quite quickly, but the number of ATP molecules that can be synthesized directly depends on the initial level of creatine phosphate. Muscle tissue also has a substance called myokinase. Under its influence, two ADP molecules are converted into one ATP and ADP. The reserves of ATP and creatine phosphate in total are enough to work the muscles with a maximum load for 8 to 10 seconds.
The reaction process of glycolysis
During the glycolysis reaction, a small amount of ATP is produced from each glucose molecule, but in the presence of a large amount of all the necessary enzymes and substrate, a sufficient amount of ATP can be obtained in a short period of time. It is also important to note that glycolysis can only occur in the presence of oxygen.
The glucose required for the glycolysis reaction is taken from the blood or from the glycogen stores found in muscle tissue and the liver. If glycogen is involved in the reaction, then three ATP molecules can be obtained from one of its molecules at once. With an increase in muscle activity, the body's need for ATP increases, which leads to an increase in the level of lactic acid.
If the load is moderate, say when running on long distances, then ATP is mainly synthesized during the reaction of oxidative phosphorylation. This makes it possible to obtain from glucose significantly large quantity energy in comparison with the reaction of anaerobic glycolysis.
Fat cells are able to break down only under the influence of oxidative reactions, but this leads to a large amount of energy. Similarly, amino acid compounds can be used as an energy source.
During the first 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise, the main source of energy for the muscles is glycogen. Then, for the next half hour, glucose and fatty acids in the blood are connected. Over time, the role of fatty acids in obtaining energy becomes predominant.
You should also point out the relationship between the anaerobic and aerobic mechanism for obtaining ATP molecules under the influence of physical activity. Anaerobic mechanisms for obtaining energy are used for short-term high-intensity loads, and aerobic mechanisms for long-term low-intensity loads.
After removing the load, the body continues to consume oxygen in excess of the norm for some time. In recent years, the concept of "excessive oxygen consumption after physical exertion" has been used to denote oxygen deficiency.
During the restoration of ATP and creatine phosphate reserves, this level is high, and then begins to decline, and during this period lactic acid is removed from muscle tissues. An increase in oxygen consumption and an increase in metabolism is also evidenced by the fact of an increase in body temperature.
The longer and more intense the load, the more time it will take the body to recover. So, with complete depletion of glycogen stores, it may take several days for them to be fully restored. At the same time, the reserves of ATP and creatine phosphate can be restored in a maximum of a couple of hours.
These are the energy processes in the muscle for maximum growth that occur under the influence of physical activity. Understanding this mechanism will make training even more effective.
For more information about energy processes in muscles, see here:
Creatine phosphate has the ability to detach the phosphate group and turn into creatine by attaching a phosphate group to ADP, which is converted to ATP.
ADP + Creatine Phosphate = ATP + Creatine
This reaction is called the Lohmann reaction. The reserves of creatine phosphate in the fiber are not large, so it is used as an energy source only at the initial stage of muscle work - in the first few seconds.
After the reserves of creatine phosphate are exhausted by about 1/3, the rate of this reaction will decrease, and this will cause the inclusion of other processes of ATP resynthesis - glycolysis and oxygen oxidation. At the end of the work of the muscle, the Loman reaction goes in the opposite direction, and the reserves of creatine phosphate are restored within a few minutes.
The breakdown of creatine phosphate plays a major role in the energy supply of short-term exercises of maximum power - running on short distances, jumping, throwing, weightlifting and strength exercises, lasting up to 20-30 seconds.
Glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) into two molecules of lactic acid (C3H6O3) with the release of energy sufficient to "charge" two ATP molecules.
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2H3PO4 + 2ADP = 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) + 2ATP + 2H2O.
Glycolysis proceeds without oxygen consumption (such processes are called anaerobic).
But two important remarks need to be made:
a) about half of all the energy released in this process is converted into heat and cannot be used during muscle work. At the same time, the temperature of the muscles rises to 41-42 degrees Celsius,
b) the energy effect of glycolysis is not great and amounts to only 2 ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule.
Glycolysis plays important role in the energy supply of exercises, the duration of which is from 30 seconds to 150 seconds. These include middle distance running, 100-200m swimming, bicycle racing, long-term acceleration.
oxygen oxidation.
More time is required for the full activation of the oxygen oxidation of glucose. The oxidation rate becomes maximum only after 1.5-2 minutes of muscle work, this effect is widely known as "second wind".
The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen proceeds in a complex way. This is a multi-stage process, including the Krebs cycle and many other transformations, but the overall result can be expressed as follows:
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38H3PO4 = 6CO2 + 44H2О + 38ATP
Those. the breakdown of glucose along the oxygen (aerobic) pathway results in 38 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule. That is, oxygen oxidation is energetically 19 times more efficient than oxygen-free glycolysis. But you have to pay for everything - in this case, the price for greater efficiency is the length of the process. Obtaining ATP molecules during oxygen oxidation is possible only in mitochondria, and there ATP is not available to ATPases that are in the intracellular fluid - the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to charged nucleotides. Therefore, ATP from mitochondria is delivered to the extracellular fluid in a rather complicated way, using various enzymes, which in general significantly slows down the process of obtaining energy.
For the sake of completeness, I will also mention last trip resynthesis of ATP - myokinase reaction. In the case of significant fatigue, when the possibilities of other ways of obtaining have already been exhausted, and a lot of ADP has accumulated in the muscles, then from 2 ADP molecules using the enzyme myokinase it is possible to obtain 1 ATP molecule:
ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP.
But this reaction can be regarded as an "emergency" mechanism, which is not very effective and therefore the body very rarely resorts to it and only as a last resort.
So, there are several ways to obtain ATP molecules. Further, ATP, with the help of calcium cations and ATPase, "charges" myosin with energy, which is used for soldering with actin and for moving the actin filament one "step".
And there is one important feature here.
Myosin can have different (higher or lower) ATPase activity, therefore, in general, different types of myosin are distinguished - fast myosin is characterized by high ATPase activity, slow myosin is characterized by lower ATPase activity.
Actually, therefore, the speed of contraction of the muscle fiber is determined by the type of myosin. Fibers with high ATPase activity are called fast fibers, fibers characterized by low ATPase activity are called slow fibers.
Fast fibers require a high rate of ATP reproduction, which can only be provided by glycolysis, since, unlike oxidation, it does not require time to deliver oxygen to the mitochondria and deliver energy from them to the intracellular fluid.
Therefore, fast fibers (they are also called white fibers) prefer the glycolytic pathway for the reproduction of ATP. Behind high speed In order to obtain energy, white fibers pay with rapid fatigue, since glycolysis leads to the formation of lactic acid, the accumulation of which causes muscle fatigue and ultimately stops its work.
Slow fibers do not require such a rapid replenishment of ATP reserves and use the oxidation pathway to meet their energy needs. Slow fibers are also called red fibers. These fibers are surrounded by a mass of capillaries, which are necessary for the delivery of large amounts of oxygen with the blood. Energy red fibers are obtained by oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids in the mitochondria. Slow fibers are low-fatiguing and are able to maintain relatively small but long-term tension.
So, we briefly got acquainted with the device and the energy supply of the muscles, but it remains for us to find out what happens to the muscles during training.
Microscopic studies show that as a result of training in a number of muscle fibers, the ordered arrangement of myofibrils is disturbed, mitochondrial decay is observed, and the level of leukocytes in the blood rises, as in injuries or infectious inflammation (Morozov V.I., Shterling M.D. et al.).
The destruction of the internal structure of the muscle fiber during training (i.e., microtrauma) leads to the appearance of fragments of protein molecules in the fiber. The immune system perceives protein fragments as a foreign protein, immediately activates and tries to destroy them.
So in training we destroy our muscle fibers and use up ATP.
But we go to Gym not at all in order to expend energy and get microtrauma. We walk to build muscle and become stronger.
This becomes possible only thanks to such a phenomenon as supercompensation (super recovery). Supercompensation is manifested in the fact that in strictly defined the moment of rest after training, the level of energy and plastic substances exceeds the initial final level.
The law of supercompensation is valid for all biological compounds and structures that are consumed to some extent during muscular activity. These include: creatine phosphate, structural and enzymatic proteins, phospholipids, cell organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes).
In general, the phenomenon of supercompensation can be reflected in a graph (Fig. 3).
Fig.3. Supercompensation. a) - destruction / expenditure during training, b) - restoration, c) - over-recovery, d) - return to the initial level.
As it becomes clear from the graph, the supercompensation phase lasts long enough a short time. Gradually, the level of energy substances returns to normal and the training effect disappears.
Moreover, if next workout before the onset of the supercompensation phase (Fig. 4, a), this will only lead to exhaustion and overtraining.
If the next training session is carried out after the supercompensation phase (Fig. 4, b), then the traces of the previous work will already be smoothed out and the training will not bring the expected result - an increase in muscle mass and strength.
To achieve a pronounced effect, it is necessary to conduct training strictly in the supercompensation phase (Fig. 4, c).
Rice. 4. Training effect (moments of training are highlighted in black). a) too frequent workouts, exhaustion and overtraining, b) - too rare training, no significant effect, c) - proper workout at the time of supercompensation, an increase in strength and muscle mass.
So, from the above, it is clear that training should be carried out in the supercompensation phase.
But here we meet with one difficult problem.
The fact is that the compounds and structures that are consumed or destroyed during training have different recovery times and achieve supercompensation!
The phase of supercompensation of creatine phosphate is reached after a few minutes of rest after exercise.
The phase of supercompensation of glycogen content in the muscles occurs 2-3 days after training, and by this time the level of creatine phosphate will already enter the phase of lost supercompensation.
But to restore the protein structures of cells destroyed during training, it may take an even longer period of time (up to 7-12 days), during which the level of glycogen in the muscles will already return to its original level.
Therefore, it is necessary first of all to decide which of these parameters is most important in terms of building strength and muscle mass, and which of them can be neglected.
Obviously, the first parameter that you need to focus on during training is the level of creatine phosphate - after all, it is they that provide strength work muscles.
Similar information.
Before we describe the MOVEOUT system, I want you to understand in general what processes take place in the muscles during work. I will not go into the smallest details, so as not to injure your psyche, so I will talk about the most important. Well, perhaps many will not understand this section, but I advise you to study it well, because thanks to it you will understand how our muscles work, which means you will understand how to train them correctly.
So, the main thing that is needed for the work of our muscles is the ATP molecules with which the muscles receive energy. From the splitting of ATP, an ADP molecule + energy is formed. That's just enough ATP reserves in our muscles for only 2 seconds of work, and then comes the resynthesis of ATP from ADP molecules. Actually, the performance and functionality depend on the types of ATP resynthesis processes.
So, there are such processes. They usually connect one after the other.
1. Anaerobic creatine phosphate
The main advantage of the creatine phosphate pathway for the formation of ATP is
- short deployment time,
- high power.
Creatine phosphate pathway related to matter creatine phosphate. Creatine phosphate is made up of creatine. Creatine phosphate has a large supply of energy and a high affinity for ADP. Therefore, it easily interacts with ADP molecules that appear in muscle cells during physical work as a result of the ATP hydrolysis reaction. During this reaction, the phosphoric acid residue is transferred with an energy reserve from creatine phosphate to the ADP molecule with the formation of creatine and ATP.
Creatine Phosphate + ADP → Creatine + ATP.
This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme creatine kinase. This pathway of ATP resynthesis is sometimes called creatikinase, sometimes phosphate or alactate.
Creatine phosphate is a fragile substance. The formation of creatine from it occurs without the participation of enzymes. Creatine is not used by the body and is excreted in the urine. Creatine phosphate is synthesized during rest from excess ATP. At muscle work moderate power reserves of creatine phosphate can be partially restored. The stores of ATP and creatine phosphate in muscles are also called phosphagenes.
The phosphate system is characterized by a very fast resynthesis of ATP from ADP, but it is only effective for a very short time. At maximum load, the phosphate system is depleted within 10 s. First, ATP is consumed within 2 s, and then within 6-8 s - CF.
The phosphate system is called anaerobic, because oxygen does not participate in the resynthesis of ATP, and alactate, since lactic acid is not formed.
This reaction is the main source of energy for maximum power exercises: sprinting, throwing jumps, lifting the barbell. This reaction can be turned on repeatedly during execution exercise, which makes it possible to quickly increase the power of the work performed.
2. Anaerobic glycolysis
As the intensity of the load increases, there comes a period when muscle work can no longer be supported by the anaerobic system alone due to lack of oxygen. From this point on, the lactate mechanism of ATP resynthesis, the by-product of which is lactic acid, is involved in the energy supply of physical work. With a lack of oxygen, the lactic acid formed in the first phase of the anaerobic reaction is not completely neutralized in the second phase, resulting in its accumulation in the working muscles, which leads to acidosis, or acidification, of the muscles.
The glycolytic pathway for ATP resynthesis, just as creatine phosphate is anaerobically. The source of energy needed for ATP resynthesis in this case is muscle glycogen. During the anaerobic breakdown of glycogen from its molecule under the action of the enzyme phosphorylase, terminal glucose residues are alternately cleaved off in the form of glucose-1-phosphate. Further, the molecules of glucose-1-phosphate, after a series of successive reactions, turn into lactic acid. This process is called glycolysis. As a result of glycolysis, intermediate products are formed containing phosphate groups connected by macroergic bonds. This bond is easily transferred to ADP to form ATP. At rest, glycolysis reactions proceed slowly, but during muscular work, its speed can increase by 2000 times, and already in the pre-launch state.
Deployment time 20-30 seconds .
Operating time with maximum power - 2 -3 minutes.
The glycolytic mode of ATP formation is several advantages before aerobic route:
- it reaches maximum power faster,
- has a higher maximum power,
- does not require the participation of mitochondria and oxygen.
However, this path has its own flaws:
- process is not economical
- the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles significantly disrupts their normal functioning and contributes to muscle fatigue.
1. Aerobic pathway of resynthesis
The aerobic pathway for ATP resynthesis is also called tissue respiration - this is the main way of ATP formation, which takes place in the mitochondria of muscle cells. During tissue respiration, two hydrogen atoms are taken away from the oxidized substance and transferred through the respiratory chain to molecular oxygen delivered to the muscles by blood, resulting in water. Due to the energy released during the formation of water, ATP molecules are synthesized from ADP and phosphoric acid. Usually, for every water molecule formed, three ATP molecules are synthesized.
The oxygen, or aerobic, system is the most important for endurance athletes because it can support physical work During a long time. The oxygen system provides the body, and in particular muscle activity, with energy through the chemical interaction of nutrients (mainly carbohydrates and fats) with oxygen. Nutrients enter the body with food and are deposited in its stores for further use as needed. Carbohydrates (sugar and starches) are stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. Glycogen stores can vary greatly, but in most cases they are enough for at least 60-90 minutes of submaximal intensity work. At the same time, the reserves of fats in the body are practically inexhaustible.
Carbohydrates are a more efficient "fuel" compared to fats, since for the same energy consumption, their oxidation requires 12% less oxygen. Therefore, in conditions of lack of oxygen during physical exertion, energy generation occurs primarily due to the oxidation of carbohydrates.
Since carbohydrates are limited, their use in endurance sports is also limited. After the depletion of carbohydrate reserves, fats are connected to the energy supply of work, the reserves of which allow you to perform very long work. The contribution of fats and carbohydrates to the energy supply of the load depends on the intensity of the exercise and the fitness of the athlete. The higher the intensity of the load, the greater the contribution of carbohydrates to energy production. But at the same intensity aerobic exercise a trained athlete will use more fat and less carbohydrate compared to an untrained person.
Thus, a trained person will use energy more economically, since carbohydrate reserves in the body are not unlimited.
The performance of the oxygen system depends on the amount of oxygen that the human body is able to absorb. The greater the oxygen consumption during long-term work, the higher the aerobic capacity. Under the influence of training, a person's aerobic capacity can increase by 50%.
Deployment time is 3-4 minutes, but for well-trained athletes it can be 1 minute. This is due to the fact that the delivery of oxygen to the mitochondria requires a restructuring of almost all body systems.
Operating time at maximum power is tens of minutes. This makes it possible to use given way during prolonged muscle work.
Compared to other ATP resynthesis processes in muscle cells, the aerobic pathway has several advantages:
- Profitability: 39 ATP molecules are formed from one glycogen molecule, with anaerobic glycolysis only 3 molecules.
- Versatility as the initial substrates here are a variety of substances: carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids.
- Very long run time. At rest, the rate of aerobic ATP resynthesis can be low, but during physical exertion it can become maximum.
However, there are also disadvantages.
- Mandatory oxygen consumption, which is limited by the rate of oxygen delivery to the muscles and the rate of oxygen penetration through the mitochondrial membrane.
- Great deployment time.
- Small maximum power.
That's why muscle activity, characteristic of most sports, cannot be fully obtained by this way of ATP resynthesis.
Note. This chapter is written on the basis of the textbook "FUNDAMENTALS OF SPORT BIOCHEMISTRY"
History of Creatine
Creatine was discovered in 1832 by the French scientist Chevrel, who discovered a previously unknown component skeletal muscle, later he called creatine, from the Greek kreas, which means "meat" in translation.
After Chevrel's discovery of creatine in 1835, Lieberg, another scientist, confirmed that creatine is a common component of mammalian muscles. Around the same time, researchers Heinz and Pettenkofer discovered a substance called "creatinine" in the urine. They suggested that creatinine is formed from creatine accumulated in the muscles. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, scientists conducted a number of studies of creatine as a nutritional supplement. It has been found that not all creatine taken orally is excreted in the urine. This indicated that some of the creatine remains in the body.
Researchers Folin and Denis in 1912 and 1914 accordingly, it was determined that dietary creatine supplementation increased creatine content in muscle cells. In 1923, Hahn and Meyer calculated the total creatine content in a 70 kg man's body, which turned out to be approximately 140 grams. Already in 1926, it was experimentally proven that the introduction of creatine into the body stimulates the growth of muscle mass, causing the retention of "nitrogen" in the body. In 1927, researchers Fiske and Sabbarow discovered "phosphocreatine", which is a chemically bound creatine and phosphate molecule that accumulates in muscle tissue. free forms creatine and phosphorylated phosphocreatine are recognized as key metabolic intermediates in skeletal muscle.
The first study that clearly showed the effect of creatine in humans was carried out in the late 1980s in the laboratory of Dr. Erik Haltman in Sweden. A study found that consuming 20g of creatine monohydrate daily for 4-5 days increased muscle creatine content by about 20%. The results of this work, however, were only published in 1992 in the journal Clinical Science, since then the history of creatine supplementation in bodybuilding begins.
The idea of "loading" and subsequent maintenance dosages was developed by Dr. Greenhoff at the University of Nottingham in 1993-1994, the results of the studies were published in co-authorship with Dr. Hultman. Dr. Greenhoff and colleagues have been conducting muscle tissue studies to study the effects of creatine loading.
In 1993, an article was published in the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine, Science and Sports showing that the use of creatine can cause a significant increase in body weight and muscle strength (even in one week of use) and that the use of this particular drug is the basis for improving training results. high intensity.
In 1994, Anthony Almada and colleagues conducted research at the Texas Women's University. The main goal of the studies was to demonstrate that the increase in body weight with the use of creatine is due to the increase in "lean" muscle mass (without the participation of fat) and that the use of creatine leads to an increase in strength indicators (tested results in the bench press). The research results were published in the journal Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.
Starting from 1993-1995. among the novelties sports nutrition in bodybuilding there is no more popular food additive than creatine. In fact, since that time, the victorious march of creatine across countries and continents in the most various types sports.
In the early 90s of the last century, low-potency creatine supplements were already available in Britain, and it was only after 1993 that a quality creatinine supplement for increasing strength was developed, available to the mass buyer. It was released by Experimental and Applied Sciences (EAS) and introduced creatine under the trade name Phosphagen.
In 1998, MuscleTech Research and Development launched Cell-Tech, the first supplement to combine creatine, carbohydrates, and alpha lipoic acid. Alpha Lipoic Acid further increased muscle phosphocreatine and total creatine levels. Studies in 2003 confirmed the effectiveness of this combination, however, it must be admitted that the level of effectiveness is rather low.
But Sci Fit scientists went further and developed in 2001 the new kind creatine processing - Kre-Alkalyn, "cracking the code of creatine", as they wrote about this development in scientific journals in the world of sports and bodybuilding, and patented this invention, receiving patent number 6,399,611. Three years later, this news was replaced by a new one, as the disastrous inferiority of this approach was proved.
Another important event occurred in 2004, when the world first heard about creatine ethyl ester (CEE), which instantly increased in popularity. CEE is now widely used and produced by many companies along with creatine monohydrate. But its effectiveness compared to creatine monohydrate has not been proven.
In addition, in the last decade, tricreatine malate (Tri-Creatine Malate), dicreatine malate, creatine malate ethyl ester, creatine alpha-ketoglutarate and some other forms of creatine have been synthesized, but they have not received much distribution due to low efficiency.
The biological role of creatine
Creatine is a natural substance found in the muscles of humans and animals and is required for energy metabolism and movement. The human body has about 100-140 g of this substance, which acts as an energy source for muscles. The daily consumption of creatine under normal conditions is approximately 2 g. Creatine is as important for life as protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Creatine can be synthesized by the body on its own from 3 amino acids: glycine, arginine and methionine. These amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
In humans, the enzymes involved in creatine synthesis are localized in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Creatine can be produced in any of these organs and then transported by the blood to the muscles. Approximately 95% of the total creatine pool is stored in skeletal muscle tissues.
With an increase physical activity the consumption of creatine also increases, and its supply must be replenished through diet or through the body's own natural production.
The decisive factor for achieving high performance in sports is the body's ability to release a large number of energy in a short period of time. In principle, our body constantly receives energy by breaking down carbohydrates and fat.
The immediate energy source for skeletal muscle contraction is a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The amount of ATP directly available is limited and is decisive for sports performance.
All fuel sources—carbohydrates, fats, and protein—are first converted through various chemical reactions into ATP, which is then made available as the only molecule the body uses for energy. When ATP releases energy to provide energy muscle contractions, the phosphate group is cleaved off and a new molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is formed. This reaction is reversible due to creatine phosphate, an energy-rich substance.
Creatine combines with phosphate in the body to form phosphocreatine, which is the determining factor in energy production in muscle tissue.
Effects of Creatine
Strength increase
In bodybuilding, during high-intensity exercise, the need for ATP in working muscles increases significantly - hundreds of times higher than at rest. The depleted stores of ATP and phosphocreatine must be constantly replenished in order for muscle contractions to continue at peak levels of frequency and intensity. By increasing phosphocreatine by taking creatine monohydrate, you can increase the amount of ATP and thus increase muscle strength.
Creatine Phosphate
Creatine Phosphoric Acid (creatine phosphate, phosphocreatine) - 2-[methyl-(N "-phosphonocarbimidoyl) amino] acetic acid. Colorless crystals, soluble in water, easily hydrolyzed with cleavage of the phosphamide N-P connections in acidic environment, stable in alkaline.
Laboratory synthesis - phosphorylation of creatine POCl 3 in an alkaline medium.
Creatine phosphate is a product of the reversible metabolic N-phosphorylation of creatine, which, like ATP, is a high-energy compound. However, unlike ATP, which is hydrolyzed by the pyrophosphate O-P connections, creatine is hydrolyzed at the N-P phosphamide bond, which causes a much greater energy effect of the reaction. So, during hydrolysis, the change in free energy for creatine is ~ -43 kJ / mol, while during the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP ~ -30 kJ / mol.
Creatine phosphate is found mainly in excitable tissues (muscle and nervous tissue) and its biological function is to maintain a constant concentration of ATP due to a reversible rephosphorylation reaction:
creatine phosphate + ADP ⇔ creatine + ATPThis reaction is catalyzed by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial creatine kinase enzymes; when ATP is consumed (and, accordingly, concentration decreases), for example, when muscle tissue cells contract, the reaction equilibrium shifts to the right, which leads to the restoration of the normal ATP concentration.
The concentration of creatine phosphate in resting muscle tissue is 3-8 times higher than the concentration of ATP, which makes it possible to compensate for the consumption of ATP during short periods muscle activity, during the rest period, in the absence of muscle activity, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation of ADP into ATP occur in the tissue, as a result of which the balance of the reaction shifts to the left and the concentration of creatine phosphate is restored.
In tissues, creatine phosphate undergoes spontaneous non-enzymatic hydrolysis with cyclization into creatinine excreted in the urine, the level of creatinine excretion depends on the state of the body, changing under pathological conditions, and is a diagnostic sign.
Creatine phosphate is one of the phosphagens - N-phosphorylated guanidine derivatives, which are an energy depot that provides rapid ATP synthesis. So, in many invertebrates (for example, insects), arginine phosphoric acid plays the role of phosphagen, and in some annelids, N-phospholombricin.
see also
With the contraction of muscle tissue cells, the balance of the reaction shifts to the right, which leads to the restoration of the normal concentration of ATP.
In tissues, creatine phosphate undergoes spontaneous non-enzymatic hydrolysis with cyclization to creatinine, ...
Literature
- Creatine phosphoric acid (formula). Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what "creatine phosphate" is in other dictionaries:
Creatine Phosphate ... Spelling Dictionary
Exist., number of synonyms: 1 neoton (5) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
- (syn.: creatine phosphoric acid, phosphocreatine) high-energy phosphorus derivative of creatine, capable of entering into an exchange reaction of transferring a phosphoric acid residue with ADP; participates in energy metabolism ... Big Medical Dictionary
