The speed of a parachutist's fall depends on the time of fall, the density of the air, the area of the falling body, and the drag coefficient. The mass of the falling body has little effect on the rate of fall.
A body falling in air is acted upon by two forces: the force of gravity, always directed downwards, and the force of air resistance, directed against the force of gravity. The rate of fall will increase until the force of gravity and the force of air resistance are balanced. At the beginning of the movement of the body in the air, the speed increases, then it becomes slower, and finally, at 11-12 seconds, the speed becomes almost constant. This state is called steady fall, and the corresponding speed is top speed.
In addition to the duration of the fall, the speed of the body is greatly influenced by the height of the jump, weight, size and position of the body.
Since the density of air changes with height, the rate of fall will also change. The farther from the ground, the faster the fall will be, because. air density decreases. Your fall speed will not exceed 35 m/sec. After separation from the aircraft, you will descend under the stabilizing dome.
Loads arising from the opening of the parachute.
The fit of the harness system is of great importance in relation to the load-bearing during the opening of the parachute. The more evenly and densely the straps lie, the more evenly it is distributed over the body. For the transfer of loads, the state of the body is essential - whether it is tense or relaxed. In anticipation of a breakthrough, the skydiver must group and tighten his muscles. In this case, the "blow" will be transferred much easier. The head must not be turned to the side or tilted, because. straps can cause bruising.
Parachute control in the air and its physical essence.
Under the control of a parachute is understood the possibility of changing its position in space by maneuvering in direction and speed. Horizontal movement can also be achieved on a round dome.
To create forward horizontal movement needs to be tightened front straps, creating a slide for the dome, and hold it in this position for the time necessary to move. In this case, the horizontal speed will be approximately = 1.5 - 2m/s.
In order to get horizontal movement back, left, right, you must respectively pull the rear, left or right straps.
When the lines are pulled up, the edge is lowered, the canopy is skewed, while the main part of the air begins to exit from the opposite side, a reactive force is created and the parachutist begins to move.
Decline of a parachutist on one and two domes.
The speed of a skydiver relative to the ground upon landing depends on: sink rate; wind speed; parachute control; the presence of swing.
The vertical speed of a parachute system depends on: the weight of a person with a parachute; drag coefficient of the parachute canopy, which depends on the area, the shape of the canopy and the breathability of the material; air density.
It is roughly considered that if the body weight is increased by 10%, then this causes an increase in the rate of descent by 5%.
For example: the weight of a paratrooper with a D-6 parachute is 100 kg - the rate of descent = 5.0 m / s, and with a weight of 110 kg, the vertical speed = 5.25 m / s.
Depending on the height of the terrain above sea level, the rate of descent is measured something like this: with an increase of 200m, the speed increases by 1%. In winter in frosty weather, when the air density increases slightly, the rate of decline can be considered 5% less than in summer in hot weather.
The descent of a parachutist on two canopies is slightly reduced compared to the rate of descent on one canopy. The reason for the slight decrease in vertical speed is the collapse of two canopies during the descent, which entails a decrease in the area of the canopies operating relative to the ground.
How does it happen?
The carabiner of the stabilizing parachute must be hooked on the cable in the aircraft. As soon as you step overboard the plane, a stabilizing parachute with an area of one and a half square meters will open. His camera will remain on the plane. Thanks to the stabilizing dome, your fall slows down a bit (up to 30-35 m/s), and most importantly, you will not tumble, during the fall your body will take a comfortable position for opening the main dome (feet down). For reference - without a stabilizing parachute, the fall speed is 60-60 m / s - about 200 km / h. Brrr! After three seconds, you need to pull out the ring and initiate the opening of the main dome. Effort no more than 16 kg. This is not so little, pull the ring from the heart! But don't lose it after being yanked out during the jump. The stabilizing parachute removes the main one from the satchel. After opening the main one, you will descend with a vertical speed of no more than 5 meters per second (with a parachutist flying weight of up to 120 kg). Such a vertical speed will provide you with a dome with an area of 83 sq.m. The weight of the main parachute is about 12 kg.
The reserve parachute is attached to the chest. Its area is smaller (50 sq.m.), and its weight is smaller (about 5 kg). On the reserve, a parachutist with a flight weight of 120 kg will descend at a speed of 7.5 m/s. This is certainly faster than on the main one, but if you land correctly, you will not get injured. Well, we hope that it will not come to a spare dome.
Both the main and reserve parachutes are equipped with parachute safety devices. The device is cocked by a parachute stacker. As soon as we separated from the plane, the countdown begins. Three seconds to reveal. If something happened to the skydiver (he hesitated, lost consciousness), the device will work and the parachute will open by itself, without your participation.
On the main parachute, the device is triggered by time, and on the reserve - by height. The installation height is usually -300m.
If the main parachute opens and everything is in order, you must prevent the reserve from deploying. However, if the reserve parachute opens, nothing terrible will happen, but it will have to be repacked. Both domes can work together as they have different length sling. Nine meters at the main, and six at the reserve. But it's better not to open the spare. To do this, you must unlock the safety device by pulling out the red check cord.
Next, you should look around, and if your colleague is too close to you, you need to take measures against rapprochement.
Sitting comfortably in the suspension system, you can enjoy the scenery only up to a height of 100-150m. Next, you need to prepare for landing, a very important stage of the jump. Bring your feet and knees together, bend your legs slightly. The legs and entire body must be tense and ready for contact with the ground before landing. The parachute must be deployed in such a way as to move towards the oncoming ground (or deploy yourself on the straps relative to the dome). Look forward, you can not look down.
Immediately after landing, you must get up and extinguish the canopy to avoid dragging on the ground. To do this, you need to run to the side. If, nevertheless, you hesitated, and a parachute filled with wind dragged you along the ground, extinguish it by pulling up and winding one lower line.
Briefly the sequence of actions:
1. After separation from the aircraft, count three seconds (501, 502, 503) and pull out the pull ring.
2. Examine the dome.
3. Unlock the device on the reserve parachute.
4. Inspect the airspace to prevent convergence.
5. It is convenient to sit down in the hanging system.
6. Determine the direction of wind drift and the place of probable landing.
7. At an altitude of 100-150m, prepare for landing (feet together, turn towards the oncoming ground, look ahead).
8. After landing, jump up and extinguish the canopy.
After extinguishing the parachute canopy, you need to collect it in a special bag. It is placed under the chest strap of the harness when you put on the parachute. Then you can follow to the collection point.
Where to aim? Maggie crashed onto the stone floor of the station, but his fall was halted when he crashed through the glass roof a moment before. It hurts, but it saves. A haystack would do too. Some lucky ones remained alive, having landed in a dense bush. The thicket is also not bad, although you can run into some branch. Snow? Just perfect. Swamp? A soft, vegetated bog is the most desirable option. Hamilton talks about the case when a skydiver with a parachute that did not open landed directly on high-voltage wires. The wires spring back and throw him up, saving his life. The most dangerous surface is water. Like concrete, it is practically incompressible. The result of falling on the ocean surface will be about the same as on the sidewalk. The only difference is that asphalt, alas! — will not open beneath you to forever devour the broken body.
Without losing sight of the intended goal, take care of the position of your body. To slow down your fall, act like a skydiver on a high jump. spread out wider legs and arms, throw your head back, straighten your shoulders, and you yourself will turn your chest to the ground. Your frontal resistance will immediately increase, and there will be room for maneuver. The main thing is not to relax. In your, frankly, predicament, the question of how to prepare for a meeting with the earth, unfortunately, remains not completely resolved. An article on this subject was published in the journal War Medicine in 1942. It said: "In an attempt to avoid injuries, the distribution of loads and their compensation plays a large role." Hence the recommendation - you need to fall flat. On the other hand, a 1963 report published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) states that the classic grouping adopted among skydivers will be optimal for saving life: legs together, knees higher, shins pressed to the hips. The same source notes that disaster survival is greatly facilitated by training in sports such as wrestling or acrobatics. When falling on hard surfaces, it would be especially useful to have some skills in martial arts.
Japanese skydiver Yasuhiro Kubo trains like this: he throws his parachute out of the plane, and then jumps out himself. Dragging the process to the limit, he catches up with his equipment, puts it on and then pulls the ring. In 2000, Kubo jumped at a height of 3 km and spent 50 seconds in free fall until he caught up with the satchel with his parachute. All these useful skills can be practiced in safer environments, such as free fall simulators - vertical wind tunnels. However, simulators will not allow you to work out the most crucial stage - a meeting with the ground.
If the water surface is waiting for you below, get ready for quick and decisive action. According to the surviving lovers of jumping from high bridges, we can conclude that the optimal entry into the water would be a “soldier”, that is, feet first. Then you will have at least some chance to get to the surface alive.
On the other hand, famous cliff divers who hone their skills near Acapulco believe that it is better to enter the water head first. At the same time, they put their hands with interlaced fingers in front of their heads, protecting it from a blow. You can choose any of these positions, but try to maintain a parachuting position until the very last second. Then, above the water itself, if you prefer to dive "soldier", we strongly recommend that you strain your buttocks with all your might. It would not be too decent to explain why, but you can probably guess for yourself.
Whatever surface awaits you below, in any case, do not land on your head. Researchers at the Security Institute traffic concluded that in such situations, the main cause of death is traumatic brain injury. If you're still being carried head first, it's best to land on your face. It's safer than hitting the back of the head or top skulls.
07:02:19 Altitude 300 meters
If, having fallen out of the plane, you started reading this article, then by now you have reached just these lines. You already have the initial course, and now it's time to pull yourself together and focus on the task ahead of you. However, here is some additional information.
Statistics show that in the event of a disaster, it is more profitable to be a crew member or a child, and if there is a choice, it is better to crash on a military aircraft. Over the past 40 years, at least 12 plane crashes have been recorded in which only one person survived. On that list, four were crew members and seven were passengers under the age of 18. Survivors include Mohammed el-Fateh Osman, a two-year-old child who survived a Boeing crash in Sudan in 2003, landing in the wreckage. Last June, when a Yemenia Airways liner crashed near the Comoros, only 14-year-old Bahia Bakari survived.
The survival of crew members can be associated with more reliable passive safety systems, but why children are more likely to survive is not yet clear. The FAA studies note that children, especially those under the age of four, have more flexible bones, more relaxed muscles and a higher percentage subcutaneous fat, effectively protecting internal organs. People of small stature - if their head does not stick out from behind the backs of aircraft seats - are well protected from flying debris. With a small body weight, the steady rate of fall will also be lower, and a smaller frontal section reduces the chance of running into a sharp object when landing.
07:02:25 Altitude 0 meters
So, we've arrived. Hit. Are you still alive? And what are your actions? If you escaped with minor injuries, you can stand up and smoke, as did the British Nicholas Alkemade, the tail gunner, who in 1944, after falling from a six-kilometer height, landed in a snow-covered thicket. If no jokes, then there is still a lot of trouble ahead of you.
Consider the case of Juliana Kopke. She flew a Lockheed Electra on Christmas Eve in 1971. The liner exploded somewhere over the Amazon. The 17-year-old German woman woke up the next morning under the jungle canopy. She was strapped into her seat, and there were piles of Christmas presents all around. Wounded, all alone, she forced herself not to think about her dead mother. Instead, she focused on the advice of her biologist father: "Lost in the jungle, you will go out to people, following the flow of water." Kopke walked along forest streams, which gradually merged into rivers. She avoided the crocodiles and pounded the shallow water with a stick to scare away the stingrays. Somewhere, having stumbled, she lost a shoe, only a torn miniskirt remained from her clothes. Of the food, she had only a bag of sweets with her, and she had to drink dark, dirty water. She ignored her broken collarbone and the inflamed open wounds.
Landing is the most traumatic part of the jump. “No one has been killed in the air yet,” my instructor often repeated, uncorking another vial of valerian.
We figure out how to land safely and save the nerve cells of friends and instructors.
1. I want to land safely. Where to begin?
You need to start preparing for landing on the ground, before boarding the plane.
Remember the direction of the wind. This will come in handy if, after revealing, you cannot see the sorcerer due to cloudiness or a throw error. It is best to use the sun as a guide, for example: "On a small drift, the sun should shine in the left eye."
Determine the strength of the wind and find out the horizontal speed of your canopy. The stronger the wind, the easier it will be to make a pillow - the horizontal speed of the dome will be damped by the wind speed. The most difficult thing is to land in calm. The strength of the wind can be determined by the sorcerer, and the speed of the dome can be found out from senior comrades. Usually, the horizontal speed of student parachutes is 5-7 m/s.
Ask the duty officer on the site how to build an entry: over the right or left shoulder. He can also tell you where it is better to start entering, which points to navigate and what to fear.
Check out the landing area, remember the location of obstacles, fences, learn about spare sites. Pay attention to the unevenness of the surface: pits, stones, tall grass and bushes.
Make up rough plan landing. Watch other skydivers: see how they build their approach, how far they fly after an extreme turn, what difficulties they face.
2. How to determine the strength of the wind by the sorcerer?
Use a schema.
3. What to do after opening the parachute?
Immediately make sure that the dome can provide safe descent. In addition to the standard "filled-stable-controllable", you also need to check the pillow. At a sufficient height, gently tighten the brakes - the speed should decrease, the wind noise will subside, and you should feel the movement forward. After that, slowly release the toggles up by 15-20 cm to avoid a sharp dive of the canopy.
If suddenly you doubt the operation of the parachute - do not hesitate: height control - uncoupling - reserve.
4. How to build a landing approach?
Mentally divide the airfield into 2 parts by a line passing through the touchdown point perpendicular to the direction of the wind. It is impossible to enter the far half at an altitude of up to 300 meters. Descend to this altitude on the first half of the airfield in a snake-like trajectory. The amplitude of the snake at the beginning of the descent should be approximately 10-12 seconds in each direction.
From a height of 300 meters, focus on the control points:
Height 300 meters, distance from the target 300 meters - fly in the direction of the wind facing the target (downwind)
Height 200 meters, distance from the target 200 meters - fly abeam the target (sideways to the target)
Height 100 meters, distance from the target 100 meters - perform an extreme turn, fly in the direction of the wind facing the target (against the wind)
This approach formation is called a "box" and is used by skydivers, paragliders and even pilots around the world.
If you miss the height, adjust the landing point and passes through the box. Avoid 180o turns.
As soon as you complete an extreme turn and face the target, accelerate the canopy and complete the landing with a pillow.
5. And so scary! Why else disperse the dome?
They accelerate the canopy before landing to increase its stability. When the parachute flies maximum speed, increases the pressure between the upper and lower shells. As a result, the rigidity of the dome increases, which makes it possible to “break through” thermal flows and minimize the influence of side wind.
It is better to learn how to accelerate the dome in several stages:
On the very first jumps - just fully release the toggles, the canopy will gulp air and you will be able to make a good cushion.
When you master the pillow - after an extreme turn and exit to a straight line, hang on the front free ends of up to 12 meters (slightly higher than the tops of the trees). Then release them and make a pillow.
After you learn how to accelerate the canopy on the front risers, move on to the extreme turn at the front riser.
6. When to start making a pillow?
Set the dome to medium mode at a height of 6 meters. The tops of the trees can serve as a guide. Begin to stretch the pillow to the end at a height of 1.5 meters. Do all movements smoothly.
If you started the flare a little early - reduce the rate of tightening the brakes - this will give you the opportunity to wait until desired height and already there to finish the alignment process and the transition to level flight.
If you missed the moment of the pillow - crush the toggles a little sharper - so you instantly bring the canopy to the horizon and save the landing.
Important: if you started to make the pillow too high, in no case do not throw the toggles! Otherwise, the dome will perform a sharp "peck" and you will crash into the ground at high speed. The results will be the most deplorable - from severe bruises and sprains to severe fractures and torn ligaments.
7. What should I do if a gust of wind knocks me sideways?
First of all, you need to understand that there is no gust of wind. Most likely you are shifting the dome to medium mode unevenly.
First check your hands - they should be at the same height. Beginning skydivers are often advised to keep their hands in front of them when doing a flare so you can see and control them.
If everything is in order with the arms - check the position of the body in the suspension system, make sure that there is no distortion of the leg loops.
Then it will not be difficult to compensate for the roll: if it leads to the right, pull the left toggle and return to your place; if it leads to the left, pull the right one. Don't make sudden movements.
8. I'm flying into some kind of wall! How to be saved?
Put your legs forward and strain as much as possible. Feet should be together, feet parallel to the obstacle. Treat the wall like the ground - cushion and try to dampen the vertical and horizontal speeds of the dome.
Similarly, you need to land on other obstacles: fences, trees, roofs and any surface irregularities.
If you suddenly fly into the window - do not forget to say hello.
9. I will choose an experienced skydiver and fly after him. Why don't others do this?
The idea is good, but difficult to implement: experienced skydivers usually fly on high-speed canopies with a high load, while students and beginners fly on large rectangular parachutes with a load of less than one. Therefore, most likely it will not work to repeat the trajectory of the chosen “standard”.
There is another danger in flying behind someone else's dome - getting into trail. A flying parachute leaves behind a turbulent wake, similar to the wake behind a boat. It operates for about 15 meters behind the dome and only on long distance fades and becomes insignificant. A dome caught in a wake may collapse, and then you will fall from high altitude being completely unprepared for it.
But it is useful to follow the landing of senior comrades - see how they build a box, at what angle they land. Just do not get carried away and do not forget about your own parachute and safety.
When
Jumping takes place most often on weekends, gathering for briefing at each airfield at different times, but as a practice - from 9-11 am. The choice of transport aircraft and parachute system depends on what is available at the airfield. Usually the equipment is old, but reliable. If the type of dome is extremely important to you, then it is better to find out everything by phone in advance.
For the jump to take place
It is necessary to pass a medical examination. The aerodrome doctor performs a cursory examination and questioning for the main contraindications. Measure pulse and pressure. But you still have to take care of your health yourself. You will definitely be charged money for the jump. It is best to check prices by phone.
Clothing and footwear
Special parachuting boots are very tough, hold the ankle tightly. Lacing front and back provides protection against dislocation and stretching. This must be taken into account when choosing shoes for your jump. Clothing must be chosen with long sleeves and trousers, even if it is the height of summer.
Summer weather
Most importantly, the wind should be less than 6 m/s. The plane will also not be able to take off if the mud has spoiled the runway. It is desirable that there is no thunderstorm, but you can jump in the rain, but dragging a wet parachute after landing is difficult.
briefing
Before the flight, a detailed briefing is carried out with the first-timers. Sometimes it drags on for a long time, so it's better to take food for the whole day with you. During the briefing, general recommendations are given, the purpose of the main parts of the parachute system is explained, and the main points of the jump are trained. Many people remember the famous “bedside table”, one and a half meters high, on which landing is practiced.
Putting on parachutes
It should be noted right away that parachutes go through several stages of verification and are laid for the first time by professionals, so there is no need to be afraid of “non-disclosure”, it is better to focus on more important things.
First-timers jumps are carried out on landing parachute systems (D-1-5U, D-5, D-6, etc.).
D1-5U weighs 17.5 kg. The area of the dome is 82.5 m2 The design of the parachute is simple and reliable in operation. It has been proven by a long experience of mass operation. It has one significant advantage that distinguishes it from others - it does not require forced disclosure, i. pulling out the ring. The parachute opens on its own after the person exits the plane. For some, it's a psychological advantage. more important than weight, handling and softness.
D-6 - a parachute with forced (manual) opening and pulling out the ring three seconds after the jump. Weight 11.5 kg. The area of the dome is 83 m2.
Part of this parachute is a stabilizing system (jellyfish). The main function of the system is to stabilize the position of the parachutist before opening the main canopy. It also performs the functions of a pilot chute, i.e. pulls out the main parachute. An exhaust halyard (handrail) is attached at one end to a metal cable in an airplane, the other clings to a jellyfish carabiner. When jumping, the rail stretches, breaks the restraining thread and opens a small parachute (this same jellyfish). The opening of the jellyfish triggers a safety device that counts down three seconds and opens the main parachute, of course, in the event that the skydiver forgot to pull the ring. In order not to lose the ring, an elastic band is attached to it, into which the hand is threaded.
The reserve is intended for operation in case of failure of the main parachute.
The reserve is also equipped with a safety device, which is activated before jumping in an airplane. It must be turned off if the main canopy opens correctly, otherwise you will have to land on two parachutes. To do this, you need to pull out the red-red ribbon from a special loop at least 300 m.
For almost unrealistic cases of non-opening of the main parachute and failure of the safety device of the reserve, it can be opened using a ring or a special cable.
Fixing a parachute on a person
In order not to fall out of the system during the opening of the parachute, it is fitted very tightly to the body. A large backpack with a main parachute is put on the stove and secured. It is fixed with straps on the chest and legs. Rigidity is regulated by lateral straps. A bag is also fixed for the subsequent folding of the parachute. At the very end of the outfit, a reserve parachute is fixed in the form of a small bag with a red metal bracket, with a total weight of 5 kg. All this splendor is complemented by a parachute-motorcycle helmet.
In this form, it is rather difficult to move around the earth, but he does not dress for this.
In airplane
Before landing, paratroopers are distributed by weight - the heaviest should jump first. The plane makes circles over the airfield, gaining altitude quite quickly, while it can lay its ears.
The issuer (instructor) attaches the exhaust halyards of the stabilizing parachutes of all those jumping to a metal cable, explains to each person on his fingers his turn, opens the hatch, determines the strength and direction of the wind (throws a sighting).
The command to prepare for the jump sounds - these are 2 short siren calls. Very little time is allotted for preparation - only a few seconds, otherwise the paratroopers will then have to be collected in the region of several kilometers.
The main thing here is to follow the signals of the instructor. He shows signs to whom to prepare. Paratroopers one by one approach the open door, the left leg is on the cut of the door, the right, half-bent, is slightly behind. The weight must be transferred to right leg and don't look out of the plane.
The instructor starts the safety device on the spare tire. The arms should be crossed over the chest. After a long siren, waiting for a pat on the shoulder and the command "Let's go!", separate. Good luck!
The height of the drop of paratroopers is 800 meters and the ground from the plane looks like just a map. The speed of the aircraft during the release is 160 km / h. People at the moment of the jump disappear in the eyes of those remaining in the plane "to nowhere", they are simply instantly blown away by a stream of air. For some, this causes shock and a fit of fear, so it's best to know this in advance. After all, according to the instructions, the plane must arrive empty. Those who refuse to jump are thrown out.
Bounce
"Go!" A soft but sharp blow of the oncoming flow spins the skydiver in free fall at a speed of 50 m / s. The free fall lasts three seconds - the halyard pulls out the "jellyfish" (stabilizing parachute), at this moment you need to group up and start counting: "521, 522, 523". Such a pile of numbers is used so that a parachutist who is flustered, being overboard the plane, does not blurt out "one-two-three" in one breath. Then, with all the force, the ring is pulled out and after another two seconds it gently pulls you (dynamic impact), which means that the parachute has opened. At this point, the fall slows down significantly. If the ring is forgotten, the safety system will open the parachute.
If the jump is carried out on the "oak", then you just need to count five seconds from the moment of separation and check the opening. To check the opening of the dome - glance up over your shoulder. This is very difficult to do - the tight lines and the helmet interfere. If the canopy opens and opens well, turn off the safety system of the reserve parachute (by removing the red-red ribbon). In case of non-opening (this is already an emergency situation), pull the reserve parachute ring.
Then fly for three minutes and enjoy! The first thing that strikes you from the moment you open the parachute is absolute silence! This is because the ears are used to the roar of the engine, and in the void at a height of 600 meters, sounds from the ground practically do not reach. But it is at this time that the skydiver experiences the most pleasant sensations, for which it is worth jumping! It is necessary to remember about the safe distance between skydivers, especially in windy weather. Twisting the lines of two parachutes can cause an accident.
How to pilot a parachute if it is manned
Piloting a parachute correctly is very important for landing, otherwise, at best, you can break your legs.
Red slings. Pulling the right one will turn to the right, pulling the left one will turn to the left. And you need to turn around facing into the wind. The fact is that when a skydiver flies downwind, the rate of descent is added to the speed of the wind. If you turn against the wind, then the horizontal speed is subtracted from the vertical. And this is just what you need.
Also, before landing, from about the height of the eighth floor, you need to start bending the leading edge of the parachute, because, when moving against the wind, this allows you to reduce speed.
Landing
The most serious stage in the jump. The falling speed is five meters per second and about ten meters from the ground, the horizon, which remained visually stationary during the flight, jumps sharply upwards.
At this moment, it is necessary to group: bring the legs together, at an angle of 30 degrees to the vertical axis of the person, place the feet parallel to the ground, press the chin to the chest. When landing, you can not look at the horizon, but only at your feet. The front straps of the parachute must be pulled down to extinguish the horizontal speed.
When landing, it is imperative to touch the ground with both feet at the same time, otherwise an uneven load may lie on the legs and, as a result, a leg fracture. To soften the blow, the skydiver falls on his back or side.
After falling to 85 sq. meters, filled with air, did not drag you into unknown distances, it is necessary to extinguish the dome. To do this, you need to pull the lower straps with force, as if knocking it down.
Landing in extreme conditions
The most dangerous is splashdown. Approaching the water, you need to quickly and consistently unhook the reserve parachute, unfasten the leg straps, remove one hand from the shoulder strap, free yourself from the chest strap and at a height of two or three meters, slipping out of the second strap, try to dive as deep as possible and swim further in order to the canopy of the main parachute did not have time to cover you with your head.
Getting into the forest zone, you need to cover your face with crossed arms, turning your veins inward, try to push off with tense legs against tree trunks and try to get closer to the ground faster. If the canopy is tangled in the branches, the skydiver must hang quietly and peacefully and wait for help.
When landing on the roofs of buildings, the main thing is to have time to run up and push off from the plane of the building until the dome goes out.
Parachute folding
After landing, the canopy is assembled so that, together with a satchel and lines, it can fit in a special bag that is attached to the chest. So that the lines do not get tangled, they are tied into "infinity", loop by loop, it turns out something similar to a rope, which then easily unravels. First, a knapsack and slings are folded into a bag, then the dome itself rolls into several layers. With this belongings, you need to go to the place where the parachutes are packed, in the best case, a special car will pick you up.
All. It remains only to decide on your first jump. And then the sea of delight and happiness is provided to you!
