For two years, after traces of cocaine were found in his doping test. "SE" recalls the most resonant cases when Russian football players disqualified or attempted to disqualify for doping.
A drug: nandrolone
Disqualification period: 2 years
The doping scandal put an end to the career of one of the most talented Russian football players of the 90s. In May 1999, a decent dose of the anabolic nandrolone was found in the midfielder's blood. A couple of months earlier, Shalimov ended up in the intensive care unit of a Moscow hospital with internal bleeding. The football player suspected that the illegal drug got into his body during treatment, but the analysis of the drugs used by the doctors did not reveal anything criminal. According to another version, doping could get into Shalimov's blood in Napoli itself - after the matches, the team's doctors periodically put droppers with sugar and vitamin C on the players. . One way or another, but in the series A that began a fierce fight against doping, the case of the Russian became indicative and the verdict on him turned out to be incredibly harsh - two years of disqualification. Shalimov could not resume his career after the end of her term.
A drug: marijuana
Disqualification period: 2 months
Alexander RYCHKOV (left). Photo by Efim SHAINSKY, "SE"
Another Russian legionnaire, Alexander Rychkov, was more fortunate than Shalimov - he "got off" with two months of disqualification and expulsion from. In the winter of 1996, traces of marijuana were found in the midfielder's blood. He himself assured that a friend was to blame for everything, who, for the sake of a joke, poured “grass” into the cake, but the French anti-doping fighters did not believe this explanation.
A drug: bromantane
Disqualification period: 1 year
While Yegor TITOV (right) was serving a suspension, he played with Nikolai TRUBACH for the "Artist" team. Photo Alexander WILF
Now we know that the ill-fated bromantane in Spartak-2003 was taken by more than one Egor Titov, but it so happened that the captain of the red-and-whites had to answer for everyone. Sample midfielder of the Russian national team, taken after the first play-off with Wales for the right to play in Euro 2004, gave positive effect. UEFA did not understand the intricacies of the intra-club politics of the then Spartak and disqualified Titov for a year. The midfielder stoically endured this punishment and in the 2005 season he returned to his native club and even played several matches for the Russian national team.
A drug: marijuana
Disqualification period: 8 months
The leader of the Vladivostok "Ray-Energy" was caught using marijuana in the fall of 2006. His punishment was slightly more severe than that of Rychkov's "predecessor" - the striker was suspended from football for 8 months. But the Vladivostok club did not terminate the contract with Tikhonovetsky. He served a disqualification, repented of his misconduct and played for Luch-Energy for several seasons. The main consequence of the story with marijuana was ... an unprecedented increase in the popularity of Tikhonovetsky on the Internet. For a while, the name of the attacker turned into a real network meme.
A drug: furosemide
Disqualification period: 10 months
Artur NIGMATULLIN. Photo by Alexey IVANOV, "SE"
CSKA reserve goalkeeper Artur Nigmatullin was caught doping in the winter of 2010. The army team was preparing for the playoffs of the Champions League, so there was nothing surprising in the fact that UEFA specialists periodically came to their training camp with checks. During one of these visits, furosemide, a drug that usually removes more serious doping from the body, was found in Nigmatullin's blood. The young goalkeeper explained that he had taken several diet pills on the advice of ... grandmother. Officials from UEFA did not approve of the grandmother's drug and ordered the goalkeeper to stay away from football for 10 months. After the disqualification ended, CSKA gave Nigmatullin on loan to Mordovia.
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A drug: sudafed
Disqualification period: 1 match
Alexey BEREZUTSKY and Sergey IGNASHEVICH. Photo by Alexander FEDOROV, "SE"
In early December 2009, when CSKA was fighting for a place out of the Champions League group, the news broke out of the blue that the two leading defenders of the army team, Sergei Ignashevich and Alexei Berezutsky, were temporarily suspended by UEFA decision. Sudafed was found in the blood of both players. It turned out that the army team suffered due to a technical error of doctors who forgot to enter information in a special form that Ignashevich and Alexei Berezutsky were treated for a cold with this drug. As a result, CSKA entered the decisive match against Besiktas without two key players, but still managed to snatch victory and get a ticket to the 1/8 finals. A little later, UEFA took into account all the circumstances of the case and issued both players a purely symbolic suspension for one match, which they had already served, having missed the game with Besiktas.
Kamila ALEKSEEVA, Ekaterina MASLAK
A drug: furosemide
Disqualification period: 2 years
The names of these two players were included in the very report of Richard McLaren, replete with sensational revelations. Russian sports. Indeed, furosemide was found in the blood of Kamila Alekseeva and Ekaterina Maslak in 2014 and 2015, however, contrary to McLaren's statements, no one began to hide these samples. Both players were punished: they received a two-year suspension. At Maslak, it ended in October, and Alekseeva's suspension expires in March 2017.
December 11, 2016, 14:43 
In September 2001, during the competitions of the Goodwill Games, a sample taken from two Russian gymnasts Alina Kabaeva And Irina Chashchina, showed the presence of furosemide, which in itself is not considered doping, but is included in the list of prohibited substances, as it can mask the presence of other drugs. The International Gymnastics Federation suspended them for a period of two years. During the first year, the gymnasts did not have the right to take part in any competitions, the second year of disqualification was given conditionally. Athletes were stripped of all Games awards Good will and the 2001 World Cup.
Alina Kabaeva
Irina Chashchina
In February 2002, the day before Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, it became known that in the body of a Russian skier Natalia Baranova-Masalkina an elevated erythrocyte count was found. The Russian athlete was suspended from participation in the competition and disqualified for two years.
On the last day of the Olympics, representatives of the International Olympic Committee reported that Russian skiers Larisa Lazutina And Olga Danilova disqualified. Athletes were stripped of all medals won at the Olympics. Olga Danilova lost "gold" and "silver", Larisa Lazutina was deprived of gold and two silver medals.
Larisa Lazutina
In August 2004 Olympic Games in Athens set a record for the number of disqualifications due to doping. There were more than 20 of them. Russians were among the athletes caught doping - weightlifter Albina Khomich and shot putter Irina Korzhanenko, runner Anton Galkin.
Albina Khomich
In February 2006, during the XX Winter Olympic Games in Turin, the first doping scandal erupted a few hours before the opening of the Olympics. Russians Natalya Matveeva, Pavel Korostelev and Nikolai Pankratov were suspended from participation in the competition for five days. On the seventh day of the Olympics in Turin, doping tests taken from a Russian biathlete Olga Pyleva, which won the Olympic "silver" in the 15 km race, gave a positive result. She was convicted of using the illegal drug carphedon and was banned for two years. As it became known later, carphedon was part of a therapeutic drug used by a skier to more quickly restore a damaged ankle.
Natalia Matveeva
Nikolai Pankratov
Olga Pyleva
In January 2008, the International Rowing Federation (FISA) threatened to disqualify all Russian team. The reason was that during the year seven Russian athletes. In 2006 Olga Samulenkova was suspended for two years for exceeding testosterone levels and stripped of her World Championship gold medal. In July 2007, a two-year suspension for intravenous injections received Vladimir Varfolomeev, Denis Moiseev And Svetlana Fedorova. In January 2008, three more athletes were banned for two years - Alexandra Litvincheva, Evgenia Luzyanina And Ivan Podshivalova.
In August 2008, 7 Russian athletes were immediately suspended from participating in all tournaments held under the auspices of the IAAF, including the Olympics, for doping violations - Elena Soboleva(running 800 m and 1500 m), Tatiana Tomashova(1500 m), Yulia Fomenko(1500 m), Gulfiya Khanafeyeva(hammer throwing), Daria Pishchalnikova(discus throw) Svetlana Cherkasova(800 m) and Olga Egorova(1500 m and 5000 m). In addition to Egorova and Cherkasova, everyone else was part of the Russian Olympic team.
Elena Soboleva and Yulia Fomenko in the foreground
Tatiana Tomashova
Daria Pishchalnikova
Svetlana Cherkasova
All data taken up to 2009
How did it all start?
On German TV ARD at the end of 2014, a documentary was released on doping by Russian athletes. In particular, the tape used a video featuring Olympic champion Maria Savinova, telling how, with the help of the doping drug oxandrolone, she manages to quickly restore her strength. Also on the record there is a certain person (according to the journalist, the coach of the champion Vladimir Kazarin), who gives the athletes the drug oxandrolone. Although the video does not clearly show Savinova's face, and her confession is only a translation into German, the film caused a stir. World Anti-Doping Agency WADA announced an investigation into all cases of doping by Russian athletes mentioned in the film. In 2016, journalist Hajo Seppelt, the author of the tape, admitted that all the documentary facts of the picture are unreliable. The director's goal was to draw public attention to the use of doping drugs by athletes.
In early January, after the accusations WADA in doping fraud, the former head of the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory, Grigory Rodchenkov, moved to the United States for security reasons. And immediately after it became known about the death of the chairman of the executive council of RUSADA Vyacheslav Sinev, who headed the department from 2008 to 2010. 10 days later, the former executive director of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency, Nikita Kamaev, died.
In May 2016, The New York Times published a statement by Rodchenkov. According to him, two weeks before the start of the Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014, the Russian Ministry of Sports approved the list of athletes included in the doping program. After that, laboratory staff, with the participation of special services, replaced one hundred positive tests. Rodchenkov presented as evidence The New York Times emails from the Ministry of Sports. Vitaly Mutko rated this post The New York Times as "a continuation of the information attack on Russian sports."
wada, The World Anti-Doping Agency, on July 18, presented a report on the results of an investigation into the substitution of doping tests of Russian athletes at the Sochi Olympics.It follows from the report that the Ministry of Sports, together with the anti-doping laboratories in Moscow and Sochi, as well as with the assistance of the FSB, participated in fraud with the results of the analyzes of Russian athletes. Head of the Independent Commission WADA Richard McLaren stressed that Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko was aware of the substitution of dirty doping samples for clean ones.
How were doping tests substituted in Sochi?
At the Olympic Games in 2014, additional doping control was carried out by foreign countries. In order to commit fraud with the analyzes of athletes, the FSB decided to replace positive doping tests, for which a special technique was invented to open sealed samples.
The autopsy method was demonstrated to the experts of an independent commission. During the investigation, samples from the Moscow and Sochi laboratories were checked, traces of autopsy were found on them. It also turned out that the DNA of the winner Olympic competitions does not match the DNA of her sample.
Replacement of positive doping tests with negative ones was carried out when there were no traces of doping in the urine of athletes. From the center sports training teams where the samples were stored, the FSB took the urine and delivered it to Sochi.
According to Rodchenkov, every day he received from the Ministry of Sports a list of athletes whose tests he had to replace. After that, at night, in the laboratory, Russian anti-doping experts and representatives of the special services changed dirty doping tests for clean ones. Test tubes opened using the FSB technology were passed through a hole in the wall, the size of a fist.
In addition, Rodchenkov admitted that he developed a doping "cocktail" consisting of three illegal drugs (methenolone, trenbolone and oxandrolone) and alcohol (whiskey or martini). This mixture was called "Duchess". Russian athletes rinsed her mouth with her. Such doping was used by at least 15 Russian medalists.
What threatens the WADA report?
Recall that in November 2015, following the results of the investigationindependent commission of WADA under the leadership of Dick Pound, the Russian national team in athletics already suspended from participation in the Olympics in Rio. In this context, the report WADA may result in the exclusion of athletes and other sports from the Olympic Games.
The head of the independent commission, Richard McLaren, clarified that WADA there is no authority not to recommend a country for participation in the Olympics. However Ben Nichols, a spokesman for the commission, announced "that the Anti-Doping Agency is calling on the international sports community to ban Russian athletes from participating in international competitions including the 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil. This ban, according to WADA, should be in effect until the “culture change”, ”RBC reports.
The final decision on the participation of the Russian team in the Rio Olympics can be made by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The head of the committee, Thomas Bach, announced his intention to take the toughest sanctions against individuals and organizations engaged in doping fraud.
A number of countries also oppose Russia's participation in the Olympics. Among them are Austria, Canada, USA, Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Japan.
How do people in Russia react to the results of the investigation?
In a statement posted on the Kremlin website, Vladimir Putin asked WADA to provide “more complete, objective, fact-based information to be taken into account in the investigation by Russian law enforcement and investigative agencies.”
Putin also promised to remove the direct perpetrators of the forgery until the end of the investigation. According to the investigation wada, direct and participants in the falsification of samples are Adviser to the Minister of Sports Natalya Zhelanova, Head of the Department of Medical and Research Programs of the Russian Olympic Committee Irina Rodionova, employee of the Russian Sports Training Center (CSP) Alexei Velikodny, Deputy Director of the Department of Science and Education of the Ministry of Sports Avak Abalyan. Although, according to Richard McLaren, Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko was aware of all the machinations, there is no question of his resignation. Presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov explained that "Mutko is not mentioned in the report as a direct perpetrator,"
I don't understand what kind of chart this is.
Okay, I should probably reveal.
Here we have a diagram, presumably it shows what proportion of various phenomena is occupied by certain substances in the sample population, where alcohol is in the lead in an explicit form.
Thus, for the average observer, who especially supports liberal views on legalization, the result on the diagram is almost a “banner” with which he is ready to defend his positions. Indeed, in response to the statement that “drugs are a crime”, you can always say “look, how much crime is from alcohol, and how much is from marijuana! this is a serious study, here, an institute! ”, Done.
Now what I don't understand.
For the list of substances and phenomena, I do not know the general population of the sample, so I do not understand what these numbers mean: 5, 70, 80, are these pieces or%?
Then I don't know the relevance of the sample, who was counted?
Let's say we can imagine a social group "potential consumers of substances", which, for example, include everyone aged 21 and older, because according to the law they can consume alcohol, or from 14 years old, because this is usually the "dangerous" age at which illegal activity begins. use, or all women and children are included, from babies to very old people, and whether social status is taken into account, i.e. are there schoolchildren and students, and housewives, and bank employees, and the homeless? And in what district, city, region was the study carried out, what sector of the economy is developed there? So the study suggests the presence of homeless infants who use cocaine?
As a result, without understanding the quantitative and qualitative indicators, it is impossible to imagine the representativeness of this study.
The subject of the study is substances that are also not clear, let's say alcohol, there is like beer in a bar, where after the 5th mug someone breaks a chair on someone's head, and then goes for 15 days, and there is 20-year-old cognac, which they drink alone sitting in front of fireplace and do not commit any crimes, is such a generalization acceptable ?!
And if you still turn to the diagram, then without regard to the quality of the data, even it contains the answer to the question “do drugs really lead to adverse events”, yes! Is it true that alcohol and cigarettes lead to adverse events more often than "drugs", NO! Just add the result for alcohol and nicotine into one group, and for drugs into another, and you will see that this is a decent difference, while you will see how many "users" give rise to those phenomena, and you will see that among a small number of drug users a large number of phenomena, and among a large number of consumers of bluing in% the ratio of phenomena is less. Thus, the number of problems with an increase in the number of drug users will grow exponentially and anti-drug legislation is working to prevent, even if only slightly, these indicators from growing, at the same time leaving alcohol and tobacco to society as an affordable alternative, regulating it with excise taxes.
The lack of clearly defined criteria for admission caused criticism not only from Russian sports functionaries, athletes and officials, but even in the camp of the principal rivals of the Russians. “I am surprised and shocked,” quotes the words of the coach of the Swedish national team cross-country skiing Ricarda Grippa edition of SportExpressen. - We thought that all the names of the Russians involved in doping had already been named and there was no name of Ustyugov. The Olympic Games are losing their prestige. I'm sure our guys in the national team are shocked, as am I."
17 criteria
Some of the criteria used by the IOC in deciding whether or not to admit Russian athletes to the Olympics are not new: they were named by the IOC immediately after its decision to disqualify the Russian Olympic Committee on December 5th.
Among the already known are the presence of the names of athletes in the report of the commission Denis Oswald, who heads the IOC commission to verify the facts of sample substitution at the Olympics in Sochi, and the defendants in the so-called Duchess list, compiled by the former head of the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory, Grigory Rodchenkov. According to him, the athletes on the list took a cocktail of three steroids with alcohol, or "Duchess".
Other criteria were also mentioned: the IOC, for example, did not hide the fact that it analyzed the data of anti-doping samples that were taken from athletes during the Sochi Olympics. Many of the containers for these samples were claimed by the IOC to have scratches, which the committee explained was evidence of tampering and replacement. It was also known that the IOC was studying the list of athletes who had canceled disqualifications for doping.
Most of the criteria, published on Thursday by the IOC, were not previously named. It turned out, for example, that the IOC, together with WADA, checked the presence of the names of athletes in the archive of the database of the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory. This archive was handed over to WADA by Rodchenkov. Analysis of the archive made it possible to determine which sample samples in which doping was detected were recorded in the WADA international anti-doping administration system (the system is called ADAMS) as “clean”.
In addition, the IOC, as follows from the published list of criteria, re-checked the doping tests of candidates for the trip to Pyeongchang and the data entered in the “biological passports” of athletes, although it did not report plans for re-tests. It was also not known that the IOC would consider the absence of an athlete at the place of special registration in the ADAMS system as a criterion for the removal or admission of athletes. Each athlete is required to provide WADA with information about his movements and trips so that he can be tested for doping at any time.
Checked in the IOC, as follows from the list of criteria, and the values of the so-called steroid profile of athletes - a set of analyzes of metabolism in the body.
The admission criteria also include the testimony of unnamed IOC and WADA sources, as well as “information provided by the federations winter views sports." The IOC does not name the sources and does not say which federations provided it with information.
Russian athletes Yulia Guzieva, Galina Arsenkina, Yulia Portunova and Uliana Vasilyeva (left to right) seeing off the Russian curling team at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang (Photo: Sergey Savostyanov / TASS)
Olympics for young people
Experts interviewed by RBC called the published IOC criteria non-transparent. “This has never happened before in the history of world sports. A small part of the criteria are globally recognized rules, and all the rest are absolutely biased. Anyone can fall under such criteria, if desired, ”said RBC, head of the sports medicine department of Moscow State Medical University. I.M. Sechenov, former member of the Supervisory Board of RUSADA Evgeny Achkasov.
According to Evgeny Slyusarenko, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the Internet portal Championat.com, the use of such criteria when testing athletes from other countries would lead to their mass removal from the Olympics. The expert, in particular, questioned the criterion called “location in the ADAMS system”. “Athletes have an ADAMS app that allows doping officers to track their whereabouts and come to that address. There is such a term “flag”: it is put when the doping control comes, but the person is not there. If three "flags" are typed, the athlete will be disqualified. A year later, the "flags" are cancelled. In the life of almost every athlete there is one “flag”. This criterion is quite controversial, because a person can skip the test for a million of the most different reasons”, Slyusarenko emphasized.
Slyusarenko also pointed out the non-transparency of the criterion “additional confidential information provided by WADA”. This criterion involves the use of information from whistle-blowers and "other sources". “I don’t know who these informants are and whether they can be trusted. The data of the international federation - what kind of data is this, according to which a person who is not convicted of using prohibited means can be removed from the Olympics? Slyusarenko asks.
Professor Achkasov believes that a suspension due to a past doping ban is a violation of rights. “How can you be punished twice for the same mistake? If a person has served the prescribed term in prison, after a while we don’t put him again just like that. Since this is the principle, then let's not let all the athletes who have ever been involved [in doping] go to the Olympics, ”Achkasov explained to RBC.
In order to be guaranteed to pass the “fine sieve of the IOC criteria,” Slyusarenko points out, one must be a very young athlete who has not yet encountered the work of the anti-doping system. Thus, those who have already won medals, or those who seriously apply for them, are in the forefront of “removal”, Slyusarenko believes. “It so happened that due to your age you are “clean”. This is almost the only opportunity to get admission to the Olympics according to these criteria. It seems to me that the IOC was very much reinsured, ”said Slyusarenko, expressing the opinion that before the publication of the official list of Russians admitted to the Olympics in Pyeongchang, new names of the leaders of the national team will appear in the list of those suspended.
“This is absolute arbitrariness and oblivion of all principles. What is the passage worth: we have suspicions, and on this basis we remove the athletes. All lawyers have hair on end from this, ”said RBC former director Department of anti-doping support of Rossport and ex-head of the anti-doping service of the ROC Nikolai Durmanov.
In his opinion, the IOC is guided by the principle “we will not let anyone we want”. “All these criteria rely on each other: the McLaren list is based on Rodchenkov’s testimony, the Oswald commission is based on McLaren’s provisions, and in addition, all this is heavily sprinkled with phrases that we still have information, but this is secret intelligence that we cannot disclose,” — said Durmanov.
Based on these criteria, the IOC may remove the still unnamed leaders of the national team, the specialist suggested. “At the very last moment, it may turn out that there are two or three more lost pages from Rodchenkov's diaries. Or suddenly the commission of Oswald or McLaren suddenly remembers something, and right at the Olympics something suddenly turns out, ”Durmanov believes.
However, in his opinion, some of the suspended may still be allowed to the Olympics. “For the sake of PR, the IOC can reverse and allow one or two athletes to say later: you see, we are objective, we are not entirely anti-Russian,” Durmanov said.
The final list of Russians who will go to the Olympic Games in Pyeongchang must be published by January 28, ten days before the start of the competition.
