................................................................................................... 1
1. General structure of the human body .............................................. ......................................... 2
2. Osteology ............................................... ................................................. ................................... 4
3. Arthrology ............................................... ................................................. ................................. 10
4. Myology ............................................... ................................................. ...................................... 16
5. General structure of the nervous system .............................................. .............................................. 18
6. General structure of the circulatory system .............................................. ...................................... 20
23
1. Bones of the skull ............................................... ................................................. ................................. 24
2. Mandible and dental arch .............................................. ................................................. .... 52
3. Temporomandibular joint ............................................... ................................................... 56
4. Cranial nerves ............................................... ................................................. ......................... 66
5. Peri- and retropharyngeal region .............................................. ............................................... 82
6. Skull and meninges .............................................. ................................................. ............... 86
7. Cerebral arteries and veins ............................................... ................................................. ............ 92
8. Auditory analyzer and vestibular apparatus .............................................. ...................... 118
9. Visual analyzer and eye socket .............................................. ............................................... 128
10. Nasal cavity and nasal septum .............................................. ................................. 139
11. Oral cavity ............................................... ................................................. ...................... 146
150
1. General structure of the neck .............................................. ................................................. ................... 151
2. Larynx ............................................... ................................................. ............................................... 154
3. Throat ............................................... ................................................. ......................................... 160
4. Arteries and veins ............................................... ................................................. ............................... 164
5. Neck section ............................................... ................................................. .................................... 170
6. Posterior and carotid triangles ............................................... ................................................. .... 172
7. Lateral view of the neck ............................................... ................................................. ........................... 174
182
1. Thorax and spinal column .................................................. ............................................... 183
2. Sternum and abdominal wall ............................................... ................................................. ........... 194
3. Groin area .............................................. ................................................. ......................... 205
4. Muscles of the back ............................................... ................................................. ............................... 209
5. Spinal cord and spinal nerves .............................................. ............................................... 218
6. The back of the neck .............................................. ................................................. ............. 220
227
1. Organs of the chest .............................................. ................................................. ................ 228
2. Lungs and pleura ............................................... ................................................. ........................... 232
3. Heart ............................................... ................................................. ......................................... 236
4. Particular anatomy of the chest .................................................................. ................................. 246
5. Particular anatomy of the heart .............................................. ................................................. .......... 250
6. Posterior mediastinum ............................................... ................................................. ................... 256
7. Diaphragm ............................................... ................................................. ................................. 264
......................................................................... 272
1. General structure ............................................... ................................................. ......................... 272
2. Stomach ............................................... ................................................. ............................................... 276
3. Pancreas and bile ducts .............................................. ............................... 278
4. Liver ............................................... ................................................. ......................................... 280
5. Vessels of the abdominal organs .............................................. ............................................. 284
6. Particular anatomy of the abdominal organs .............................................. ...................... 286
7. Upper floor of the abdominal cavity .............................................. ................................................. 291
8. Root of the mesentery and pockets of the peritoneum .............................................. ...................................... 298
303
1. Urinary system ............................................... ................................................. ......................... 304
2. Kidney ............................................... ................................................. ................................................... 306
3. Posterior abdominal wall ............................................... ................................................. ............ 310
4. Male genitourinary system ............................................... ................................................. 316
5. Vessels of the pelvic organs ............................................... ................................................. ..... 324
6. Male external genitalia ....................................................... ..............................326
7. Male urogenital diaphragm .............................................. ............................................... 330
8. Female genitourinary system ............................................... ................................................. 332
9. Uterus and uterine appendages ............................................... ................................................. ............... 336
10. Female external genitalia ............................................... .........................................340
11. Female urogenital diaphragm ............................................... .........................................342
.......................................................................................346
1. Shoulder girdle and chest .................................................. ................................................. 347
2. Bones ............................................... ................................................. .............................................352
3. Joints and ligaments ............................................... ................................................. ......................... 356
4. Muscles ............................................... ................................................. ......................................... 360
5. Vessels and nerves ............................................... ................................................. ...................... 374
6. Areas of the shoulder ............................................... ................................................. .............. 379
7. Axillary region ............................................... ................................................. ............ 386
8. Particular anatomy of the shoulder and forearm .............................................. ......................................... 391
9. Particular anatomy of the hand ............................................... ................................................. .............. 400
......................................................................................... 407
1. Pelvis ............................................... ................................................. ................................................. 408
2. Bones ............................................... ................................................. ............................................. 409
3. Joints and ligaments ............................................... ................................................. ......................... 420
4. Muscles ............................................... ................................................. ......................................... 428
5. Vessels and nerves ............................................... ................................................. ............................. 442
6. Anterior region of the thigh .............................................. ................................................. ............ 450
7. Gluteal region ............................................... ................................................. ...................... 454
8. Back of the thigh .............................................. ................................................. ................ 456
9. Calf area .............................................. ................................................. ............................... 461
10 Particular anatomy of the foot ............................................... ................................................. .......... 468
Preface to the fourth edition
Fifteen years after the first edition, the atlas was carefully revised and revised. The first two authors, now well-known professors, were flattered by the agreement of Professor Lutyen-Drekoll to take part in the work as a co-author. She is the author of a large number of original ideas regarding the atlas, with her help many valuable additions were made. This should be a guarantee of the continuation of the tradition of this atlas. This edition has been introduced a large number of new illustrations: about 60 new photographs and 20 new drawings were added based on newly created samples. In order to avoid an undesirable change in the volume of the book, we removed outdated figures from previous editions and revised the ratio of parts of the book.
Currently, much attention is paid to the method of layered anatomy, so we have added a number of images of computed and magnetic resonance imaging to clarify detailed structural diagrams.
In addition, the atlas is supplemented by a small introductory chapter by Professor Willy A. Kalender, dedicated to modern diagnostic research methods and illustrated with images that are most characteristic of each technique. Each chapter of this publication consists of two parts.
The first part is devoted to the traditional description of the anatomical structures of organs, such as limbs: bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The second part presents data on layered anatomy, where the description of the superficial layer is followed by a description of the middle and deep layers so that the student can navigate in the sections of anatomical specimens. When viewing photographs, we strongly recommend using a magnifying glass for a more accurate perception of the three-dimensional image of the structures of organs and tissues.
During the preparation of the new edition for publication, the authors never ceased to be amazed at how accurately, beautifully and expediently the human body is built. And if this book helps students or practitioners appreciate the overwhelming splendor anatomical structure human tissues and organs, then we can consider our task completed. A deep interest in the study of anatomy will help to awaken love for man, which in itself is the most important trait of a doctor, necessary in his daily medical practice.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to all the co-authors who took part in this work, without whose help the creation of this atlas would not have been possible. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to all the staff of Igaku-Shoin and F. K. Schattauer Publ. Comp., who always listened attentively to all our proposals and made a great contribution to the creation of this book.
Autumn 1997.
Yoganess W. Roen
Chihiro Yokochi
Elki Luthien-Drekoll.
Gratitude
We would like to express our gratitude to all the co-authors whose help contributed to the creation of this atlas. We are especially indebted to Dr. K. Okamoto (now based in Nagasaki, Japan) and Jeff Bryant, a member of our team; to those who created new preparations for this publication, for their vast knowledge and skills. We are also grateful to Professor W. Neuguber and Mr. Tom Simpson for their great contributions to this work. The preparations of the previous edition were also created with great enthusiasm and skill by Prof. Dr. S. Nagashima (now working in Nagasaki, Japan), Dr. Mutsuko Takahashi (now working in Tokyo), Dr. Gabriella Lindner-Funk (Erlangen), Dr. P. Lendgraf ( Erlangen) and Miss Rachel M. McDonnell (now based in Dallas, USA).
We also express our deep gratitude to Professor V. A. Kalender (Head of the Department of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen) for writing an introductory article on imaging methods.
The CT and MRI scans were kindly provided by Simens AG, Erlangen, and Prof. W. J. Hook (Erlangen), Dr. Andreas Hick (University of Munich). We are also indebted to Mr. Hans Sommer (COMCO, Coburg), who kindly provided samples of human bones (for example, chest and skulls).
We are very grateful to our photographer, Mr. Marco Gebwein, for the wonderful photographs he took. Carefully and tirelessly worked our secretaries - Mrs. Lisa Koehler and Elizabeth Glas, as well as our artists: Mrs. Annette Huck and Mr. Heokom Schmidt, who not only completed the magnificent new drawings, but also actively participated in the design of the new edition. We express our gratitude to the scientists, students and other contributors, especially the Igaku Shoin Publishing Company (Tokyo) and F.K. Chattauer (Stuttgart).
Autumn 1997
Yoganess W. Roen
Chihiro Yokochi
Elki Luthien-Drekoll
Preface to the first edition
Currently, there are a large number of good anatomical atlases. Therefore, it is necessary to justify the need to create a new version. We see three main reasons for creating this book. First of all, most of the previously published atlases contain only schematic or semi-schematic images that represent real objects in an extremely limited way; they do not have a third dimension, they lack volume. In contrast, photographs of anatomical preparations convey a real image of the object, preserving their proportions and spatial size in a more accurate form than the schematic color drawings in most previous atlases.
Moreover, photographs of preparations of the human body correspond to the observations of the student during the anatomy course. Thus, he gets the opportunity to quickly navigate through photographs of preparations, and not only when working with a corpse. Secondly, in some of the existing atlases, classification is given by organ systems, and not by body parts. As a result, the student needs several books, in each of which he is forced to look for the necessary information on a specific part of the body. In this atlas, an attempt was made to display the macroscopic anatomy as realistically as possible in terms of topography and functional features of the object itself. Therefore, it can be useful in the study of anatomy by doctors of various specialties, including dentists.
The third task of the authors was to reduce the course to the required volume and present it in the form of a didactic tutorial. We have added schematic drawings of the main vessels and nerves, muscular mechanisms, etc. to the images of all parts of the body, which will improve the understanding of the details of the images in the photographs.
The complex structure of the bones of the skull is not presented in a descriptive way, but through a series of images showing the mosaic of bones and their relationships in such a way as to ultimately facilitate understanding of the structure of the cranial bones.
Finally, the authors were inspired to create an atlas current position in medical education, when, on the one hand, there is a constant shortage of corpses in many anatomical departments, and on the other hand, the number of students is constantly increasing everywhere. As a result, students do not have sufficient illustrative material for anatomy classes. Of course, photographs will never replace a direct study of the preparation, but we think that the use of a large format image instead of a drawn, mostly schematic image is more acceptable and is a significant improvement in the anatomy course compared to drawings alone. Most of the preparations depicted in the atlas were prepared by the authors in the anatomical departments of Erlangen, Germany; Kanagawa Dental College, Wakovika, Japan.
The preparations for the chapter describing the structure of the neck and spinal cord and showing the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves were masterfully and enthusiastically prepared by Dr. K. Schmitt. The spinal ligament preparations were prepared by Dr. T. Mokrush, and most of the preparations presented in the chapters on the lower and upper limbs were very carefully prepared by Dr. S. Nagashima of Kurume, Japan.
Once again we express our sincere gratitude to all our employees for their most useful, selfless and highly qualified work.
Erlangen, spring 1983
Yoganess W. Roen
Chihiro Yokochi
Everyone who is going to work with energies and with people should know at least the approximate location of the main parts of the physical and energy bodies of a person. To gain this knowledge, I compiled an anatomical atlas of the physical and energy bodies of a person, which I divided into 4 parts. Today you can get acquainted with the first part of the atlas, which describes the physical body of a person.
1. Physical body 1.1. Human skeleton 1.2. Muscles of the human body 1.3. Internal organs 1.4. Human circulatory system 1.5. Lymphatic system 1.6. human nervous system 2. Nadi 2.1 Ida and Pingala 2.2. Sushumna 3. Chakras (energy centers) 3.1. Muladhara 3.2. Svadhisthana 3.3. Manipura 3.4. Anahata 3.5. Vishuddhi 3.6. Ajna 3.7. Sahasrara 4. Energy bodies(thin bodies) 4.1. Etheric body 4.2. Emotional body 4.3. Mental body 4.4. Astral body 4.5. Etheric determining body 4.6. Celestial body 4.7. Keter body
1. Physical body
1.1. Human skeleton
Human skeleton- a set of bones, a passive part of the musculoskeletal system. Serves as a support for soft tissues, a point of application of muscles (leverage system), a receptacle and protection internal organs. The skeleton contains about 250 bones. The approximate weight of an adult human skeleton is on average 10 kg for men and 7 kg for women. The skeleton performs two important functions:
- support function
- hematopoiesis
The supporting function of the skeleton is quite understandable without explanation, it is only worth mentioning that the human skeleton is inside the body (endoskeleton), unlike, for example, a snail, whose shell is outside the body (exoskeleton). The hematopoietic function of the skeleton is realized by the contents of the cavities present in the bones (the so-called bone marrow). Bone marrow is an organ where red blood cells (erythrocytes) mature, carrying oxygen to all organs and tissues.
Front view. 1 - skull; 2 - spinal column; 3 - clavicle; 4 - scapula; 5 - sternum; 6 - brachial bone; 7 - radius; 8 - ulna; 9 - bones of the wrist; 10 - bones of the metacarpus; 11 - phalanges of the fingers; 12 - pelvic bone; 13 - sacrum; 14 - pubic symphysis; 15 - femur; 16 - patella; 17 - tibia; 18 - fibula; 19 - bones of the tarsus; 20 - bones of the metatarsus; 21 - phalanges of the toes; 22 - ribs chest).
Back view. 1 - skull; 2 - spinal column; 3 - scapula; 4 - humerus; 5 - ulna; 6 - radius; 7 - bones of the wrist; 8 - bones of the metacarpus; 9 - phalanges of the fingers; 10 - pelvic bone; 11 - femur; 12 - tibia; 13 - fibula; 14 - bones of the foot; 15 - bones of the tarsus; 16 - bones of the metatarsus; 17 - phalanges of the toes; 18 - sacrum; 19 - ribs (chest).
1.2. Muscles of the human body
Muscles or muscles(from lat. muscle- mouse, little mouse) - organs of the body of animals and humans, consisting of an elastic, elastic muscle tissue capable of contracting under the influence of nerve impulses. Designed to perform various actions: body movements, contractions vocal cords, breathing. Muscles allow you to move parts of the body and express thoughts and feelings in actions. Whatever actions a person performs, be it smiling, laughing, crying, pronouncing words, walking, running, working, playing, reading or eating, muscles are involved. There are 640 muscles in the human body (depending on the method of counting differentiated muscle groups, their total number is determined from 639 to 850). The smallest are attached to the smallest bones located in the ear. The largest are the largest gluteal muscles they move the legs.
General form. 1 - trapezius muscle; 2 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 3 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 4 - chewing muscle; 5 - a large zygomatic muscle; 6 - circular muscle eyes; 7 - temporal muscle; 8 - anterior belly of the supracranial muscle, 9 - circular muscle of the mouth; 10 - muscle lowering the lower lip; eleven - deltoid, 12 - biceps muscle of the shoulder; 13 - rectus abdominis; 14 - external oblique muscle of the abdomen; 15 - pyramidal muscle; 16 - comb muscle; 17 - long adductor muscle of the thigh; 18 - tailor muscle; 19 - a large adductor muscle of the thigh; 20 - rectus femoris; 21 - medial broad muscle hips; 22 - anterior tibial muscle; 23 - tendons longus muscle, extensor toes of the foot; 24 - soleus muscle; 25 - calf muscle; 26 - lateral wide muscle of the thigh; 27 - muscle straining the wide fascia of the thigh; 28 - muscle extensor fingers of the hand; 29 - long radial muscle extensor wrist; 30 - brachioradialis muscle; 31 - shoulder muscle; 32 - serratus anterior; 33 - a large food muscle.
1.3. Internal organs
The location of the internal organs and bones of the human skeleton: 1. Thyroid cartilage; 2. thyroid gland; 3. windpipe (trachea); 4. left clavicle; 5. sternum; 6. left shoulder blade; 7. left lung; 8. ribs; 9. heart; 10. liver; 11. stomach; 12. spleen; 13. transverse colon; 14. loops of the jejunum; 15. descending colon; 16. ilium; 17. sigmoid colon; 18. pubic bone; 19. ischium;
20. bladder; 21. rectum; 22. loops of the ileum; 23. ascending colon; 24. right lung; 25. right shoulder blade; 26. right clavicle; 27. spine; 28. right kidney; 29. sacrum; 30. coccyx; 31. left kidney.
The structure of internal organs. Drawing from an anatomy book for students, 16th century.
1.4. Human circulatory system
Human circulatory system- a system of organs that circulate blood throughout the body of an animal.
The composition of the cardiovascular system includes blood vessels and the main organ of blood circulation - The main function of the human cardiovascular system is the distribution of blood throughout the body, containing nutrients and biologically active substances, gases, metabolic products. The central element of the circulatory system - the heart - is a hollow muscular organ capable of rhythmic contractions, ensuring the continuous movement of blood inside the vessels.
The human heart consists of two completely separated halves, each of which has a ventricle and an atrium. Vessels are a system of hollow elastic tubes of various structure, diameter and mechanical properties filled with blood. In the general case, depending on the direction of blood flow, the vessels are divided into: arteries, through which blood is removed from the heart and enters the organs, and veins - vessels in which blood flows towards the heart. As they move away from the heart, the vessels fan out into smaller and smaller ones, eventually forming arterioles. Between arteries and veins is microvasculature, which forms the peripheral part of the cardiovascular system. The microcirculatory bed is a system of small vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, venules, as well as arterioluvenular anastomoses. It is here that the processes of exchange between blood and tissues take place. Further, approaching the heart, the veins merge again, forming larger vessels.
1.5. lymphatic system
lymphatic system(lat. systema lymphaticum) - part of the vascular system of mammals, complementary cardiovascular system. She plays important role in the metabolism and cleansing of cells and tissues of the body. Unlike circulatory system the lymphatic is not closed and does not have a central pump. The lymph circulating in it moves slowly and under little pressure.
General form: 1 - lymphatic vessels of the face; 2 - submandibular lymph nodes; 3 - chin lymph nodes; 4 - the mouth of the thoracic duct; 5 - anterior mediastinal lymph nodes; 6 - axillary lymph nodes; 7 - superficial lymphatic vessels of the arm, following along the lateral saphenous vein; 8 - medial group of superficial lymphatic vessels of the hand; 9 - lumbar lymph nodes; 10 - common iliac lymph nodes; 11 - internal iliac lymph nodes; 12 - superficial inguinal lymph nodes; 13 - medial group of superficial lymphatic vessels of the leg; 14 - lateral group of superficial lymphatic vessels of the leg; 15 - superficial lymphatic vessels of the foot; 16 - deep lymphatic vessels of the rear of the foot; 17 - deep lymphatic vessels of the leg; 18 - deep lymphatic vessels of the thigh; 19 - deep lymphatic vessels of the palm; 20 - deep inguinal lymph nodes; 21 - external iliac lymph nodes; 22 - deep lymphatic vessels of the forearm; 23 - superficial ulnar lymph nodes; 24 - shoulder lymph nodes; 25 - intercostal nodes; 26 - chest flow; 27 - subclavian trunk; 28 - jugular trunk; 29 - deep cervical lymph nodes; 30 - jugular-bigastric lymph node; 31 - posterior lymph node; 32 - parotid lymph nodes.
1.6. human nervous system
Nervous system, a set of structures in the body of animals and humans, uniting the activities of all organs and systems and ensuring the functioning of the body as a whole in its constant interaction with the external environment. N. s. perceives external and internal stimuli, analyzes this information, selects and processes it and, in accordance with this, regulates and coordinates the functions of the body.
Application date:01/31/2018. Date of registration 6.06.2018
The program "Virtual Anatomy 4.0" is an exclusively Russian development of the team of authors of LLC "ARTEXA", under the scientific guidance of Professor IN AND. Kozlova(Head of the Department of Human Anatomy, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (Moscow)).
For the first time the program went on sale in the fall of 2013 and was called "Virtual Anatomy". Virtual Anatomy (Virtual Anatomy) - 3D atlas of human anatomy for individual lessons on your home computer. That does not prevent it from being used in a classroom using a projector.
ARTEXA Virtual Anatomy is a training program
interactive virtual atlas of human anatomy in 3D, designed for medical students and experienced practitioners. 3D graphics display technologies based on OpenGL or DirectX are widely used in the gaming industry, which has now reached great heights with these technologies.
It's time to use the full potential of these technologies for educational purposes. Anatomy needs this more than any other discipline. The study of anatomy at the moment requires a student studying such a difficult subject to make great efforts to "put" in his head a three-dimensional understanding of anatomy from textual information in textbooks and two-dimensional images of various atlases, because each of them differs in its style of compilation and the scale of images that do not give a complete picture of the organ under study.
Virtual human anatomy solves these problems. Studying anatomy on a human corpse does not always give the student the ability to see in layers, and besides, on the same corpse there are no indications of the anatomical structures of body parts, which are so necessary for a student studying any particular organ. This program is not the first in the category of virtual atlases of anatomy, but (in our opinion) the only one of its kind, which is fully adapted to show the entire anatomy of the structure of the human body without barriers and compromises.
In our 3D virtual atlas of human anatomy you will be able to get acquainted in the most detailed way with human internal structure, his arterial and nervous system, brain, muscles, as well as fascia in a three-dimensional model. Each organ and even its parts in our program has a name. It is complete when studying human anatomy in medical schools for a student or an experienced doctor, because our three-dimensional atlas contains all the information about human anatomy. All names are given in accordance with the International Anatomical Terminology (FICAT) and the official list of Russian equivalents.
Program updates appear about once a week. 40 came out in 2016!!! updates.
The Arteksa company (Arteksa) is always ready to prompt and help in mastering the program. So if you want to ask any question regarding the program or its payment, or express your wishes about the future functionality of the program, then we are always ready to help you!
Let's look at the anatomy of the internal organs of a person and his anatomical systems in pictures, as well as photos of how they look in the human body.
(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.1)
(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.2)
Photo human anatomy, his nervous system. In one day, 3 mld. is delivered and processed to the central nervous system. messages. Our brain is forced to analyze all this and make a choice of what to ignore and what to react to, this happens in less than one second.
(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.1)
(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.2)
(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.3)
Body anatomy, photo of the circulatory system. During rest, the human heart pumps approximately five liters of blood through the body every minute. To carry out all that is necessary for life, the incredibly complex circulatory system uses about 60,000 miles of vessels.
(Human Anatomy, Photo #3.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #3.2)
Man photo, anatomy of the digestive system. The duodenum is the center of the functioning of digestion, as it receives gastric hummus, as well as bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. It is impossible for such complex channels to evolve simultaneously.
(Human Anatomy, photo #4.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #4.2)
Human anatomy in pictures, muscular system. IN human body counted about 700 individual muscles coordinated with each other without any drawbacks, such a system could not have arisen gradually during evolution.
(Human Anatomy, photo #5.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #5.2)
Photos anatomy of human bones. A human thigh bone can support one ton of weight, how is that possible? The structure of human bones is hollow inside and arranged the same as in the structures of bridges and buildings in our time.
(Human Anatomy, photo #6.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #6.2)
Human anatomy photo of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are the cleansing centers of the entire human body, they are responsible for transporting toxins and cleaning the internal environment. Did you know that thanks to conventional charging, lymphatic system will be OK?
(Human Anatomy, Photo #7.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #7.2)
The brain is the general of our body. In pictures Anatomy of the brain, its departments responsible for various functions of the body. The human brain is incredibly complex and weighs only 1kg to 2kg, depending on age.
(Human Anatomy, photo #8.1)
(Human anatomy, photo #8.2)
Anatomy photo of the heart- double pump with autonomic nervous system. The human heart, in order to maintain life, must beat without interruption and stops about 100,000 times a day.
(Human anatomy, photo #9.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #9.2)
Human anatomy, lungs in the photo. In one day, our lungs carry 12,000 liters through them. air and 6.000 l. blood. Interestingly, not a single beneficial mutation was observed in the lungs by humans, but only harmful ones, this indicates the impossibility of lung evolution.
(Human Anatomy, photo #10.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #10.2)
Picture anatomy of the human liver. The liver claims to be the largest glandular organ in the human body.
(Human Anatomy, photo #11.1)
(Human Anatomy, photo #11.2)
Digestive tract, anatomy photo. Interestingly, the length of the human intestine is from 7 to 10 meters.
(Human Anatomy, photo #12.1)
(Human anatomy, photo #12.2)
Photo anatomy of the kidney. In 24 hours, the kidneys clear toxins from up to 2 thousand liters of blood, while having 1 million filter elements.
(Human anatomy, photo #13.1)
(Human anatomy, photo #13.2)
Human anatomy, stomach photo. The human stomach can digest a substance that is much denser in composition than it is. It is amazing that he does not digest himself, although he consists of flesh!
(Human anatomy, photo #14.1)
Our nose can recognize a trillion smells. Our ear has 24,000 "hair" cells that convert vibrations into electrical impulses, we can hear very low acoustic levels. Our eyes are able to analyze about 50 thousand data at the same time. Our skin is waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, elastic, flexible, sensitive, self-healing, able to absorb certain essential chemicals and reject others. It is porous, self-lubricating, produces vitamins, produces odorous substances, and can sense temperature, vibration, and pressure.
All these amazing facts of human anatomy simply scream to us not about evolution, but about the existence of a reasonable plan of the Super-wise Creator.
The manual on anatomy by the author Sergey Sergeevich Levkin will be useful to both students and teachers of medical schools, it can also be used by beginners. The information is presented briefly and succinctly, only the most important is highlighted here. Big advantage Atlas are color illustrations that clearly reflect what is written. The pictures look three-dimensional, clear, they are signed in Russian and Latin for easy memorization. Thanks to this, it will not be difficult to understand what is at stake, where this or that organ or bone is located.
The first part of the manual deals with the structure of the skeletal system. From here, readers will be able to learn about what bones are, how they are connected to each other. Next, we are talking about muscles, their types, functions and location are considered. The second part of the atlas tells in detail about the systems of the human body, as well as the sense organs. It will not be difficult to understand the connection of all systems with each other and assess how complex our body is. After all, when studying anatomy, you need to understand that the body is not only a combination of several systems, but also a single mechanism that must work clearly and smoothly, ensuring the implementation of all vital processes.
On our website you can download the book "Atlas of Human Anatomy" Levkin Sergey Sergeevich for free and without registration in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format, read the book online or buy the book in the online store.
