According to documents, about 70% of the athletes included in the Norwegian national team ski racing, are asthmatics and have therapeutic exemptions for prohibited drugs. The situation is similar in Sweden.
ON THE TOPIC
In addition, the hackers disclosed information that representatives luge Ludwig Rieder (Italy) and Brigitte Platz (Austria) recently escaped punishment for skipping a doping test, reports . And Norwegian skier Martin Jonsrud Sundby received only a two-month disqualification after a positive doping test, although the content of salbutamol in his body was ten times higher than the norm, Gazeta.ru reports.
In addition, hackers discovered that lugers Brigitte Platz from Austria and Ludwig Rieder from Italy escaped punishment after refusing to undergo doping controls. Previously, Fancy Bears found out that about a hundred doping samples of athletes that were taken during the 2016 Summer Games were not entered into the ADAMS system.
At the same time, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) does not stand on ceremony with Russian athletes. As the site wrote, the IOC denied 111 of them the right to participate in the 2018 Olympic Games. Skiers Sergei Ustyugov and Evgeniy Dementyev, biathletes Anton Shipulin and Daria Virolainen, hockey players Anton Belov and Sergei Plotnikov, speed skaters Viktor An and Pavel Kulizhnikov, figure skaters Ivan Bukin and Ksenia Stolbova will not go to the Games.
Let us recall that on December 5, 2017, the IOC suspended the entire Russian team from participation in the Games. Doping-free athletes were allowed to compete in the Olympics on an individual basis under a neutral flag. Using the colors of the national flag and playing the national anthem is strictly prohibited.
Before posting excerpts from the training diaries, I want you to read excerpts from an interview with Bjorn Daly. This interview is almost 20 years old, but the views on the training process and the motivation of an athlete are very relevant in our time. Yes, perhaps something has been revised in the training methodology and his training plans seem outdated. But this is only at first glance. Daly’s dedication to the final result is striking, his desire to constantly improve and not stand still.
Bjorn Daly - famous Norwegian skier, eight-time Olympic champion and nine-time world champion.
A BMD of 96 mL/kg/min was documented several times during testing. One of the highest results in the entire history of testing.
He always wanted to become a skier. He began systematic training at the age of 15. He did not win a single race in the Norwegian Junior Championships. However, at the age of 20, he finally made it into the Norwegian national team. It took him another 4 years to find his place in the main team. And since 1991, the athlete’s triumphant period began.
So excerpts from the interview in the form of a question and answer:
Training volumes.
- Which training volume every year? About 800 hours effective training per year.
- Which month has the maximum volume? September, October and November. About 90-100 hours per month.
- When do you exercise the least? April. About 30-40 hours.
- How often do you exercise? Twice a day.
- How many workouts per week in the fall? 12 -14 workouts every week.
Distance training.
- What percentage is distance training? In terms of time - 80%. I turn on at competitive speed while telecommuting.
- What is the pulse during distance training? 130 on average, 140-150 while going uphill.
- What is the maximum duration of distance training? 5 o'clock. I do 3 - 3.5 hour running training every week.
Intensity.
- How often do you do interval training per week? From May to August, one interval training per week. From September to November, two interval training sessions per week. During the competition season, no interval training per week. Too many races.
- What is an example of a typical interval workout? 4 x 6 min. uphill running intervals. 5 x 5 min. cross-country intervals. Tempo work - 10 km for time.
- How hard are the intervals? Within the maximum heart rate at the end of each interval.
Strength training.
- Do you lift weights? Yes, light weights and high reps.
- Are you working for special simulators? Yes, on a skateboard. On the treadmill before strength training as a warm-up.
- What exercises do you use most often? Squats. Exercises for the back and abs. And of course the main thing is working on a skateboard.
- How often do you do strength training? Three times a week in summer and autumn. In winter, I do less or even stop before important competitions.
- How many repetitions during strength exercises? 10-50, sometimes more.
- How many sets do you do? Usually three sets of several exercises.
- Do you do specific strength training on roller skis or skis? When I was younger I did special work on roller skis uphill using DP. But now this is part of my regular distance training, since I mainly use timed moves both on the plain and uphill. This is my typical special strength work.
- Have you used help from third party specialists? strength training? Yes, before the 1994 Olympic Games we worked a lot with specialists speed skating according to a special strength program.
Control and tempo training.
- What part is control and tempo training? In the summer I often take part in roller skiing and ski shows. In the fall, I do 1-2 control workouts per month. The length of the control training is usually about 30 minutes.
Speed work and explosive power.
- What exercises do you use to develop explosive leg strength and increase push-off power? I use jumping simulation for short periods, with ski poles and without. Very often I do interval training in the form of jumping simulation with sticks. This great exercise for the development of leg power and in addition one of best exercises for the development of the cardiovascular system.
- Do you use track work to improve your speed? Every summer when national team In June or July he holds a ski camp, we conduct a control training in the 3000 m run around the stadium. My best time 8 minutes 18 seconds. And no one has yet surpassed him. We have a couple of guys with track and field backgrounds and they set the pace in these workouts. A couple of years ago I ran the 800m against Thomas Alschgort at Bishlet Stadium. In the presence of a huge number of spectators, he won with a result of 1:59, I ran in 2:01. He won a car, which he donated for charity.
Intensity and heart rate.
- At what intensity do you train? For all of us who train a lot (800-850 hours a year excluding gymnastics and flexibility exercises, work on technique) most of the work is done at a low heart rate. My maximum heart rate is 190 beats per minute. I perform distance work at a heart rate of 130. During climbs, the heart rate rises slightly to 140-150. I often accelerate during distance training to competitive speeds so that my body doesn’t forget that I’m still a racer. Approximately 10% of the total volume is hard work, which includes races, interval training, and control starts. In the fall, I do two interval training sessions per week. When I do intervals, it's really, really hard work. For example, here is my latest interval training. I did 4 x 3.5km uphill at max effort. I used roller skis. At the end of the intervals I went out to maximum heart rate 190.
- What do you think about monitors heart rate? Yes, this is a good device for beginner athletes, which helps determine the maximum heart rate and helps you feel the training zones. However, how do I elite athlete, it doesn't give much. I've been through so many BMD and lactate tests under completely different conditions that I know my body to perfection. Wearing a heart rate monitor and being obsessively dependent on what heart rate zone I'm in is not for me. I focus on my well-being and knowledge of my body. I believe that young skiers should also use less heart rate monitors to learn to feel their body and not become a slave to these devices. I believe that the younger generation, who use monitors and calculated recommended intensity zones, are training too weakly, which does not sufficiently develop aerobic capacity.
Technical training.
- You continue to work on your technique ski moves? Yes, I continue to study video recordings of my movements and the movements of my opponents. I also do a lot of training with Thomas Alschgort to improve my skating style. We work together, one after another, trying different options at different speeds, trying to find the optimal technique for various conditions movement and terrain. An important part of my training is working on cross-country skis. I specially prepare skis with an unstable grip and hone my movement technique in these difficult conditions.
Other training methods.
- Are you using alternative methods preparation? Yes, in the summer I ride a bike and kayak a lot on the lakes.
Reaching peak form.
- What do you do to peak? sports uniform? Since 1990, the Norwegian national team has very successfully used the highlands in their preparation and reaching their peak form. This works very well for me. For me, the number of training camps in the mountains, their duration, rest periods and the final training camp in the mountains are calculated. Everything is calculated and aimed at achieving maximum performance for the main starts of the season. In addition, this saves us from unnecessary communication and gives us the opportunity to fully concentrate on preparation. Naturally, the overall load is reduced.
- How many rest days do you take when getting into peak shape? Not at all. I train every day, but with less load.
- How much rest do you have while preparing for the fall? Not at all. I usually have one day of rest a month, very rarely two.
- What do you focus on in the last week before the main competition? I don't have a formula for success. I listen to my body and adjust the work. I mostly use medium intensity and short accelerations.
Nutrition.
- What is your diet? Typical Norwegian food with many variations. I eat a lot of bread, potatoes, pasta, vegetables, fish and meat. I take a lot of fluids in the form of water and sports drinks. It is important to me that the food is natural and tasty. I don't eat what they say is good for me if I don't like the taste.
Tips for young skiers.
- Can you offer an example of interval training for juniors? I think the following work will be useful - uphill intervals 2 minutes + 3 minutes + 5 minutes + 1 minute. Rest between intervals is half the time of the interval.
- What advice do you have for ambitious juniors? Train as varied as possible. Try not to do the same interval work. Remember the interval can be 1 minute or 15 minutes, and everything in between. Use the terrain that is available to you and get the most out of it. There is no need to copy workouts that you heard about from someone, it could be a completely different terrain, different elevation changes, different lengths. Use what's around you. Another tip. Gradually increase the load to reach maximum volumes by age 20. This allows you to join adult sports without stress. I also want to note that I only started specializing in cross-country skiing at the age of 15. Before this there was a versatile, varied training.
Summer preparatory work.
What other secrets are there in the “Norwegian” ski training system?
- The truth is that Norwegians do a huge amount of low-intensity work. They clock up kilometers at a “conversational” pace.
- Intensity during interval training really very high.
- They avoid training at a moderate pace. Two poles. Either slowly or very quickly.
- They do a lot of strength work.
- Use competitions, summer and winter, as part of the training program.
- They eat well and properly. They prefer natural products.
A much discussed topic: why are Norwegian skiers the strongest?
One of the most important factors the success of Norwegian skiers over the last decade is excellent running training. And the weightless Theresa Johaug - winner of the 2013 World Cup, and the powerful Marit Bjorgen - multiple world champion and Olympic Games, the record holder among EKM winners, and their less titled teammates on the national team, run a lot in training and compete a lot in running, showing very decent results.
A new generation of Norwegians is following in their footsteps.
Heidi Weng has long been called "the next Marit Bjorgen." Weng is the 2013 world champion in relay, medalist of the 2013 World Championship and 2014 Olympic Games in skiathlon.
As a cross-country skier, Weng was the Norwegian junior cross-country champion!
Having already become a titled adult skier, Weng continues to pay great attention to running in the summer!
On June 30, Weng won the Storehesten Opp hill race. The altitude gain in this race is 1209 m!
About a thousand people took part in the competition. Heidi showed very decent result - 1:11.52.
She set a course record and became the first athlete to break 1:13. Weng received a substantial bonus for this in the amount of 195 thousand crowns - 23 thousand euros! A very good summer income for a skier, considering the size of the prize money at the World Cup in cross-country skiing.(Firda)
Russian female skiers, like the vast majority of skiers, practically do not run at all. Only, at best, recovery cross-countries and cross-hikes, which does not advance their running at all.
And not only the Norwegians run a lot and well, but also the Swedes, who performed quite successfully in Sochi 2014.
Moreover, Norwegian coaches have told me more than once that they took running as one of the main methods of summer training from... the Soviet method!
The results of our Soviet champion skiers speak for themselves. The current generation of skiers is as close to this cross-country level as the moon, alas. And our skiers run even less and slower, alas, alas.
The only exception is Alexander Legkov, who year after year shows excellent results for a skier in running on the cross-country test track in Oberhof. Result: the only gold at the home Olympics in Sochi.
Vasily PARNYAKOV
The case of Norwegian skier Martin Sundby, winner of the Grand crystal globe based on the results overall standings World Cup 2016 completely confused the anti-doping cards. It would seem that nothing could be simpler: doping must be punished, and for everyone, the punishment should be proportionate to the crime. However, Sports arbitration court decided otherwise.
Crime and Punishment
So, Sundby was caught exceeding the permissible level of salbutamol, an asthma medicine. The International Ski Federation did not consider this a violation, but WADA went to the Court of Arbitration for Sport and got Sundby found guilty. The skier was deprived of several awards, ordered to return prize money and disqualified for two months.
- Reuters
A reasonable question arises: why are the punishments for the Norwegian and our athletes so disproportionate?
“There is some selectivity in the approach to applying sanctions to various athletes from different countries,” sports lawyer, head of Future-Sport Evgeny Morozov commented on the situation in an interview with RT. “The harshest possible sanctions were applied to Russian athletes: suspension for three to four years, exclusion from the Olympics. Other athletes are subject to different sanctions and other deadlines for doping. We can only guess what this is connected with.”
It is not possible to explain this difference from a legal point of view.
“The sanction for doping should always be approximately the same,” continued Evgeny Morozov. - Doesn't matter, Russian athlete, Norwegian, American... There is a scale of 2-3-4 years, and it should be applied by the authorities that decide on disqualification. Sharapova was given 4 years for doping. Why is a Norwegian skier better?
However, if you take a closer look at the court's verdict, you will find out that the Norwegian actually got the first day. The representative of winter sports was disqualified for two summer months - a truly inhumane punishment.
At the same time, Sundby’s disqualification did not in any way affect his clean teammates. Although the Norwegian cross-country skiing team has more than once been at the center of doping scandals.
Asthma team
Let's start with the fact that almost all of the members of the Norwegian cross-country skiing team are asthmatics - a well-known fact in sports circles. Consider the scandals with Marit Bjørgen, when her rival, Polish skier Justyna Kowalczyk, after finishing one of the races, said that her silver was equivalent to gold, “at least in the era of asthmatics.” And later she even added: “Separate competitions should be held for asthmatics like Bjørgen!”
And Bjørgen is not alone in the team, she has many famous asthmatic colleagues: Thor Arne Hetland, Tura Berger, Ronnie Hafsos, Björndalen, Sulemdal.
“The Norwegian ski team and asthma are already the talk of the town, it goes around like a joke among sports doctors,” Andrei Zvonkov, a transfusiologist and doctor of the Russian Nordic Combined team in 2011-2013, said in an interview with RT. “What kind of asthma all Norwegians have is an open secret.”
This fact is not hidden in the homeland of the Vikings either. According to the professor Norwegian school sports science Kai-Haakon Carlsen, 25% of the Norwegian Olympians who competed in Beijing 2008 and Vancouver 2010 have asthma, and the highest percentage of the disease is among skiers - 50%.
But asthma is by no means a crime, but a serious illness. “Asthma is a reason to register for disability, the third or second group,” said Andrei Zvonkov.
But the Vikings are not afraid of asthma. Norwegian skiers began to actively undergo treatment - in spite of the records. “They went to the doctor,” said Andrei Zvonkov, “and made a diagnosis for themselves.” bronchial asthma", submitted a certificate to WADA, and in all seriousness they run, all chronic asthmatics, and use the appropriate bronchodilator. Apparently, Sundby simply did not issue the certificate or it was expired.”
You won't find fault
There is nothing to blame the Norwegians for in this case. They acted according to the letter of the law. “There is a list of prohibited drugs, a WADA list, that athletes do not have the right to take unless they are prescribed it. medical indications", said Andrey Zvonkov.
And the Norwegians are just prescribed. Almost everyone. But these are details.
So what kind of drug are they taking?
“Salbutamol is actively used by skiers to dilate the bronchi and improve gas exchange, but it requires the presence of a disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bronchial asthma, which requires regular use of a bronchodilator,” Zvonkov told RT.
It turns out that an asthmatic skier taking salbutamol or some other bronchodilator breathes much easier on the slope than his healthy rivals.
Asthma sweeps the planet
Different teams have their own asthmatics, and not only in winter species sports In the Swedish cross-country skiing team, these are silver and gold medalists from Vancouver, Anna Hog and Daniel Rikkardsson. Both have permission to take the same drugs as Bjorgen.
One of the first known asthmatics was US team swimmer Rick DeMont, winner of the 1972 Munich Olympic gold. His colleague in swimming (and asthma) is the British Rebecca Edlington, also Olympic champion. And, probably, the most famous asthmatic swimmer is the American Nancy Hogshead, who won three golds and a silver at the 1984 Olympics. World record holder and Olympic marathon champion Haile Gebrselassie from Ethiopia also suffered from asthma.
The list goes on. But for sports arbitration and WADA all “asthmatics” are clean, unlike those Russian athletes who have never been convicted of doping.
Ilya Oganjanov
The busy holidays are behind us and now it’s time to find out which of the representatives of men’s cross-country skiing is the most titled. But first, according to tradition, I remind you of the rating system on the basis of which the rating is compiled:
1st, 2nd, 3rd places at the Olympics will be “worth” 10, 8, 5 points, respectively;
1, 2, 3 places in the overall World Cup standings - 10, 8, 5 points;
1st, 2nd, 3rd places at the World Championships - 5, 4, 2 points.
It should also be noted that for the victory and in personal race, and the team is awarded the same number of points. Let me explain why. The ranking is compiled solely on a formal basis, namely the number of titles earned by skiers throughout their career. And in my opinion, the title is a title in Africa, no matter in what race it is won.
10. Mika Myllyla (Finland)
Olympic Games: champion Nagano-98, silver medalist Lillehammer-94 and 4-time bronze medal winner (2-1994, 2-1998).
World Cup: took 2nd place in the 1996/1997 season and 3rd in the 1998/1999 season.
World Championship: 4-time winner (1997, 3-1999), 3-time winner silver medals(2-1997, 1999) and 2-time bronze medalist (1995, 1997).
Total: 87 points.
The ranking opens with one of the most talented Finnish skiers, Mika Myllylä. Throughout the 90s of the last century, he was consistently among the leaders of the world skiing, and the peak of his career, of course, was the World Championships in Ramsau in 1999, where Mika won 3 gold medals. Unfortunately, his career was overshadowed by a doping scandal in 2001, after which Myllylya was never able to reach his previous level and ended his career.
9. Juha Mieto (Finland)
Olympic Games: champion of Innsbruck-76, 2-time silver medalist of Lake Placid-80 and 2-time bronze medalist (1980, 1984).
World Cup: 2-time winner (1975/1976, 1979/1980), finished the season in second place 2 times (1973/1974, 1976/1977) and won 3rd place in the 1974/1975 season.
World Championship: 2-time silver medalist (1974, 1978) and 2-time bronze medalist (1978, 1982).
Total: 89 points.
Another skier from Suomi, Juha Mieto, continues the rating. The Finnish giant with a memorable appearance (huge beard) was one of the leaders of his team and was one of the cohort of elite skiers in the 70s of the 20th century. The most memorable moment of his career was not even the victory at the Lake Placid Olympics, but his loss to Thomas Wassberg in the 50 km race. on OI-80 with a lag of one hundredth of a second.
8. Eddie Sixten Jernberg (Sweden)
Olympic Games: 4-time champion (1956, 1960, 2-1964), 3-time silver medalist (2-1956, 1960) and 3-time bronze medalist (1956, 1964).
World Championship: 4-time gold medalist (2-1958, 2-1962) and 2-time bronze medalist (1954, 1958).
Total: 98 points.
In eighth place is the legendary Swede Sixten Jernberg. One of best athletes in Swedish history specialized in long distances and was famous for his enormous endurance and brutal training, the methodology of which formed the basis for the training of subsequent generations of Swedish skiers. Also worth noting interesting fact: Jernberg became the first athlete in history Winter Olympics, who managed to win 9 medals.
7. Vegard Ulvang (Norway)
Olympic Games: 3-time champion of Albertville-92, 2-time silver medalist (1992, 1994) and winner bronze medal Calgary-88.
World Cup: winner in the 1989/1990 season, 2-time runner-up (1988/1989, 1991/1992) and 3rd in the 1992/1993 season.
World Championship: 2-time champion (1991, 1993), 2-time silver medalist (1989, 1993) and 4-time bronze medalist (1987, 1989, 1991, 1993).
Total: 108 points.
The sixth place in the ranking is occupied by the famous Norwegian Vegard Ulvang. The crowning achievement of this remarkable skier’s career was the 1992 Olympics in Albertville, where he won 3 gold medals. After Ulvang left the ski track, he did not leave the sport, becoming an FIS functionary. And Vegard achieved success in his post, because it was he who became one of the initiators and organizers of one of the most prestigious ski competitions Tour de Ski.
6. Thomas Wassberg (Sweden)
Olympic Games: 4-time gold medal winner (1980, 2-1984, 1988).
World Cup: triumphant in the 1976/1977 season and finished second in the overall standings 4 times (1979/1980, 1981/1982, 1983/1984, 1986/1987).
World Championship: 3-time champion (1982, 2-1987), 3-time silver medalist (1985, 2-1987) and winner of the Seefeld 85 bronze medal.
Total: 111 points.
The outstanding Swedish skier Thomas Wassberg continues the ranking. One of the leaders of the world skiing of the late 70s - 80s of the last century climbed to the highest step of the podium at 3 (!) Olympics in a row. And his victory in 1980 over the Finn Mieto went down in the history of sports as one of the most dramatic moments.
5. Thomas Alsgaard (Norway)
Olympic Games: 5-time champion (1994, 2-1998, 2-2002) and winner of the silver medal in Lillehammer-94.
World Cup: winner of the 1997/1998 season, took 2nd place in the 2001/2002 season and 3rd in the 2000/2001 season.
World Championship: 6-time champion (1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2-2003), 2-time silver medalist Ramsau-99 and bronze medal winner Trondheim-97.
Total: 121 points.
In fifth place is the amazing Norwegian athlete Thomas Alsgaard. Winner of five gold Olympic medals and the 6-time world champion is rightfully considered one of the greatest skiers in history, which he has repeatedly proven throughout his brilliant career.
4. Petter Northug (Norway)
Olympic Games: 2-time champion, silver medalist and bronze medal winner in Vancouver 2010.
World Cup: twice took 1st place in the overall standings (2009/2010, 2012/2013), twice finished the season in 2nd place (2008/2009, 2010/2011) and took 3rd place in the 2011/2012 season .
World Championship: 9-time winner (2007, 3-2009, 3-2011, 2-2013) and 3-time silver medalist (2-2011, 2013).
Total: 131 points.
Our rating continues with the current World Cup winner and another representative of the Norwegian ski school Petter Northug. Petter is the undisputed leader in recent years and the main contender for the gold medals in Sochi 2014. Along with his great compatriot Daly (who will be discussed below) is the holder of the World Championships record for the number of gold medals won, of which there are already 9. Northug became famous for his work in the finishing line, which is breathtaking.
3. Vladimir Smirnov (USSR/Kazakhstan)
Olympic Games: champion of Lillehammer-94, 4-time winner of silver medals (2-1988, 2-1994) and 2-time bronze medalist of Calgary-88.
World Cup: 2-time winner (1990/1991, 1993/1994), 3 times finished second (1992/1993, 1994/1995, 1995/1996) and 3 times finished the season in third place (1985/1986, 1991/ 1992, 1997/1998).
World Championship: 4-time winner (1989, 3-1995), 4-time silver medalist (1987, 1991, 2-1993) and 2-time bronze medalist (1991, 1995).
Total: 151 points.
The top three most titled skiers in history are opened by the only representative of a non-Scandinavian country - the famous Soviet and Kazakh athlete Vladimir Smirnov. Throughout his career, he won a great many awards, including the World Cup, but the gold of Lillehammer and the triumphant 1995 World Cup, where Smirnov won 3 golds, stand out.
2. Gunde Svan (Sweden)
Olympic Games: 4-time winner (2-1984, 2-1988), silver and bronze medalist Sarajevo-84.
World Cup: 5-time winner (1983/1984, 1984/1985, 1985/1986, 1987/1988, 1988/1989), 2nd place twice (1982/1983, 1989/1990) and finished 3rd line season 1986/1987.
World Championship: 7-time champion (2-1985, 1987, 3-1989, 1991), 3-time silver medalist in Val di Fiemme '91 and winner of the bronze medal in Seefeld '85.
Total: 173 points.
“Silver” in our rating goes to the outstanding Swede Gunde Svan. Undoubtedly the best skier of the 80s of the XX century, during which he won many different medals at the World Championships, Olympics, and, of course, one cannot fail to note the magnificent collection of 5 World Cups won. The youngest Olympic champion in cross-country skiing quite unexpectedly ended his career in 1991 at the age of 29, which did not allow him to compete for first place in the rankings.
1. Bjorn Daly (Norway)
Olympic Games: 8-time champion (3-1992, 2-1994, 3-1998), 4-time silver medalist (1992, 2-1994, 1998).
Points: 112.
World Cup: 6 times winner (1991/1992, 1992/1993, 1994/1995, 1995/1996, 1996/1997, 1998/1999), 2 times runner-up (1993/1994, 1997/1998) and 2 times third (1989/1990, 1990/1991).
World Championship: 9-time winner (2-1991, 3-1993, 1995, 3-1997), 5-time silver medalist (3-1995, 1997, 1999) and 3-time bronze medalist (1993, 1997, 1999 ).
Total: 269 points.
And finally, the winner of our ranking is the Legend of world skiing, Norwegian Bjorn Daly! An absolutely incredible athlete who holds a huge number of records, among which stand out: greatest number won World Cups, of which there are 6 (!), 9 victories at world championships (Bjorn shares this record with Northug), and the most monumental achievement, in my opinion, is 8 Olympic gold medals, which not only not a single skier has achieved, but In general, none of the athletes who took part in the Winter Olympics.
P.s. The names and surnames of Scandinavians are simply a problem. Having spent a lot of time looking for the correct transcriptions, I am by no means sure that they are correct after all)) So do not pay special attention to the correct spelling of names.
Thank you for your attention.
