Every educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.

But it should be noted that this formulation is not completely correct. Magellan thought through and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first trip around the world. It was del Cano who eventually became captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to her home harbour) and gained fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during his dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first circumnavigator.

The first trip around the world: background

In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish sailors and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven route to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this route was not close and unsafe. Due to limited knowledge about the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors as an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew whether there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown South Land, but the Europeans wanted there to be one. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that opening the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.

Career of Ferdinand Magellan

By the age of 39, the impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magalhães) had visited Asia and Africa several times, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about his travels to the shores of America.

With his idea of ​​getting to the Moluccas by the western route and returning the usual way (that is, making the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese King Manuel. He was not at all interested in Magellan’s proposal, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change his citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), acquired a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and “gave the go-ahead” to organize the expedition.

Along the coast. Riot

Magellan's first voyage around the world, which was never completed for most of the team members, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different countries Europe. Despite the storms, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to “descend” along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which should have been located, according to his information, in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather completely deteriorated, the ships anchored in the Bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first trip around the world, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from there to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.

Strait of All Saints

One captain was killed, another was executed, the third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned the ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 did the ships leave the bay and continue searching for the strait. During a storm, the ship Santiago sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered a strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. Magellan's ships sailed along it for 38 days.

The shore remaining along left hand, the admiral called Tierra del Fuego, since Indian fires burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the Strait was renamed Magellan.

Pacific Ocean

Only three ships left the strait for the so-called “South Sea”: “San Antonio” disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the turbulent Atlantic. The ocean was named Pacific.

The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half the crew. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was already close to the Philippines.

Philippines. Death of Magellan

The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they regained their strength and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.

Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke fluently with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, ultimately became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in an internecine war between two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team was so thin that it was decided to destroy one of the ships, the Concepcion.

Moluccas. Return to Spain

Who led the first voyage around the world after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum at San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.

He ensured that the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. This was not easy to do: the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards off the coast of Africa, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 expedition members returned to San Lucar. The cargo they delivered covered all the costs of the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese only faced accusations of violating royal instructions.

Results of Magellan's journey

Magellan explored east coast South America and opened a strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received strong evidence that the Earth was indeed round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean was much larger than expected, and that sailing on it to the Moluccas was unprofitable. Europeans also realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.

All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this man was del Cano, but still the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.

The first round-the-world voyage of Russian navigators

In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploring the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, and providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. The navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Yesso Island, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and also delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public resonance and contributed to increasing the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.

The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let's bring to chronological order brief descriptions seven most significant trips around the world of our compatriots.

The first Russian trip around the world - Around the World Expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning new era in the history of Russian navigation.

The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803, under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:

• Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda". The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
• Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Krusenstern’s condition

In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. First Russian round the world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.

On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.

And now, to answer the question: “Which Russian was the first to travel around the world?”, You can answer without difficulty.

Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev

Aivazovsky’s work “Ice Mountains in Antarctica”, written based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev

In 1819, after a long and very careful preparation From Kronstadt, a south polar expedition set off on a long voyage consisting of two military sloops - “Vostok” and “Mirny”. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, experienced sailors. There was a long journey ahead to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the Southern Continent.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea and covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef were discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of ​​Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around the South Pole, but also conducted important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just emerging at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of algae in the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical areas.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fog, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60° to 70° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Amazingly, the proof of the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as an outstanding geographical discovery. However, then scientists argued for more than a hundred years about what had been discovered. Was it a mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common cap of ice? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. The continental character of Antarctica was finally confirmed only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy research using complex technical means.

World trip on a bicycle

On August 10, 1913, the finish line of a round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was ridden by a 25-year-old Russian athlete, Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.

This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. Countries from almost all of Europe were included in it. Having left Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Konigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to cycle through snow-covered rocky passes that are accessible only to experienced climbers. It took a lot of effort for the cyclist to overcome the mountains. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, Serbia, Greece and Turkey. He simply had to sleep under the starry sky; often he only had water and bread for food, but he still did not stop traveling.

After crossing the Pas-de-Calais by boat, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also arrived in America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and rode the entire American continent, following the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route - Harbin.

A distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered on a bicycle. His father suggested that Onesimus make such a journey around the earth

Pankratov's trip around the world was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritzner bicycle helped him travel around the world; during the trip, Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 steering wheels, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.

Around the Earth - the first space flight

At 9 o'clock 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having flown around the globe, he returned safely to Earth 108 minutes later. There was a pilot-cosmonaut, Major, on board the ship.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.

The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger on the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the entire flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.

In orbit, Gagarin carried out simple experiments: he drank, ate, and made notes in pencil. “Putting” the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that it instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his sensations and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After successfully carrying out the planned research and completing the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the Vostok satellite made a safe landing in a given area Soviet Union- near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.

The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester, Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova, and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon, military personnel from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene of events. One group of military men took guard over the descent module, and the other took Gagarin to the unit’s location. From there, Gagarin reported by telephone to the commander of the air defense division:

Please convey to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief: I completed the task, landed in the given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin

Immediately after Gagarin’s landing, the burnt descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the sensitive territory of the royal OKB-1. Later it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was quite difficult - only as part of a group, with a preliminary letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly accessible, as part of the exhibition.

First circumnavigation of a submarine without surfacing

February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world voyage of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet began. Moreover, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, underwater, without surfacing even in little-studied areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of Soviet submariners had outstanding national significance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of submariners of the Great Patriotic War.

25 thousand miles were covered and the highest degree of secrecy was demonstrated; the voyage took 1.5 months

Two serial production submarines were allocated to participate in the campaign without any modifications. The K-116 missile boat of Project 675 and the second K-133 boat of Project 627A, which has torpedo armament.

In addition to its enormous political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of the scientific and technological achievements and military power of the state. The campaign showed that the entire oceans have become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific fleets. In a broader sense, we can say that at the height of the Cold War, the historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the World Ocean, and Soviet submariners were the first to do this.

The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations on a 5.5 meter long dinghy

On July 7, 1992, Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Gvozdev set off from Makhachkala on his first solo circumnavigation of the world on the yacht “Lena” (micro class, length only 5.5 meters). On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it took 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations made on a regular pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev went on a long-awaited trip around the world when he was 58 years old.

Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, radio, autopilot or cooker. But there was a treasured “sailor’s passport”, which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Evgeny Gvozdev cross the border in the direction he needed: subsequently Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali “guerrillas” who, at Cape Ras Hafun, robbed him completely and almost shot him.

His entire first trip around the world can be described in one word: “in spite of.” The chance of survival was too slim. Evgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: this is a world similar to a single brotherhood of good people, a world of complete selflessness, a world without obstacles to global circulation...

In a hot air balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov

Fyodor Konyukhov was the first in the world to fly around the Earth in a hot air balloon (on his first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main one being the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design that combined the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola equipped with the best technical instruments was attached below, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.

I thought that I had committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here

The journey took place under extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon found itself in a zone of severe turbulence with zero visibility, and there was also a cyclone with hail and strong winds. Due to difficult weather conditions, the equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually fix the problems.

During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. At moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took an adjustable wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand released the key, it fell onto the plate, making a noise, causing the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he performed this procedure regularly. He almost exploded at a great height when he mistakenly started to interfere various types gas. It’s good that I managed to cut off the flammable cylinder.
Along the entire route, air traffic controllers at various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew across the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded a thunderstorm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and returned safely to Australia, where he began his journey.

Fedor Konyukhov:

I circled the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We don’t even think about it, we people only fight. The world is so beautiful - explore it, get to know it

By the time of his second and most significant voyage around the world, Gagemeister Leonty Andrianovich was already an experienced navigator. He took part in hostilities, including participation in the battle of the Spanish fortress of San Pedro.

Hagemeister's first expedition ended, as indeed it began unexpectedly. “The first expedition, equipped at the expense of the RAC, set off under the command of Lieutenant Gagemeister and reached its destination, but due to the war that broke out at that time with the British, the return voyage became impossible. The ship was left in Kamchatka, and the crew returned to St. Petersburg by land.” 9

In 1816, by order of the Russian-American Trading Company, Lieutenant Commander Gagemeister was going on his second round-the-world expedition as commander of the ship Kutuzov. The second equipped ship “Suvorov” was headed by naval officer Z.I. Panafidin. The purpose of this expedition was to check the state of “Russian America” and the rule of Baranov N.A., since Baranov did not send reports on the rule, although he did send furs. There were rumors about embezzlement in the colonies.

On September 8, 1816, “Kutuzov” and “Suvorov” solemnly set off on a circumnavigation of the world. They rounded Cape Horn and made calls to the ports of Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro. But “Suvorov” was unable to continue the expedition due to overload, and was forced to go to Novoarkhangelsk by the shortest route.

"Kutuzov" continued his voyage. He arrived in Novoarkhangelsk much later than the Suvorov on November 24, 1817, having brought the necessary cargo to the colony, he landed to carry out the mission. Following the order in which Gagemeister was appointed to manage the colony, he announced that he was entrusted with replacing A. A. Baranov.

From the very first days, Gagemeister took up the task assigned with great confidence. During his ten-month reign, he took a number of energetic and effective measures, wanting to improve the situation in the colony. He put colonial paperwork in order, restored the construction of the Novoarkhangelsk fortress, and established new rules for foreign ships entering the port. In the summer of 1818, he sent the expedition of Pyotr Korsakovsky to study Alaska in detail.

In June 1818, food problems arose in the colony, then Gagemeister went to California for food, leaving Yanovsky in charge of the colony. This naval officer did not yet imagine that Russian America would change not only his career, but also leave a deep mark on his life. 10

On October 24, 1818, Gagemeister transferred control of the colony to S.I. Yanovsky. 11 Having hastily completed all his business and removed the remaining gaps in the maps of the American coast, Gagemeister sets off home. Among the passengers of the Kutuzov was the fired Baranov himself, but he did not make it home, died on the ship and was buried at sea. 12

He carried out the return passage of “Kutuzov” from Sitka to Kronstadt in an exemplary manner. He completed his second circumnavigation of the world at the Great Kronstadt roadstead on September 7, 1819.

§7. F.P.'s circumnavigation of the world Wrangel on the transport "Meek" (1825-1827)

This was already the 25th circumnavigation of Russian sailors from Kronstadt to the Far East.

The military transport “Krotky”, 90 feet long, specially built for the upcoming voyage, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the “Kamchatka” in 1817-1819, left Kronstadt on August 23, 1825.

On board the transport ship “Korotky” under the command of Wrangel there was a young researcher F.F. Matyushkin as a volunteer. At this moment, his main dream comes true - to go on a trip around the world. Admiral Golovnin, who offered Wrangel a trip around the world on the military transport “Meek” to the shores of Kamchatka: “Take Matyushkin with you. And may God grant you to glorify your fatherland with a new voyage.” 13

There he gains experience from the famous navigator, and later becomes an admiral himself.

On this kind of expedition it was mandatory to take a doctor on board; Dr. August Erich Kieber went on this round-the-world expedition. He was a talented doctor and polar explorer. August Erich Kieber was from Livonia and studied in Berlin. Later, he always accompanied Wrangel on all expeditions. By order of the Medical Department of the Ministry of the Interior, the botanist I. Stuart was sent to the expedition as an assistant to Dr. Kiber. But the main task of I. Stuart was: collecting seeds, plants and other objects of natural history under the orders of Dr. Kiber. 14

The transport was supposed to deliver goods to Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. Having stopped at Portsmouth, Rio de Janeiro, and Valparaiso on the way, Wrangel decided to also stop at the port of Chichagova on the island of Nukugiva (Marquesas Islands) along the way to replenish water supplies.

Ivashintsev, in his essay on Russian voyages around the world, notes that there was so little water on the Meek that only four cups per person were issued per day. This seems a little strange. Therefore, Captain Wrangel decides to call at the nearest safe port to replenish the ship’s holds with various provisions.

“It was necessary to go to some islands of the Great Ocean, and since the Washington Islands lie closest to our direct route and, moreover, sailing to them is not subject to danger from coral reefs and low-lying islands, with which the ocean is dotted in other places, then in honor of these “For this reason, I directed our voyage to the island of Nukagiwe, where a closed bay, known as the port of Chichagova, abounds in forest, fresh water and healthy fruits.” 15

On April 7, the Meek anchored off the island of Nukagiwa. One of the rare tragedies in the history of Russian navigation occurred here. Information about how this tragedy occurred is contradictory. 16

However, in the archival documents you can find a note: “Report of the commander of the military transport “Meek”, Lieutenant Commander F.P. Wrangel". Where the incident is described in detail.

On April 16, the chief of the “Wild Ones,” 17 as he called the local population, wished them a pig as a gift. To which Wrangel agreed, and at the moment of handing over the gift, the savages opened fire using the firearms they had. The ship's mastman, Deibner, died.

It was decided to pacify the savages by force, and a boat was sent with Lieutenant Lavrov and twelve armed sailors. 18 One of the sailors was immediately killed, some managed to escape. But the savages were merciless. Under gunfire from the shore, the "Short" sailed from the port into the sea, leaving four armed sailors at the mercy of the savages. There were about four hundred savages. “At 8 o’clock we went out to sea, having lost the rope in the narrowness, and all night we heard screams and saw lights on the shore.” 19

The Englishman and the sailor abandoned the boat near the shore and swam to the ship “Korotky”. Also saved were “an Indian and one Nukagivian who remained on the Meek, the first three to save them from the monsters, and the last one was detained by Wrangel by force at the very beginning of the attack.” 20

Captain Wrangel decided to enlist the Indian, the Englishman and the Nukagiv citizen among the sailors, declaring the following: “for experience has proven to me that in difficult work it is impossible to do without them.” 21

Ivashintsev writes that until April 16, “relations with the residents were constantly friendly.” 22 Only thanks to the “zeal and ingenuity of the officers and the tireless efficiency of all ranks and servants” the expedition team managed to go out to sea and escape.

Thus, the “Korotky” transport left the parking lot ahead of schedule and set off to continue the expedition. The voyage from Valparaiso to Kamchatka, as Wrangel wrote, “had no success in terms of hydrographic surveys” 23 . Subsequently, the “Meek” sailed without calling at ports for 109 days.

Now on the world map about 13 large geographical points bear the name of the outstanding Russian navigator, scientist and statesman F.P. Wrangel 24 . After all, the captain made many more lesser-known expeditions.

After returning from Irkutsk to St. Petersburg, Ferdinand Petrovich was awarded a lifelong pension in the amount of an annual lieutenant's salary, promoted to the next rank and was granted 4 years of service to receive the Order of St. George.

The significance of this expedition turned out to be very significant. As during other Russian expeditions around the world, Wrangel conducted meteorological observations and found out the inaccuracy of the data from the chronometers purchased from the French. 25 But in general, thanks to the assistance in meteorological observations of the ship’s officers, and especially Lieutenant Lavrov, the data can be considered reliable.

Important scientific material is contained in the “Daily Notes” that Wrangel kept throughout the voyage, which reflect observations of ocean currents, wind, tides, phenomenal meteorological phenomena, as well as data on the ethnography of the peoples of South America and the Pacific basin.

By land, through all of Siberia, he reached from St. Petersburg to Okhotsk and by sea headed to the capital of Russia's overseas possessions. Wrangel remained as chief ruler until 1835. He explored the western coast North America from the Bering Strait to Fort Ross. In addition, near Novoarkhangelsk he founded an observatory for constant observations of the weather and magnetic field.

Everything is wider. But how can you prove that the Earth is round? Only by traveling around the world. It was necessary, having sailed to the west, to go around the globe and return home from the east. This idea was hatched by a Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan, entered the service of the Spanish king. He intended to go to the Spice Islands for pepper and cloves - Moluccas Islands- not by the eastern, but by the western route. These islands lay east of the Sunda Islands, and the Portuguese sailed to them, skirting Africa, through the Indian Ocean. Magellan wanted to sail west, try to go around South America, cross the unknown South Sea and come to the spice islands from the east.

Soon the ships sailed to Philippine Islands. Magel-lan realized that, having walked around the Earth, going around New World- America, he came to Old, to Asia and the spice islands are not far away. Material from the site

Ferdinand Magellan died after intervening in a fight among the warring Filipinos. The surviving sailors of Magellan burned one dilapidated ship, another ship and its crew were captured. And only one ship out of five under the command of El Cano continued sailing. He crossed the Indian Ocean, circled Africa and in 1522, four years from the start of the expedition, completed the journey around the entire Earth. The sailors, exhausted from work and illness, returned to Spain. The spices they brought were enough to cover all the costs of the trip.

The scientific results of Magellan's circumnavigation of the world were great. It proved the sphericity of the Earth. For the first time, the Pacific Ocean was crossed and it was proven that all oceans are connected to each other into a single World Ocean. It became clear that water occupies a larger area on Earth than land. Correct ideas about the size of the Earth were obtained. As a result of Magellan's expedition, new, much more accurate

Traveling around the world is inherently the oldest method of understanding the world. For the development of society, this was the only opportunity to learn about the physical topography of the planet, new peoples, their forms of economy and life structure from eyewitnesses who had visited distant lands.

In different centuries, trips around the world were carried out with different motivations. In the XVI-XVII centuries. travelers were searching for new trade and sea routes, new lands for colonial conquest. Along the way, stunning discoveries were made that completely changed ideas about the world around us.

Pioneers of the sea

The first circumnavigation of the world was undertaken at the beginning of the 16th century. a naval expedition led by the Spaniard F. Magellan, which intended to find a western route to the West Indies. Instead, travelers proved the sphericity of the planet, the existence of a single World Ocean and the predominance of water over land. The discovery of the coasts of South America and the Strait of Magellan, the Patagonian Cordillera and Tierra del Fuego, the Mariana and Philippine Islands made a huge contribution to the system of knowledge of civilized humanity.

A little later, the English pirates F. Drake and T. Cavendish undertook the second and third voyages around the world, the purpose of which was to rob Spanish ports on the American coast and capture merchant ships flying the Spanish flag. Only Drake's expedition left serious consequences for natural science. She discovered the western coast of the South American continent and the strait, which was later named after the pirate.

Subsequently, with varying degrees of scientific value, voyages around the world were carried out by the Dutch O. van Noort, J. Lemer and W. Schouten, A. Roggeveen, the Englishmen W. Damper, S. Wallis, and the Frenchman L. A. de Bougainville. With the expedition of the last explorer, dressed in men's clothing, the first time a woman circumnavigated the world - Jeanne Barre. As a result, Fr. Estados and Fr. Easter, Cape Horn, Pacific Islands, Melanesia, Australia, Polynesia, the island groups of Tuamotu and Samoa, Louisiada and the Solomon Islands have been explored.

The 3 journeys of the Englishman J. Cook, made by him at the end of the 18th century, are important for science. Their main goal was to search for the unknown southern continent, which would be included in the English possessions, and to describe its riches. Along the way, a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean was discovered, the coast of New Zealand and the north-west of North America was explored, the Great Barrier Reef and the Hawaiian Islands were discovered.

Explorers of the Universe

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. The expeditions that gained wide scope began to be of purely scientific interest, meeting the needs of descriptive regional geography in studying the characteristics of a particular area. Among these travelers were many Russian explorers and pioneers.

A. Chekhov wrote about them that such people constitute the most cheerful and poetic element of society. They awaken interest and ennoble with their existence. Many of them, due to their research qualities and breadth of knowledge, can successfully replace hundreds of worthy books and dozens of educational institutions. The writer believed that “their ideological spirit, noble ambition, based on the honor of their homeland and science, their persistent, invincible desire for the intended goal, no matter the hardships, dangers and temptations of personal happiness, the wealth of their knowledge and hard work... make them in the eyes of the people ascetics, embodying the highest moral force”.

For the first time, a Russian expedition under the leadership of I. Kruzenshtern and O. Lisyansky set off on a circumnavigation of the world in early XIX century. Then Russian sailors sailed around the world under the command of M. Lazarev, O. Kotzebue, V. Golovin, F. Bellingshausen, M. Vasiliev, G. S. Shishmarev. As a result, territories in the area of ​​modern Japan and about. Sakhalin, the coast of Northeast Asia is described, a number of Pacific islands and attols are discovered (including the Suvorov Islands), the shores of Alaska, Kotzebue Bay, another continent - Antarctica, the Bellinghausen Sea. During the voyages, oceanic research was carried out, in particular, the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity in the waters of the Pacific Ocean; daily temperature fluctuations of air masses in different climatic zones; testing the operation of the newly invented depth gauge and marine barometer.

In the second half of the 19th century, round-the-world voyages on steamships were undertaken for research purposes by the English team of D. Nares and Russian sailors led by S. Makarov. At the beginning of the twentieth century, D. Spokham, G. Pigeon, A. Gerbaut single-handedly circumnavigated the globe for sports and tourism purposes.

Time for records

The 60-70s of the last century are known for several diverse circumnavigations:

- the first “circumnavigation” of Soviet submarines without surfacing;

— the first “single sailing” without entering a port, accomplished by Robin Knox-Johnston;

- the first women's solo circumnavigation, undertaken by Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz.

In 1990-1991, F. Konyukhov undertook the first Russian solo trip around the world without stopping on a yacht. And in 2005, the world's first youth trip was made.

In most cases, modern trips around the world are of a sporting and competitive nature with the aim of setting records or have tourist and entertainment interest. Many travel companies offer those wishing to travel around the world “across the seas, oceans, islands and continents” on luxury cruise ships. But can such a journey replace the excitement of exploration, unpredictable risk and unexpected discoveries that accompanied the pioneering sailors of the past?