OLYMPIC GAMES(summer Olympic Games, Olympics), the largest international complex sports competitions modernity. The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined Olympic Charter. At the suggestion of P. de Coubertin the decision to organize the Olympic Games in the image of the ancient ones and to create International Olympic Committee(IOC) was adopted by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894. The Olympic Games are held in the first year of the Olympiad. The Olympic Games have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place. The Olympiad also receives its number in cases where the games are not held (for example, the VI Olympiad in 1916, the XII in 1940, the XIII in 1944). Besides olympic sports, the organizing committee of the Olympic Games (the NOC of the country where the next Olympic Games will be held is created) has the right to choose to include in the program exhibition competitions in 1-2 sports not recognized by the IOC. The duration of the Olympic Games since 1932 has not been more than 15 days. The Olympic Games in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) were timed to coincide with World Exhibitions .
The Olympic movement has its own symbol, emblem and flag, approved by the IOC in 1914 at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The Olympic symbol is 5 intertwined rings of blue, black, red (top row), yellow and green (bottom row) colors, which symbolize the 5 combined in Olympic movement of parts of the world (respectively - Europe, Africa, America, Asia, Australia). The flag is a white cloth with olympic rings, has been lifted at all Olympic Games since 1920. Also in 1913, the motto was approved - Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger), proposed by A. Dido, a friend and ally of Coubertin, and which became part of the Olympic emblem. Olympic symbol and the motto formed the official Olympic emblem (since 1920). The high prestige of the competition is evidenced by the list of statesmen and crowned heads who opened them: Athens, 1896 - George I (King of Greece); Paris, 1900 – there was no opening ceremony; St. Louis, 1904 - David Francis (president of the World's Fair); London, 1908 – Edward VII (King of Great Britain and Ireland); Stockholm, 1912 – Gustav V (King of Sweden); Antwerp, 1920 – Albert I (King of Belgium); Paris, 1924 – Gaston Doumergue (President of France); Amsterdam, 1928 – Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Prince Hendrik of the Netherlands); Los Angeles, 1932 – Charles Curtis (US Vice President); Berlin, 1936 – Adolf Hitler (Reich Chancellor of Germany); London, 1948 – George VI (King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Helsinki, 1952 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi (President of Finland); Melbourne, 1956 (equestrian competitions were held in Stockholm) - Philip Mountbatten (Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh - Prince Consort of Great Britain) and Gustav VI Adolf (King of Sweden); Rome, 1960 – Giovanni Gronchi (President of Italy); Tokyo, 1964 – Hirohito (Emperor of Japan); Mexico City, 1968 – Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (President of Mexico); Munich, 1972 – Gustav Heinemann (Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany); Montreal, 1976 – Elizabeth II (Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Moscow, 1980 – Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR); Los Angeles, 1984 – Ronald Reagan (US President); Seoul, 1988 – Ro Dae Woo (President of the Republic of Korea); Barcelona, 1992 – Juan Carlos I (King of Spain); Atlanta, 1996 – William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton (US President); Sydney, 2000 – William Patrick Dean (Governor General of Australia); Athens, 2004 – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos (President of Greece); Beijing, 2008 – Hu Jintao (General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee); London, 2012 – Elizabeth II (Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Rio de Janeiro, 2016 – Michel Temer (Vice President of Brazil). The only woman to open the Olympic Games is Queen Elizabeth II; As of January 1, 2020, she is the only statesman in the entire history of the Olympic Games who opened them twice (Melbourne, 1956; London, 2012).
Traditional Olympic rituals: 1) lighting of the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony (first lit from the sun's rays in Olympia in 1936 and delivered by a relay of torchbearers to Berlin - the organizer of the Olympic Games); 2) Taking the Olympic oaths. The Olympic oath of athletes (the text was written in 1913 by Coubertin, it was first pronounced in Antwerp in 1920 by the Belgian fencer V. Boin): “On behalf of all athletes, I promise that we will participate in these Games, respecting and observing the rules by which they are held, in a true sporting spirit, for the glory of sport and for the honor of their teams.” Olympic Oath of Judges (included in the opening ceremony at the proposal of the USSR Olympic Committee and carried out since the Olympic Games in Mexico City, 1968): “On behalf of all judges and officials, I promise that we will perform our duties at these Olympic Games with complete impartiality, respecting and observing the rules by which they are conducted, in a true sporting spirit.” At the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Olympic Coaches Oath was made for the first time: “On behalf of all coaches and others around the athletes, I pledge that we will conduct ourselves in a manner that promotes sportsmanship and fair play, in accordance with the fundamental principles of the Olympic Movement " 3) Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition. For 1st place the athlete is awarded a gold medal, for 2nd place - a silver medal, for 3rd place– bronze. In the case where two athletes (teams) share 1st–2nd places, both are awarded a gold medal; if participants share 2nd–3rd or 2nd–4th places, everyone is awarded silver medals, but bronze ones are not awarded. In boxing competitions, bronze medals are awarded to two athletes who lose in the semi-finals. In 1928, the IOC approved the image on the front side of the medal of the ancient Greek goddess Nike with a laurel wreath in her hand, on the reverse side - the sport, the emblem of the Games and other symbols; 4) raising the state flag and singing the national anthem in honor of the winners. According to the charter, the Olympic Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, the so-called unofficial team standings - determining the place occupied by teams by the number of points received (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5 points, 3rd - 4 points, 4th - 3 points, 5th – 2 points, 6th – 1 point). Traditionally, a table is maintained medal count by country with priority for medals of the highest value. The athlete (or team) who wins a gold medal at the Olympic Games or Olympic Winter Games is awarded the title of Olympic champion. This title is not used with the prefix ex, such as ex-world champion. The largest number of medals in the entire history of the Summer Olympic Games (as of January 1, 2020) were won by athletes from national teams: USA (27 participations; 1022 gold, 794 silver, 704 bronze); Russia; Germany; Great Britain (28; 263, 295, 289); China (10; 227, 164, 152); France (28; 212, 241, 260).
The Olympic movement (as of January 1, 2016) involves 206 countries (including geographical areas), whose national Olympic committees are recognized by the IOC. In the period 1896–2016, 31 Olympic Games were held (three of them did not take place due to world wars); 4 were conducted in the USA; 3 – in Great Britain; 1 each in Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Canada, USSR, Republic of Korea, Spain, China, Brazil. According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to the city, not the country (or territory). The decision to elect an Olympic city (the capital of the Olympic Games) is made by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of these Games at the IOC session. The application of a candidate city must be approved by the NOC of that country. The city that has put forward its candidacy is obliged to provide the IOC with written guarantees confirmed by the government and make a certain financial contribution (refundable to non-elected cities). Since 1932, the host city of the Olympic Games has been building olympic village– a complex of residential premises for game participants. Among the various obligations olympic city submits for approval to the IOC the program for the Olympic Games, and since 1968 the national cultural program. The tradition of combining physical and artistic culture dates back to the Olympic Games Ancient Greece, where sports competitions were accompanied by competitions in various types art. The forerunners of the modern cultural program were art competitions (1906–52) and fine arts exhibitions (1956–64). At the Olympic Games in 1968–72, the cultural program was international in nature; since 1976, according to the Olympic Charter, it has been national and covers all types of art, literature, photography, sports philately, etc. More often than other cities in the world, London was chosen as the capital of the Summer Olympic Games (3 times), Athens, Paris, Los Angeles (2 times each).
In 1980 the capital Games XXII The Olympics were in Moscow; elected during the 75th IOC session on October 23, 1974 in Vienna. The main stadium of the Moscow Olympics was the Central Stadium. V.I. Lenin (approx. 100 thousand seats, modern name “Luzhniki”), where the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games, competitions in athletics, the final match of a football tournament; a number of competitions were held in the Leningradsky Prospekt area of Moscow - at the Dynamo and Young Pioneers stadiums and at the CSKA sports complex. Built especially for the Olympic Games: sports complex"Olympic" on Mira Avenue, including a multi-purpose indoor stadium (about 35 thousand seats; 22 disciplines of the Olympic program) and swimming pool; cycle track "Krylatskoye" (with two stands for 3 thousand seats), near which there is a circular bicycle track and an archery field (built here in 1972–73 for the European Rowing Championship rowing channel"Krylatskoye"; stands – approx. 2.5 thousand places); equestrian complex “Bitsa” (tribune for 5 thousand seats); sports palaces "Izmailovo" (temporary collapsible stand - up to 4 thousand seats; competitions in weightlifting) and Sokolniki (approx. 7 thousand seats; handball tournament games); shooting range "Dynamo" (about 3 thousand places) in the town of Mytishchi near Moscow; Olympic Village. Over 5 thousand athletes from 80 countries competed for 203 sets of medals in 21 sports. Athletes of the USSR national team won greatest number medals in the history of the Olympic Games - 195 (including 80 gold, 69 silver and 46 bronze). Some competitions authorized by the IOC were held in other cities. Group football tournaments and quarterfinal matches took place in Kyiv, Leningrad and Minsk; The sailing regatta took place in Tallinn. (Similar exceptions were allowed before. For example, in 1956, due to quarantine and a ban on the import of horses into Australia, equestrian competitions were held even in another country - in Sweden, in Stockholm.) For political reasons, the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow were boycotted by a number of countries, those who refused to participate. Four years later, the NOC of the USSR and a number of other socialist countries boycotted the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. In 1906, the Extraordinary Olympic Games were held in Athens (22.4–2.5) with the participation of 903 athletes from 20 countries. These competitions have not received official recognition from the IOC.
To uphold the Olympic ideals and noble principles of competition at the Olympic Games and Olympic Winter Games in 1968 by the IOC and international sports federations A doping control procedure has been established, which is carried out by special anti-doping commissions. Since 1976, Olympic medalists have undergone special doping tests; if the athlete is convicted of taking doping he is disqualified and loses his awards. To combat doping, on November 10, 1999, with the support of the IOC, it was established World Anti-Doping Agency(WADA). In recent years, without paying attention to the statute of limitations, WADA laboratories have been rechecking athletes’ tests taken during previous Olympic Games (Beijing, 2008; London, 2012), which often leads to revision of individual results, disqualification of prize-winners and changes in the results in the unofficial team medal standings(see table in article World Anti-Doping Agency). Before the start of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro (2016), on the initiative of WADA, many were suspended from participation in competitions for various reasons Russian athletes, including all track and field athletes (with the exception of long jumper D.I. Klishina) and weightlifters, most swimmers and rowers, tennis player M. Yu. Sharapova. As a result, the composition of the Russian national team was reduced by almost 50%.
In 6 types of the Olympic program (cycling, athletics, swimming, shooting, archery, weightlifting) olympic records regardless of what stage of the competition (preliminary, qualifying or final) they were established. If the result exceeds the world record, then it is considered both a world and an Olympic record.
Since 1968, the organizers of the Olympic Games in propaganda and commercial purposes use the Olympic mascot.
To reward particularly distinguished athletes, figures of the Olympic movement and major government figures in the mid-1970s. The Olympic Order was established (it had three degrees) - Gold, Silver and Bronze (now only the first two). The first recipient of the Olympic Golden Order was ex-IOC President E. Brundage. Olympic orders are not awarded to current IOC members.
For the dates and main results of the Summer Olympic Games, see Table 1. For athletes who won the largest number of Olympic awards at the Olympic Games, see Table 2. For athletes who took part in 6 or more Olympics, see Table 3.
Table 1. Main results of the Summer Olympic Games (Athens, 1896 – Rio de Janeiro, 2016).
Official name. Capital, dates. Main stadium. Games mascots (since 1968) | Number of countries; athletes (including women); sets of medals played in sports | The most successful athletes (medals gold, silver, bronze) | Countries that have won the most medals (gold, silver, bronze) |
---|---|---|---|
Games of the First Olympiad. Athens, 6.4–15.4. 1896. “Panathinaikos” (80 thousand seats) | 14; 241 (0); 43 at 9 | K. Schumann (4, 0, 0), H. Weingärtner (3, 2, 1) and A. Flatow (3, 1, 0; all Germany); R. Garrett (USA; 2, 2, 0); F. Hofmann (Germany; 2, 1, 1) | USA (11, 7, 2); Greece (10, 17, 19); Germany (6, 5, 2); France (5, 4, 2); UK (2, 3, 2) |
Games of the II Olympiad. Paris, 14.5–28.10. 1900. Velodrome in the Bois de Vincennes, the Racing Club, etc. | 24; 997 (22); 95 at 20 | A. Krenzlein (USA; 4, 0, 0); K. Steeli (Switzerland; 3, 0, 1); R. Urey (3, 0, 0), I. Baxter (2, 3, 0) and W. Tewksbury (2, 2, 1; all USA) | France (26, 41, 34); USA (19, 14, 14); UK (15, 6, 9); Switzerland (6, 2, 1); Belgium (5, 5, 5) |
Games of the III Olympiad. St. Louis, 1.7–23.11. 1904. “Francis Field” (19 thousand seats) | 12; 651(6); 94 at 16 | A. Heida (5, 1, 0), M. Hurley (4, 0, 1), J. Acer (3, 2, 1), C. Daniels (3, 1, 1) and J. Lightbody (3, 1, 0; all USA); R. Fonst (Cuba; 3, 0, 0) | USA (78, 82, 79); Germany (4, 4, 5); Cuba (4, 2, 3); Canada (4, 1, 1); Hungary (2, 1, 1) |
Games of the IV Olympiad. London, 27.4–31.10. 1908. “White City” (“White City”; over 70 thousand seats) | 22; 2008 (37); 110 at 22 | G. Taylor (Great Britain; 3, 0, 0); M. Sheppard (USA; 3, 0, 0) | Great Britain (56, 51, 39); USA (23, 12, 12); Sweden (8, 6, 11); France (5, 5, 9); Germany (3, 5, 5) |
Games of the V Olympiad. Stockholm, 5.5–22.7.1912. " Olympic Stadium» (14.4 thousand seats) | 28; 2408 (48); 102 at 14 | V. Karlberg (Sweden; 3, 2, 0); J. Kolehmainen (Finland; 3, 1, 0); A. Lane (USA; 3, 0, 0); E. Karlberg (2, 2, 0) and J. H. von Holst (2, 1, 1; both Sweden) | USA (25, 19, 19); Sweden (24, 24, 17); UK (10, 15, 16); Finland (9, 8, 9); France (7, 4, 3) |
Games of the VII Olympiad. Antwerp, 20.4–12.9. 1920. Olympic Stadium (approx. 13 thousand seats) | 29; 2626 (65); 156 in 22 | W. Lee (USA; 5, 1, 1); N. Nadi (Italy; 5, 0, 0); L. Spooner (USA; 4, 1, 2); X. van Innis (Belgium; 4, 2, 0); K. Osborne (USA; 4, 1, 1) | USA (41, 27, 27); Sweden (19, 20, 25); UK (15, 15, 13); Finland (15, 10, 9); Belgium (14, 11, 11) |
Games of the VIII Olympiad. Paris, 4.5–27.7. 1924. "Olympique de Colombes" (60 thousand seats) | 44; 3088 (135); 126 at 17 | P. Nurmi (5, 0, 0) and V. Ritola (4, 2, 0; both Finland); R. Ducret (France; 3, 2, 0); J. Weissmuller (USA; 3, 0, 1) | USA (45, 27, 27); Finland (14, 13, 10); France (13, 15, 10); UK (9, 13, 12); Italy (8, 3, 5) |
Games of the IX Olympiad. Amsterdam, 17.5–12.8. 1928. “Olympic Stadium” (over 31 thousand seats) | 46; 2883 (277); 109 at 14 | J. Meese (3, 1, 0) and X. Hengi (2, 1, 1; both Switzerland); L. Gaudin (France; 2, 1, 0); E. Mack (Switzerland; 2, 0, 1) | USA (22, 18, 16); Germany (10, 7, 14); Finland (8, 8, 9); Sweden (7, 6, 12); Italy (7, 5, 7) |
Games of the X Olympiad. Los Angeles, 7/30–8/14. 1932. “Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum” (“Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum”; over 93 thousand seats) | 37; 1332 (126); 117 at 14 | E. Madison (USA; 3, 0, 0); R. Neri (3, 0, 0) and G. Gaudini (0, 3, 1; both Italy); H. Savolainen (Finland; 0, 1, 3) | USA (41, 32, 30); Italy (12, 12, 12); France (10, 5, 4); Sweden (9, 5, 9); Japan (7, 7, 4) |
Games of the XI Olympiad. Berlin, 1.8–16.8. 1936. “Olympiastadion” (“Olympiastadion”; 100 thousand seats) | 49; 3963 (331); 129 at 19 | J. Owens (USA; 4, 0, 0); K. Frey (3, 1, 2) and A. Shvartsman (3, 0, 2; both Germany); H. Mastenbroek (Netherlands; 3, 1, 0); R. Charpentier (France; 3, 0, 0); E. Mack (Switzerland; 0, 4, 1) | Germany (33, 26, 30); USA (24, 20, 12); Hungary (10, 1, 5); Italy (8, 9, 5); Finland (7, 6, 6); France (7, 6, 6) |
Games of the XIV Olympiad. London, 29.7–14.8. 1948. “Wembley” (“Wembley”; over 120 thousand seats) | 59; 4104 (390); 136 at 17 | F. Blankers-Kun (Netherlands; 4, 0, 0); V. Huhtanen (3, 1, 1) and P. Aaltonen (3, 0, 1; both Finland) | USA (38, 27, 19); Sweden (16, 11, 17); France (10, 6, 13); Hungary (10, 5, 12); Italy (8, 11, 8) |
Games of the XV Olympiad. Helsinki, 19.7–3.8. 1952. Olympic Stadium (40 thousand seats) | 69; 4955 (519); 149 at 17 | V. I. Chukarin (USSR; 4, 2, 0); E. Zatopek (Czechoslovakia; 3, 0, 0); M.K. Gorokhovskaya (2, 5, 0) and N.A. Bocharova (2, 2, 0; both USSR); E. Mangiarotti (Italy; 2, 2, 0) | USA (40, 19, 17); USSR (22, 30, 19); Hungary (16, 10, 16); Sweden (12, 13, 10); Italy (8, 9, 4) |
Games of the XVI Olympiad. Melbourne, 22.11–8.12. 1956. "Melbourne Cricket Ground" (100 thousand seats) | 72; 3314 (376); 145 at 17 | A. Keleti (Hungary; 4, 2, 0); L. S. Latynina (4, 1, 1), V. I. Chukarin (3, 1, 1) and V. I. Muratov (3, 1, 0; all USSR) | USSR (37, 29, 32); USA (32, 25, 17); Australia (13, 8, 14); Hungary (9, 10, 7); Italy (8, 8, 9) |
Games of the XVII Olympiad. Rome, 25.8–11.9.1960. Olympic Stadium (approx. 73 thousand seats) | 83; 5338 (611); 150 at 17 | B. A. Shakhlin (4.2, 1) and L. S. Latynina (3, 2, 1; both USSR); T. Ono (Japan; 3, 1, 2); K. von Salza (USA; 3, 1, 0); V. Rudolph (USA; 3, 0, 0) | USSR (43, 29, 31); USA (34, 21, 16); Italy (13, 10, 13); OGK* (12, 19, 11); Australia (8, 8, 6) |
Games of the XVIII Olympiad. Tokyo, 10.10–24.10. 1964. National Olympic Stadium (48 thousand seats) | 93; 5151 (678); 163 at 19 | D. Shollender (USA; 4, 0, 0); V. Caslavska (Czechoslovakia; 3, 1, 0); Yu. Endo (Japan; 3, 1, 0); S. Stouder (3, 1, 0) and S. Clark (3, 0, 0; both USA); L. S. Latynina (USSR; 2, 2, 2) | USA (36, 26, 28); USSR (30, 31, 35); Japan (16, 5, 8); OGK* (10, 22, 18); Italy (10, 10, 7) |
Games of the XIX Olympiad. Mexico City, 10/12–10/27. 1968. “Olímpico Universitario” (“Olímpico Universitario” over 63 thousand places). Red Jaguar | 112; 5516 (781); 172 at 18 | V. Caslavska (Czechoslovakia; 4, 2, 0); A. Nakayama (Japan; 4, 1, 1); Ch. Hickox (USA; 3, 1.0); S. Kato (Japan; 3, 0, 1); D. Meyer (USA; 3, 0, 0); M. Ya. Voronin (USSR; 2, 4, 1) | USA (45, 28, 34); USSR (29, 32, 30); Japan (11, 7, 7); Hungary (10, 10, 12); GDR (9, 9, 7) |
Games of the XX Olympiad. Munich, 26.8–10.9. 1972. "Olympiastadion" (over 69 thousand places). Waldi the Dachshund | 121; 7134 (1059); 195 to 21 | M. Spitz (USA; 7, 0, 0); S. Kato (Japan; 3, 2, 0); S. Gould (Austria; 3, 1, 1); O. V. Korbut (USSR; 3, 1, 0); M. Belout and S. Neilson (both USA; 3, 0, 0 each); K. Janz (GDR; 2, 2, 1) | USSR (50, 27, 22); USA (33, 31, 30); GDR (20, 23, 23); Germany (13, 11, 16); Japan (13, 8, 8) |
Games of the XXI Olympiad. Montreal, 17.7–1.8. 1976. Olympic Stadium (approx. 66 thousand seats). Beaver Amik | 92; 6048 (1260); 198 to 21 | N. E. Andrianov (USSR; 4, 2, 1); K. Ender (GDR; 4, 1, 0); J. Neiber (USA; 4, 1, 0); N. Comenech (Romania; 3, 1, 1); N. V. Kim (USSR; 3, 1, 0); M. Tsukahara (Japan; 2, 1,2) | USSR (49, 41, 35); GDR (40, 25, 25); USA (34; 35, 25); Germany (10, 12, 17); Japan (9, 6, 10) |
Games XXII Olympiad. Moscow, 19.7–3.8. 1980. Stadium named after. Lenin (modern name: “Luzhniki”; approx. 100 thousand seats). Little Bear Misha | 80; 5179 (1115); 203 to 21 | A. N. Dityatin (USSR; 3, 4, 1); K. Metchuk (3, 1, 0), B. Krause and R. Reinisch (3, 0, 0 each; all GDR); V.V. Parfenovich and V.V. Salnikov (both USSR; 3,0,0 each); N. Comeneci (Romania; 2, 2, 0) | USSR (80, 69, 46); GDR (47, 37, 42); Bulgaria (8, 16, 17); Cuba (8, 7, 5); Italy (8, 3, 4) |
Games of the XXIII Olympiad. Los Angeles, 7/28–8/12. 1984. “Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum” (over 93 thousand seats). Sam the Eaglet | 140; 6829 (1566); 221 to 23 | E. Szabo (Romania; 4, 1, 0); K. Lewis (USA; 4, 0, 0); Li Ning (China; 3, 2, 1); M. Heath and N. Hogshead (both USA; 3 each, 1.0) | USA (83, 60, 30); Romania (20, 16, 17); Germany (17, 19, 23); China (15, 8, 9); Italy (14, 6, 12) |
Games of the XXIV Olympiad. Seoul, 17.9–2.10.1988. Olympic Stadium (approx. 70 thousand seats). Little Tiger Hodori | 159; 8391 (2194); 237 at 23 | K. Otto (GDR; 6, 0, 0); M. Biondi (USA; 5, 1, 1); V. N. Artyomov (USSR; 4, 1, 0); D. Silivas (Romania; 3, 2, 1); F. Griffith-Joyner (USA; 3, 1, 0); D. V. Bilozerchev (USSR; 3, 0, 1); J. Evans (USA; 3, 0, 0) | USSR (55, 31, 46); GDR (37, 35, 30); USA (36, 31, 27); Republic of Korea (12, 10, 11); Germany (11, 14, 15) |
Games of the XXV Olympiad. Barcelona, 25.7–9.8.1992. "Olympico de Montjuic" (“Olímpico de Montjuїc”; approx. 56 thousand seats). Kobe the dog | 169; 9356 (2704); 257 to 32 | V. V. Shcherbo (OK**; 6, 0, 0); K. Egerszegi (Hungary; 3, 0, 0); E. V. Sadovy (OK**; 3, 0, 0); N. Hayslett (USA; 3, 0, 0); A. V. Popov (OK**; 2, 2, 0) | OK** (45, 38, 29); USA (37, 34, 37); Germany (33, 21, 28); China (16, 22, 16); Cuba (14, 6, 11) |
Games of the XXVI Olympiad. Atlanta, 19.7–4.8. 1996. “Centennial Olympic” (“Centennial Olympic”; 85 thousand seats). Computer character Izzy | 197; 10320 (3523); 271 in 26 | E. Van Dyken (USA; 4, 0, 0); M. Smith (Ireland; 3, 0, 1); A. Yu. Nemov (2, 1, 3) and A. V. Popov (2, 2, 0; both Russia); G. Hall (USA; 2, 2, 0) | USA (44, 32, 25); Russia (26, 21, 16); Germany (20, 18, 27); China (16, 22, 12); France (15, 7, 15) |
Games of the XXVII Olympiad. Sydney, 15.9–1.10. 2000. "Ostreilia" (83.5 thousand seats). Ollie the kookaburra, Sid the platypus, Millie the echidna | 199; 10651 (4069); 300 in 28 | L. van Moorsel (Netherlands; 3, 1, 0); I. Thorpe (Australia; 3, 2, 0); I. de Bruin (Netherlands; 3, 1, 0); M. Jones (3, 0, 1) and L. Kreiselburg (3, 0, 0; both USA); A. Yu. Nemov (Russia; 2, 1, 3) | USA (37, 24, 33); Russia (32, 28, 29); China (28, 16, 14); Australia (16, 25, 17); Germany (13, 17, 26) |
Games of the XXVIII Olympiad. Athens, 13.8–29.8. 2004. Olympic Stadium (approx. 70 thousand seats). Antique dolls Phoebus and Athena | 201; 10625 (4329); 301 in 28 | M. Phelps (USA; 6, 0, 2); P. Thomas (Australia; 3, 1.0); C. Ponor (Romania; 3, 0, 0); A. Piersol (USA; 3, 0, 0); W. Campbell (Jamaica; 2, 0, 1); I. Thorpe (Australia; 2, 1, 1); I. de Bruin (Netherlands; 1,1,2) | USA (35, 40, 26); China (32; 17, 14); Russia (28, 26, 37); Australia (17, 16, 17); Japan (16, 9, 12) |
Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Beijing, 8.8–24.8. 2008. National Stadium (91 thousand seats). Children of Fortune: Bei-Bei, Jing-Jing, Huan-Huan, Ying-Ying and Ni-Ni | 204; 10942 (4637); 302 in 28 | M. Phelps (USA; 8, 0, 0); W. Bolt (Jamaica; 3, 0, 0); K. Hoy (Great Britain; 3, 0, 0); Tsou Kai (China; 3, 0, 0); S. Rice (Australia; 3, 0, 0) | China (51, 21, 28); USA (36, 38, 36); Russia (22, 18, 26); UK (19, 13, 15); Germany (16, 10, 15) |
Games of the XXX Olympiad. London, 27.7–12.8. 2012. Olympic Stadium (80 thousand seats). Two drops of steel - Wenlock and Mandeville | 204; 10768 (4776); 302 in 26 | M. Phelps (4, 2, 0); M. Franklin (4, 0, 1), E. Schmitt (3, 1, 1) and D. Volmer (3, 0, 0; all USA); W. Bolt (Jamaica; 3, 0, 0) | USA (46, 29, 29); China (38, 27, 23); UK (29, 17, 19); Russia (24, 26, 32); Republic of Korea (13, 8, 7) |
Games of the XXXI Olympiad. Rio de Janeiro, 5.8.-21.8.2016. "Maracana" (78.8 thousand seats). Flora and fauna of Brazil - Vinicius and Tom | 207; 11303 (approx. 4700); 306 in 28 | M. Phelps (5,1,0); S. Biles (4,1,0); K. Ledecky (4,1,0; all USA); W. Bolt (Jamaica), J. Kenny (Great Britain), D. Kozak (Hungary) (all 3,0,0). | USA (48,37,38); Great Britain (27, 23.17); China (26, 18, 26); Russia (19,18,19); Germany (17,10,15). |
* United German team.
** United team of the countries of the former USSR.
Table 2. Athletes with the most victories at the Olympic Games (Athens, 1896 – Rio de Janeiro, 2016).
Athlete, country | Type of sport years of participation | Medals | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gold | silver | bronze | ||
M. Phelps, USA | Swimming, 2004–2016 | 23 | 3 | 2 |
L. S. Latynina, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1956–1964 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
P. Nurmi, Finland | Athletics, 1920–1928 | 9 | 3 | 0 |
M. Spitz, USA | Swimming, 1968–1972 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
K. Lewis, USA | Athletics, 1984–1996 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
W. Bolt, Jamaica | Athletics, 2004–2016 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
B. Fischer, Germany | Kayaking and canoeing, 1980–2004 | 8 | 4 | 0 |
S. Kato, Japan | Artistic gymnastics, 1968–1976 | 8 | 3 | 1 |
J. Thompson, USA | Swimming, 1992–2004 | 8 | 3 | 1 |
M. Biondi, USA | Swimming, 1984–1992 | 8 | 2 | 1 |
R. Yuri, USA | Athletics, 1900–1908 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
N. E. Andrianov, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1972–1980 | 7 | 5 | 3 |
B. A. Shakhlin, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1956–1964 | 7 | 4 | 2 |
V. Caslavska, Czechoslovakia | Artistic gymnastics, 1960–1968 | 7 | 4 | 0 |
V. I. Chukarin, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1952–1956 | 7 | 3 | 1 |
A. Gerevich, Hungary | Fencing, 1932–1960 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
E. Mangiarotti, Italy | Fencing, 1936–1960 | 6 | 5 | 2 |
I. Vert, Germany | Equestrian sport, 1992–2016 | 6 | 4 | 0 |
R. Lochte, USA | Swimming, 2004–2016 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
E. Felix, USA | Athletics, 2004–2016 | 6 | 3 | 0 |
H. van Innis, Belgium | Archery, 1900–1920 | 6 | 3 | 0 |
A. Nakayama, Japan | Artistic gymnastics, 1968–1972 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
V. Vezzali, Italy | Fencing, 1996–2012 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
G. Fredriksson, Sweden | Kayaking and canoeing, 1948–1960 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
K. Hoy, United Kingdom | Cycling, 2000–2012 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
V. V. Shcherbo, Belarus | Artistic gymnastics, 1992–1996 | 6 | 0 | 4 |
R. Klimke, Germany | Equestrian sport, 1964–1988 | 6 | 0 | 2 |
P. Kovacs, Hungary | Fencing, 1936–1960 | 6 | 0 | 1 |
E. Van Dyken, USA | Swimming, 1996–2000 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
R. Karpathy, Hungary | Fencing, 1948–1960 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
N. Nadi, Italy | Fencing, 1912–1920 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
K. Otto, GDR | Swimming, 1988 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
T. Ono, Japan | Artistic gymnastics, 1952–1964 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
K. Osburn, USA | Shooting sport, 1912–1924 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
A. Keleti, Hungary | Artistic gymnastics, 1952–1956 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
G. Hall Jr. USA | Swimming, 1996–2004 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
N. Comaneci, Romania | Artistic gymnastics, 1976–1980 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
I. Thorpe, Australia | Swimming, 2000–2004 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
V. Ritola, Finland | Athletics, 1924–1928 | 5 | 3 | 0 |
P. G. Astakhova, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1956–1964 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
E. Lipa, Romania | Rowing, 1984–2000 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
A. Piersol, USA | Swimming, 2000–2008 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
Yu Endo, Japan | Artistic gymnastics, 1960–1968 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
M. Tsukahara, Japan | 5 | 1 | 3 | |
N. Adrian, USA | Swimming, 2008–2016 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
B. Wiggins, UK | Cycling, 2000–2016 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
H. G. Winkler, Germany | Equestrian sport, 1956–1976 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
T. Jaeger, USA | Swimming, 1984–1992 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
W. Lee, USA | Shooting sport, 1920 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
K. Egerszegi, Hungary | Swimming, 1988–1996 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
Wu Minxia, China | Diving, 2004–2016 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
N.V. Kim, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1976–1980 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
O. Lillo-Olsen, Norway | Shooting sport, 1920–1924 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
A. Heida, USA | Artistic gymnastics, 1904 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
D. Schollander, USA | Swimming, 1964–1968 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
K. Ledecky, USA | Swimming, 2012–2016 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
M. Franklin, USA | Swimming, 2012–2016 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
J. Weissmuller, USA | Swimming, water polo, 1924–1928 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
J. Damian, Romania | Rowing, 2000–2008 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
A. Lane, USA | Shooting sport, 1912–1920 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
S. Redgrave, UK | Rowing, 1984–2000 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
Ts. Kai, China | Artistic gymnastics, 2004–2012 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
M. Fischer, USA | Shooting sport, 1920–1924 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Ch. Zholin, China | Diving, 2008–2016 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
N. S. Ishchenko, Russia | Synchronized swimming, 2008–2016 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
S. A. Romashina, Russia | Synchronized swimming, 2008–2016 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
A. S. Davydova, Russia | Synchronized swimming, 2004–2012 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
A. V. Popov, Russia | Swimming, 1992–2000 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
D. Torres, USA | Swimming, 1984–2008 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
D. Fraser, Australia | Swimming, 1956–1964 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
K. Ender, GDR | Swimming, 1972–1976 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
L. I. Turishcheva, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1968–1976 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
J. Mie, Switzerland | Artistic gymnastics, 1924–1936 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
O. Olsen, Norway | Shooting sport, 1920–1924 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
I. Patsaykin, Romania | Kayaking and canoeing, 1968–1984 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
A. Yu. Nemov, Russia | Artistic gymnastics, 1996–2000 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
I. de Bruin, Netherlands | Swimming, 2000–2004 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
E. Schmitt, USA | Swimming, 2008–2016 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
J. Lezak, USA | Swimming, 2000–2012 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
R. Matthes, GDR | Swimming, 1968–1976 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
E. Liberg, Norway | Shooting sport, 1908–1924 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
L. Gaudin, France | Fencing, 1920–1928 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
Guo Jingjing, China | Diving, 2000–2008 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
J. Delfino, Italy | Fencing, 1952–1964 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
C. d'Oriola, France | Fencing, 1948–1956 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
O. V. Korbut, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1972–1976 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
G. Trillini, Italy | Fencing, 1992–2008 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
C. Daniels, USA | Swimming, 1904–1908 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
K. Kitajima, Japan | Swimming, 2004–2012 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
L. Spooner, USA | Shooting sport, 1920 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
L. Trickett, Australia | Swimming, 2004–2012 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
D. Ignat, Romania | Rowing, 1992–2008 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Soo-nyeon Republic of Korea | Archery, 1988–2000 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
L. van Moorsel, Netherlands | Cycling, 2000–2004 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
E. D. Belova, USSR | Fencing, 1968–1976 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
M. Rose, Australia | Swimming, 1956–1960 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
V. A. Sidyak, USSR | Fencing, 1968–1980 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
V. N. Artyomov, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1988 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Wang Nan, China | Table tennis, 2000–2008 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Y. A. Klochkova, Ukraine | Swimming, 2000–2004 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
J. H. Kolehmainen, Finland | Athletics, 1912–1920 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
G. Louganis, USA | Diving, 1976–1988 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
V. I. Muratov, USSR | Artistic gymnastics, 1952–1956 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
J. Neuber, USA | Swimming, 1976 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
E. Zatopek, Czechoslovakia | Athletics, 1948–1952 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Ch. Payu de Mortanges, Netherlands | Equestrian sport, 1924–1936 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
E. Sabo, Romania | Artistic gymnastics, 1984 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
I. Ferguson, New Zealand | Kayaking and canoeing, 1984–1988 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
R. Fonst, Cuba | Fencing, 1900–1904 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Fu Mingxia China | Diving, 1992–2000 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
M. Sheppard, USA | Athletics, 1908–1912 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
J. Evans, USA | Swimming, 1988–1992 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
C.B. Ainslie, UK | Sailing, 1996–2012 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
V. Williams, USA | Tennis, 2000–2016 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
E. Ashford, USA | Athletics, 1984–1992 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
D. Kulchar, Hungary | Fencing, 1964–1976 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
K. Boron, Germany | Rowing, 1992–2008 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
K. Wagner-Augustin, Germany | Kayaking and canoeing, 2000–2012 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
J. Zampori, Italy | Artistic gymnastics, 1912–1924 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
Li Xiaopeng, China | Artistic gymnastics, 2000–2008 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
J. Olsen, USA | Swimming, 1992–1996 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
S. A. Pozdnyakov, Russia | Fencing, 1992–2004 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
S. Richards-Ross, USA | Athletics, 2004–2012 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
V. Susanu, Romania | Rowing, 2000–2008 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
M. Harley, USA | Cycling, 1904 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
T. Edwards, USA | Basketball, 1984–2000 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
L. Berbaum, Germany | Equestrian sport, 1988–2000 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
F. Blankers-Kun, Netherlands | Athletics, 1948 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
B. Wöckel, GDR | Athletics, 1976–1980 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
L. Viren, Finland | Athletics, 1972–1976 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
T. Dargny, Hungary | Swimming, 1988–1992 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Deng Yaping, China | Table tennis, 1992–1996 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
M. Johnson, USA | Athletics, 1992–2000 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
H. Dillard, USA | Athletics, 1948–1952 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
A. N. Ermakova, Russia | Synchronized swimming, 2004–2008 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
B. Cuthbert, Australia | Athletics, 1956–1964 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
R. Korzhenevsky, Poland | Athletics, 1996–2004 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
A. Krenzlein, USA | Athletics, 1900 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
L. Krayzelburg, USA | Swimming, 2000–2004 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
V. A. Krovopuskov, USSR | Fencing, 1976–1980 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
L. Leslie, USA | Basketball, 1996–2008 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
D. Taurasi, USA | Basketball, 2004–2016 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
S. Bird, USA | Basketball, 2004–2016 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
K. Ityo, Japan | Freestyle wrestling, 2004–2016 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
P. McCormick, USA | Diving, 1952–1956 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
E. Orter, USA | Athletics, 1956–1968 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
J. Owens, USA | Athletics, 1936 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
K. Pavesi, Italy | Fencing, 1952–1960 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
M. Pinsent, UK | Rowing, 1992–2004 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
P. Radmilovich,Great Britain | Water polo, swimming, 1908–1920 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
V.V. Salnikov, USSR | Swimming, 1980–1988 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
H. St. Cyr, Sweden | Equestrian sport, 1952–1956 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
S. Williams, USA | Tennis, 2000–2012 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
N. Uphoff, Germany | Equestrian sport, 1988–1992 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
J. Fuchs, Hungary | Fencing, 1908–1912 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Zhang Yining, China | Table tennis, 2004–2008 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
K. Schumann, Germany | Artistic gymnastics, wrestling, 1896 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
P. Elvström, Denmark | Sailing, 1948–1960 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
3 gold each olympic medals won the Olympic Games approx. 200 athletes (as of January 1, 2020), including representatives of Russia (including the USSR): A. V. Azaryan, D. V. Bilozerchev, S. L. Boginskaya, O. A. Brusnikina, O. A. Bryzgina , G. E. Gorokhova , A. N. Dityatin , V. V. Ekimov , V. F. Zhdanovich , A. I. Zabelina , V. N. Ivanov, T. V. Kazankina, A. A. Karelin, M. A. Kiseleva, A. I. Lavrov, V. G. Mankin, A. V. Medved, V. I. Morozov, V. A. Nazlymov, V. V. Parfenovich, T. N. Press, V. D. Saneev, E. V. Sadovyi, B. Kh. Saitiev, L. I. Khvedosyuk-Pinaeva, S. A. Chukhrai .
Table 3. Athletes who took part in 6 or more Olympics (as of January 1, 2020).
Athlete (year of birth), country | Quantity | Type of sport | Years of participation | Medals | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gold | silver | bronze | ||||
I. Millar (b. 1947), Canada | 10 | Equestrian sport | 1972–1976 1984–2012 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
H. Raudaschl, (b. 1942) Austria | 9 | Sailing | 1964–1996 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
A. Kuzmin (b. 1947), USSR (3) Latvia (6) | 9 | Shooting sport | 1976–1980 1988–2012 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
P. D'Inzeo (1923–2014), Italy | 8 | Equestrian sport | 1948–1976 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
R. D'Inzeo (1925–2013), Italy | 8 | Equestrian sport | 1948–1976 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
D. Knowles (b. 1917) , UK (1) Bahamas (7) | 8 | Sailing | 1948–1972, 1988 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
P. Elvström (b. 1928), Denmark | 8 | Sailing | 1948–1960, 1968, 1972, 1984, 1988 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
R. Debevec (b. 1963), Yugoslavia (2) Slovenia (6) | 8 | Shooting sport | 1984–2012 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
J. Idem (1964), Germany (2) Italy (6) | 8 | Kayaking | 1984–2012 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
F. Bosa (b. 1964), Peru | 8 | Shooting sport | 1980–2004, 2016 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
L. Thompson (b. 1959), Canada | 8 | Rowing | 1984–2000 2008–2016 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
N. Salukvadze (b. 1969), USSR (2), Georgia (6) | 8 | Shooting sport | 1988–2016 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
I. Osier (1888–1965), Denmark | 7 | Fencing | 1908–1932, 1948 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
F. Lafortune Jr. (b. 1932), Belgium | 7 | Shooting sport | 1952–1976 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
C. Palm (b. 1946), Sweden | 7 | Fencing | 1964–1988 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J. M. Plumb (b. 1940), USA | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1964–1976, 1984–1992 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
R. Scanoker (b. 1934), Sweden | 7 | Shooting sport | 1972–1996 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
S. Hashimoto* (b. 1964), Japan | 7 | Cycling, skating | 1984–1994, 1988–1996 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
M. Ottey (b. 1960), Jamaica (6) Slovenia (1) | 7 | Athletics | 1980–2004, | 0 | 3 | 6 |
J. Longo (b. 1958), France | 7 | Cycling | 1984–2008 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
E. Hoy (b. 1959), Australia | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1984–2004, 2012 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
J. Persson (b. 1966), Sweden | 7 | Table tennis | 1988–2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Z. Primorac (b. 1969), Yugoslavia (1) Croatia (6) | 7 | Table tennis | 1988–2012 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
J. M. Seve (b. 1969), Belgium | 7 | Table tennis | 1988–2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. van Grunsven (b. 1968), Netherlands | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1988–2012 | 3 | 5 | 0 |
J. Lansink (b. 1961), Netherlands (4) Belgium (3) | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1988–2012 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
J. Šekarić (b. 1965), Yugoslavia (1) Independent olympic athletes(1) Yugoslavia (2), Serbia and Montenegro (1), Serbia (2) | 7 | Shooting sport | 1988–2012 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
R. Schumann (b. 1962), East Germany (1) Germany (6) | 7 | Shooting sport | 1988–2012 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
M. Todd (b. 1956), New Zealand | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1984–1992, 2000, 2008–2016 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
L. Berbaum (b. 1963), Germany (1), Germany (6) | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1988–2008, 2016 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
N. Skelton (b. 1957), UK | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1988–1996, 2004–2016 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
T. Wilhelmson-Sylvain, (b. 1967) Sweden | 7 | Equestrian sport | 1992–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J. A. G. Bragado (b. 1969), Spain | 7 | Athletics | 1992–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
E. Karsten (b. 1972), United Team (1), Belarus (6) | 7 | Rowing | 1992–2016 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
L. Paes (b. 1973), India | 7 | Tennis | 1992–2016 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
J. Pellelo (b. 1970), Italy | 7 | Shooting sport | 1992–2016 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
J. Rodrigues (b. 1971), Portugal | 7 | Sailing | 1992–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. Toriola (b. 1974), Nigeria | 7 | Table tennis | 1992–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
O. Chusovitina (b. 1975), United team (1), Uzbekistan (4), Germany (2) | 7 | Artistic gymnastics | 1992–2016 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
M. Konov (1887–1972), Norway | 6 | Sailing | 1908–1920, 1928–1948 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
N. Cohn-Armitage (1907–1972), USA | 6 | Fencing | 1928–1956 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
A. Gerevich (1910–1991), Hungary | 6 | Fencing | 1932–1960 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
J. Romery (1927–2007), USA | 6 | Fencing | 1948–1968 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
L. Manoliu (1932–1998), Romania | 6 | Athletics | 1952–1972 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
E. Pawlowski (1932–2005), Poland | 6 | Fencing | 1952–1972 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
W. Macmillan (1929–2000), USA | 6 | Shooting sport | 1952, 1960–1976 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
H. G. Winkler (b. 1926), Germany (3), West Germany (3) | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1956–1976 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
A. Smelczynski (b. 1930), Poland | 6 | Shooting sport | 1956–1976 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
F. Chepot (1932–2016), USA | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1956–1976 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
B. Hoskins (1931–2013), UK | 6 | Fencing | 1956–1976 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
J. Elder (b. 1934), Canada | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1956–1960, 1968–1976, 1984 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
H. Fogh (1938–2014), Denmark (4), Canada (2) | 6 | Sailing | 1960–1976, 1984 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
R. Klimke (1936–1999), Germany (2), West Germany (4) | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1960–1968, 1976, 1984–1988 | 6 | 0 | 2 |
K. Hanseo-Boilen (b. 1947), Canada | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1964–1976, 1984, 1992 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J. Primrose (b. 1942), Canada | 6 | Shooting sport | 1968–1976, 1984–1992 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I. Ptak (b. 1946), Czechoslovakia | 6 | Rowing | 1968–1980, 1988–1992 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J. Foster Sr. (b. 1938), Virgin Islands (USA) | 6 | Sailing, bobsled | 1972–1976, 1984–1992, 1988 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
L. Alvarez (b. 1947), Spain | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1972–1976, 1984–1996 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
E. Swinkels (b. 1949), Netherlands | 6 | Shooting sport | 1972–1976, 1984–1996 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
H. Simon (b. 1942), Austria | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1972–1976, 1984–1996 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
A. Bountouris (b. 1955), Greece | 6 | Sailing | 1976–1996 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
T. Sanderson (b. 1956), UK | 6 | Athletics | 1976–1996 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
K. Stückelberger (b. 1947), Switzerland | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1972–1976, 1984–1988, 1996–2000 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
N. Matova (b. 1954), Bulgaria | 6 | Shooting sport | 1976–1980, 1988–2000 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
J. Schumann (b. 1954), East Germany (3), Germany (3) | 6 | Sailing | 1976–1980, 1988–2000 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
F. Boccara (b. 1959), France (4) USA (2) | 6 | Kayaking | 1980–2000 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
A. Mazzoni (b. 1961), Italy | 6 | Fencing | 1980–2000 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
H. Hia (b. 1955), Peru | 6 | Shooting sport | 1980–2000 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
M. Estiarte (b. 1961), Spain | 6 | Water polo | 1980–2000 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
T. McHugh* (b. 1963), Ireland | 6 | Athletics, bobsled | 1988–2000; 1992, 1998 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
B. Fischer (b. 1962), East Germany (2), Germany (4) | 6 | Kayaking | 1980, 1988–2004 | 8 | 4 | 0 |
S. Babiy (b. 1963), Romania | 6 | Shooting sport | 1984–2004 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
K. Bishel (b. 1959), Australia | 6 | Sailing | 1984–2004 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Wang Yifu (b. 1960), China | 6 | Shooting sport | 1984–2004 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
R. Dover (b. 1956), USA | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1984–2004 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
T. Grael (b. 1960), Brazil | 6 | Sailing | 1984–2004 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
A. Kasumi (b. 1966), Greece | 6 | Shooting sport | 1984–2004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
E. Lipa (b. 1964), Romania | 6 | Rowing | 1984–2004 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
H. Stenvåg (b. 1953), Norway | 6 | Shooting sport | 1984–2004 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
S. Nattrass (b. 1950), Canada | 6 | Shooting sport | 1976, 1988–1992, 2000–2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
K. Kirklund (b. 1951), Finland | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1980–1996, 2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I. Di Buo (b. 1956), Italy | 6 | Archery | 1984–1992, 2000–2008 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
H. E. Kurushet (b. 1965), Argentina | 6 | Cycling | 1984–1988, 1996–2008 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
A. Benelli (b. 1960), Italy | 6 | Shooting sport | 1988–2008 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
F. Diato-Pasetti (b. 1965), Monaco | 6 | Shooting sport | 1988–2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T. Kiryakov (b. 1963), Bulgaria | 6 | Shooting sport | 1988–2008 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
M. Mutola (b. 1972), Mozambique | 6 | Athletics | 1988–2008 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
J. N'Tyamba (b. 1968), Angola | 6 | Athletics | 1988–2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J. Tomkins (b. 1965), Australia | 6 | Rowing | 1988–2008 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
Y. Hirvi (b. 1960), Finland | 6 | Shooting sport | 1988–2008 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
V. Khalupa Jr. (b. 1967), Czechoslovakia (2), Czech Republic (4) | 6 | Rowing | 1988–2008 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Yu. Yaanson (b. 1965), USSR (1), Estonia (5) | 6 | Rowing | 1988–2008 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
E. Nicholson (b. 1964), New Zealand | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1984, 1992–1996, 2004–2012 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
R. Mark (b. 1964), Australia | 6 | Shooting sport | 1988–2000, 2008–2012 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
S. Martynov (b. 1968), USSR (1), Belarus (5) | 6 | Shooting sport | 1988, 1996–2012 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
D. Buyukuncu (b. 1976), Türkiye | 6 | Swimming | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
N. Valeeva (b. 1969), United Team (1), Moldova (1), Italy (4) | 6 | Archery | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
S. Gilgertova (b. 1968), Czechoslovakia (1), Czech Republic (5) | 6 | Rowing slalom | 1992–2012 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
N. Grasu (b. 1971), Romania | 6 | Athletics | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
M. Grozdeva (b. 1972), Bulgaria | 6 | Shooting sport | 1992–2012 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
M. Diamond (b. 1972), Australia | 6 | Shooting sport | 1992–2012 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
D. Munkhbayar (b. 1969), Mongolia (3) Germany (3) | 6 | Shooting sport | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
F. Dumoulin (b. 1973), France | 6 | Shooting sport | 1992–2012 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Y. Yovchev (b. 1973) Bulgaria | 6 | Artistic gymnastics | 1992–2012 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
F. Löf (b. 1969), Sweden | 6 | Sailing | 1992–2012 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
U. Oyama (b. 1969), Brazil | 6 | Table tennis | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R. Pessoa (b. 1972), Brazil | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1992–2012 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
A. Sensini (b. 1970), Italy | 6 | Sailing | 1992–2012 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
D. Topic (b. 1971), Independent Olympic athletes (1), Yugoslavia (2), Serbia and Montenegro (1) Serbia (2) | 6 | Athletics | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
E. Williamson (b. 1971), UK | 6 | Archery | 1992–2012 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
L. Frölander (b. 1974), Sweden | 6 | Swimming | 1992–2012 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
E. Estes (b. 1975), United Team (1) Russia (5) | 6 | Volleyball | 1992–2012 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
J. Whitaker (b. 1955), UK | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1984, 1992–2000, 2008, 2016 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
K. Donkers (b. 1971), Belgium | 6 | Equestrian sport | 1992, 2000–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T. Alshammar (b. 1977), Sweden | 6 | Swimming | 1996–2016 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
A. Gadorfalvi (b. 1976), Hungary | 6 | Sailing | 1996–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
L. Evglevskaya (b. 1963), Belarus (2) Australia (4) | 6 | Shooting sport | 1996–2016 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
E. Milev (b. 1968), Bulgaria (4) USA (2) | 6 | Shooting sport | 1996–2016 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
A. Mohamed (b. 1976), Hungary | 6 | Fencing | 1996–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
D. Nestor (b. 1972), Canada | 6 | Tennis | 1996–2016 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
K. Road (b. 1979), USA | 6 | Shooting sport | 1996–2016 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
V. Samsonov (b. 1976), Belarus | 6 | Table tennis | 1996–2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. Yu. Tetyukhin (b. 1975), Russia | 6 | Volleyball | 1996–2016 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
O. Tufte (b. 1976), Norway | 6 | Rowing | 1996–2016 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Formiga (b. 1978), Brazil | 6 | Football | 1996–2016 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
R. Scheidt (b. 1973), Brazil | 6 | Sailing | 1996–2016 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
*The athlete also competed at the Olympic Winter Games.
The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the proposal of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the charter, the Olympic Games “... unite athletes from all countries in fair and equal competition. There shall be no discrimination against countries or individuals on racial, religious or political grounds...” Besides Olympic events sports, the organizing committee has the right to choose to include in the program exhibition competitions in 1-2 sports that are not recognized by the IOC.
The Games of the Olympics, also known as the Summer Olympics, are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Olympiad also receives its number in cases where the games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII - 1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). The term "Olympiad" officially means a four-year cycle, but unofficially it is often used instead of the name "Olympic Games". In the same years as the Olympic Games, the Winter Olympic Games (officially the Olympic Winter Games) were held since 1924, which have their own numbering. In the numbering of the Winter Olympic Games, missed games are not taken into account (the IV Games of 1936 were followed by the V Games of 1948). Since 1994, the dates of the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer ones.
The location of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC; the right to organize them is granted to the city, not the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account climatic conditions different countries, summer games can be held not only in the “summer months”. Thus, the XXVII Summer Olympic Games in 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to Australia’s location in the Southern Hemisphere, where summer begins in December, were held in September, that is, in the spring.
The symbol of the Olympic Games is five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world in the Olympic movement, that is, the Olympic rings. The colors of the rings in the top row are blue, black and red. In the bottom row - yellow and green. The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. Motto - Citius, Altius, Fortius(Latin: “faster, higher, stronger”). The flag - a white cloth with the Olympic rings - has been raised at all Games, starting with the VII Olympic Games of 1920 in Antwerp (Belgium), where the Olympic oath was also taken for the first time. The parade of national teams under the flags at the opening of the Games has been held since the IV Olympic Games of 1908 in London (Great Britain). At the 1936 Olympics in Berlin (Germany), the Olympic torch relay is held. Olympic mascots first appeared at the 1968 Summer and Winter Games unofficially, and have been approved since the 1972 Olympics.
Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order in which they are held):
· grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. From year to year, the best of the best from all over the world are involved in the development of scripts for these spectacles: screenwriters, organizers of mass shows, special effects specialists, etc. Many famous singers, actors and other very eminent people strive to take part in this spectacle. Broadcasts of these events break records of viewership every time. Each country organizing the Olympics strives to surpass all previous ceremonies in the scope and beauty of these ceremonies. Ceremony scripts are kept in the strictest confidence until they begin. The ceremonies take place in central stadiums with a large capacity, in the same place where athletics competitions are held (exception: the 2016 Summer Olympics, where the central stadium will host the football finals, without athletics).
· opening and closing begin with a theatrical performance, which should present to the audience the appearance of the country and city, introduce them to their history and culture.
· ceremonial passage of athletes and members of delegations through the central stadium. Athletes from each country go in a separate group. Traditionally, the delegation of athletes from Greece, the parent country of the Games, goes first. Other groups are in order corresponding to the alphabetical order of the names of countries in the language of the host country of the Games. (Or in the official IOC language - French or English). At the front of each group is a representative of the host country, carrying a sign with the name of the respective country in the language of the host country of the Games and in the official languages of the IOC. Behind him at the head of the group is a standard bearer - usually an athlete participating in the games, flag bearer of your country. The right to carry the flag is highly honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is trusted to the most titled and respected athletes.
· delivering welcoming speeches by the IOC President (mandatory), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host state. The official opening of the games (usually by the head of state) with the phrase: “(serial number of games) Summer (Winter) Olympic Games I declare open.” After which, as a rule, a gun salvo and many salvoes of fireworks and fireworks are fired.
· raising the flag of Greece as the parent country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem (at the closing ceremony).
· Raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
· pronouncement by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics are taking place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit (in recent years, words have also been spoken about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping);
· uttering an oath of impartial judging by several judges on behalf of all judges. Since 2012, an oath has also been taken on behalf of coaches and the athletes’ entourage;
· raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.
· sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth depicting a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition of stopping all armed conflicts during the Games.
· The opening ceremony is crowned by the lighting of the Olympic flame. The fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in Ancient Greece, Apollo was considered the patron saint of the Games). The “High Priestess” of Hera says a prayer with the following content: “Apollo, god of the sun and the idea of light, send your rays and light the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city).” “The Olympic torch relay took place all over the world until 2007. Now, for the purposes of the anti-terrorism campaign, the torch is carried only in the country in which the games are taking place. From country to country, the torch is delivered by plane, and in each country an athlete or other figure from that country runs his part The relay is of great interest in all the countries through which the Olympic flame passes. The first part of the relay passes through the cities of the host country of the Games. to the host city. The athletes of this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony. At the stadium, the torch is carried around the circle several times, passing from hand to hand, until it is given to the athlete who is entrusted with the right to light the Olympic flame. This right is the most honorable. The fire is lit in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympics. Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
· presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition on a special podium with the raising of national flags and the playing of the national anthem in honor of the winners.
· During the closing ceremony there is also a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of the participants, a speech by the IOC President and a representative of the host country. However, the closure of the Olympics is already announced by the IOC President. This is followed by the singing of the national anthem, the Olympic anthem, while the flags are lowered. A representative of the host country solemnly hands over olympic flag to the IOC President, who in turn passes it on to the representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. This is followed by a short introduction to the next city hosting the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame slowly goes out to lyrical music.
Since 1932, the host city has been building " Olympic Village» - a complex of residential premises for game participants.
The organizers of the Games are developing the symbols of the Olympics: the official emblem and mascot of the Games. The emblem usually has a unique design, stylized according to the characteristics of the country. The emblem and mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenir products produced in large quantities on the eve of the Games. Revenue from sales of souvenirs can make up a significant part of the income from the Olympics, but they do not always cover expenses.
According to the statutes, the Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908, an unofficial team ranking has become widespread - determining the place occupied by teams by the number of points awarded for the first 3 places: gold medal- 3 points, silver - 2, bronze - 1. The 5-3-1 system was also used. Thus, the relative merit of the medals was assessed by the leaders of the national teams depending on which medals their team won more. Starting from the 1924 Games, a scheme gained popularity, according to which points were awarded for the first 6 places (based on the number of finalists in individual disciplines Olympic program), often using the 7-5-4-3-2-1 system. Since 1988, a medal classification has become widespread, in which the places of teams are first distributed according to the number of gold medals, then the places of teams with an equal number of gold medals are lined up according to the number of silver medals. If there is an equal number of gold and silver medals, the teams are ranked according to number bronze medals. This corresponds to the fact that the title of champion of the Olympic Games is given for all times and the title of ex-champion of the Olympic Games does not exist.
One of the most striking and massive events on the planet are the Olympic Games. Any athlete who managed to take the podium at Olympic competitions, receives the status Olympic champion for life and his achievements remain in the world history of sports for centuries. Where and how did the Olympic Games originate and what is their history? Let's try to carry out short excursion into the history of the origin and holding of the Olympic Games.
Story
The Olympic Games originated in Ancient Greece, where they were not only a sports, but also a religious festival. Information about the holding of the very first games and their origin has not been preserved, but there are several legends that describe this event. The first documented date for the celebration of the Olympic Games is 776 BC. e. Despite the fact that the games were held before, it is generally accepted that they were founded by Hercules. In 394 AD, with the advent of Christianity as the official religion, the Olympic Games were banned by Emperor Theodosius I, as they began to be viewed as a kind of pagan phenomenon. And yet, despite the ban on games, they have not disappeared completely. In Europe, competitions were held locally that were somewhat reminiscent of the Olympic Games. After some time, the games were resumed thanks to Panagiotis Soutsos, who proposed this idea, and thanks to public figure Evangelis Zappas, who brought it to life.The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 in the country where they originated - Greece, Athens. To organize the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was created, whose first president was Demetrius Vikelas. Despite the fact that only 241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the first Games of our time, they were a huge success, becoming a significant sporting event Greece. Initially, it was intended that the Games would always be held in their homeland, but the Olympic Committee introduced a decision that the location would change every 4 years.
The II Olympic Games of 1900, held in France, in Paris, and III Olympic The 1904 games, held in the USA, in St. Louis (Missouri), were less successful, as a result of which the Olympic movement as a whole experienced its first crisis after significant success. Since the Games were combined with World Exhibitions, they did not generate much interest among spectators, and sports competitions lasted for months.
In 1906, the so-called “intermediate” Olympic Games were held again in Athens (Greece). At first, the IOC supported the holding of these Games, but now they are not recognized as Olympic Games. There is an opinion among some sports historians that the 1906 Games were a kind of salvation of the Olympic idea, which did not allow the Games to lose their meaning and become “unnecessary.”
All rules, principles and regulations are determined by the Charter of the Olympic Games, approved in Paris in 1894 by the International Sports Congress. The Olympiads have been counted since the first Games (I Olympiad - 1896-99). Even if the games are not held, the Olympics receives its own serial number, for example the VI Games in 1916-19, the XII Games in 1940-43 and the XIII in 1944-47. The Olympic Games are symbolized by five rings of different colors fastened together (Olympic rings), denoting the unification of the five parts of the world - the top row: blue - Europe, black - Africa, red - America, and the bottom row: yellow - Asia, green - Australia. The selection of venues for the Olympics is carried out by the IOC. All organizational issues related to the Games are decided not by the selected country, but by the city. The duration of the Games is approximately 16-18 days.
The Olympic Games, like any strictly organized event, have their own specific traditions and rituals
Here are some of them:Before the opening and closing of the games, theatrical performances are held that present to the audience the appearance and culture of the country and city in which they are held;
The ceremonial passage through the central stadium of athletes and members of delegations. Athletes from every country go separate groups in alphabetical order of country names in the language of the country in which the Games are held or in the official language of the IOC (English or French). Each group is preceded by a representative of the host country, who carries a sign with the name of the corresponding country. He is followed by a standard bearer carrying the flag of his country. This highly honorable mission is usually granted to the most respected and titled athletes;
Without fail, the President of the International Olympic Committee makes welcoming speeches. Also, the speech is made by the head of state in which the Games are being held;
The flag of Greece is raised as the country in which the Olympic Games originated. Her national anthem is played;
The flag of the country in which the Games are being held is raised and its national anthem is also performed; - one of the outstanding athletes of the host country of the Games takes an oath on behalf of all participants about fair fight and competitions that will comply with all the principles and rules of the sport;
The opening ceremony ends with the lighting and relay of the Olympic torch. The initial part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece, the final part - through the cities of the country in which the games are being held. The torch with fire is delivered to the city that organizes the Games on the opening day. The fire burns until the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games;
The closing ceremony is also accompanied by theatrical performances, a speech by the IOC President, the passage of participants, etc. The IOC President announces the closing of the Olympics, followed by the playing of the national anthem, the Olympic anthem, and the lowering of the flags. At the end of the ceremony the Olympic flame goes out.
Each country taking part in the Olympic Games develops its own official emblem and mascot of the Games, which become part of the souvenirs.
The following sports are included in the Olympic Games program:
A:![](https://i0.wp.com/sportschools.ru/UserFiles/Image/olympis.gif)
B: Badminton, Basketball, Running, Skating, Bobsleigh, Biathlon, Billiards, Boxing, Freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling
IN: Cycling, Water polo, Volleyball
G: Handball, Sports gymnastics, Rhythmic gymnastics, Alpine skiing, Rowing, Kayaking and canoeing
D: Judo
TO: Curling, Equestrianism
L: Athletics,Ski racing, Skiing
N: Table tennis
P: Sailing,Swimming, Diving, ,Ski jumping
WITH: Luge,
They take (begin) their history from 776. BC They were held in honor of the conclusion of a truce between Hellas and Sparta. Competitions were held in different places in Greece - in Olympia (Olympic Games), in Delphi (Pythian Games), etc.
The ancient Olympic Games were held until 394. BC in total there were 293 of them. The games were held in Olympia on the banks of the Alpheus River.
Only free-born Greeks could participate in the Olympic Games. Slaves and women, as well as barbarians (foreigners) were not allowed to participate in competitions. The name of the winners was engraved on a marble column. The first winner, Korab from Hellas, is a cook.
The modern Summer Olympic Games arose at the end of the 19th century. In 1894, 1500 years after the ban, at the suggestion of the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin;
(1863 - 1937), which convened the International Sports Congress, the International Olympic Committee was created, whose president was Coubertin (1895 - 1925). At the congress, the text of the oath of the Olympic Charter was approved. The motto of the Olympic Games is “Faster, higher, stronger.” The emblem of the games is 5 intertwined rings - the unity of continents.
In 1914 In Paris, in honor of the twentieth anniversary of the games, the Olympic flag was raised for the first time.
At the first games there were 13 countries competing in 9 sports. At the II Games there were already 20 countries and 18 sports.
Russian athletes first took part in the Games (IV) in London in 1908. In total there were 5 people in the delegation. Three won medals. Panin is gold. figure skating, wrestlers Orlov, Petrov - silver.
Soviet athletes first took part in the games in 1952.
Principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games
The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the proposal of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the charter, the Olympic Games “... unite amateur athletes from all countries in fair and equal competition. There shall be no discrimination against countries or individuals on racial, religious or political grounds...” The Games are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Summer Olympics also receives its number in cases where the games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII - 1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). In numbering Winter Olympics missed games are not taken into account (IV games in 1936 were followed by V games in 1948). The symbol of the Olympic Games is five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world in the Olympic movement, the so-called. Olympic rings. The color of the rings in the top row is blue for Europe, black for Africa, red for America, in the bottom row - yellow for Asia, green for Australia. In addition to Olympic sports, the organizing committee has the right to choose to include in the program exhibition competitions in 1-2 sports that are not recognized by the IOC. In the same year as the Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games have been held since 1924, which have their own numbering. Since 1994, the dates of the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer ones. The location of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC; the right to organize them is granted to the city, not the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account the climatic characteristics of different countries, the Summer Games can be held not only in the “summer months”. Thus, the XXVII Summer Olympic Games in 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to Australia’s location in the Southern Hemisphere, where summer begins in winter, were held in September, that is, in the spring. The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin for “faster, higher, stronger”). The flag is a white cloth with the Olympic rings, and has been flown at all Games since 1920. Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order in which they are held):
Grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. From year to year, the best of the best from all over the world are involved in developing the scripts for these spectacles: screenwriters, organizers of mass shows, special effects specialists, etc. Many famous singers, actors and other important people strive to take part in this spectacle. Broadcasts of these events break records of viewership every time. Each country organizing the Olympics strives to surpass all previous ceremonies in the scope and beauty of these ceremonies. Ceremony scripts are kept in the strictest confidence until they begin. The ceremonies take place in large central stadiums, where athletics competitions are held.
The opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present to the audience the appearance of the country and city, and introduce them to their history and culture.
The ceremonial passage of athletes and members of delegations through the central stadium. Athletes from each country go in a separate group. Traditionally, the delegation of athletes from Greece, the ancestral country of the Games, goes first. Other groups are in order corresponding to the alphabetical order of the names of countries in the language of the host country of the Games. (Or in the official IOC language - French or English). At the front of each group is a representative of the host country, carrying a sign with the name of the respective country in the language of the host country of the Games and in the official languages of the IOC. Behind him at the head of the group is a standard bearer - usually an athlete participating in the games, carrying the flag of his country. The right to carry the flag is highly honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is trusted to the most titled and respected athletes.
Delivery of welcoming speeches by the IOC President (mandatory), the head or official representative of the state in which the Games are taking place, sometimes the mayor of the city or the Chairman of the Organizing Committee. The latter, at the end of the speech, must utter the words: “(serial number of games) Summer (Winter) Olympic Games I declare open.” After which, as a rule, a gun salvo and many salvoes of fireworks and fireworks are fired.
Raising the flag of Greece as the parent country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
Raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
The pronouncement by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics are taking place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit (in recent years, words have also been uttered about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping);
An oath of impartial judging by several judges on behalf of all judges;
Raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.
Sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth depicting a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition of stopping all armed conflicts during the Games.
The opening ceremony culminates with the lighting of the Olympic flame. The fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in Ancient Greece, Apollo was considered the patron saint of the Games). The “High Priestess” of Hera says a prayer with the following content: “Apollo, god of the sun and the idea of light, send your rays and light the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city).” “The Olympic torch relay took place all over the world until 2007. Now, for the purposes of the anti-terrorism campaign, the torch is carried only in the country in which the games are taking place. From country to country, the torch is delivered by plane, and in each country an athlete or other figure from that country runs his part The relay is of great interest in all the countries through which the Olympic flame passes. The first part of the relay passes through the cities of the host country of the Games. to the host city. The athletes of this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony. At the stadium, the torch is carried around the circle several times, passing from hand to hand, until it is given to the athlete who is entrusted with the right to light the Olympic flame. This right is the most honorable. The fire is lit in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympics. Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition on a special podium with the raising of national flags and the playing of the national anthem in honor of the winners.
During the closing ceremony there are also: a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, a speech by the IOC President and a representative of the host country. However, the closure of the Olympics is already announced by the IOC President. This is followed by the singing of the national anthem, the Olympic anthem, while the flags are lowered. A representative of the host country solemnly hands over the Olympic flag to the IOC President, who in turn hands it over to a representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. This is followed by a short introduction to the next city hosting the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame slowly goes out to lyrical music.
Since 1932, the host city has been building an “Olympic village” - a complex of residential premises for the participants of the games.
The organizers of the Games are developing the symbols of the Olympics - the official emblem and mascot of the Games. The emblem usually has a unique design, stylized according to the characteristics of the country. The emblem and mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenir products produced in large quantities on the eve of the Games. Revenue from sales of souvenirs can make up a significant part of the income from the Olympics, but they do not always cover expenses.
According to the charter, the Games are a competition between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908 the so-called unofficial team standings - determining the place occupied by teams based on the number of medals received and points scored in competitions (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5, 3rd - 4, 4 -e - 3, 5th - 2, 6th - 1). The title of Olympic champion is the most honorable and coveted title in the career of an athlete in those sports in which Olympic tournaments are held. See Olympic sports. The exceptions are football, baseball, and other team sports that take place in open areas, since either youth teams (football - up to 23 years old) take part in them, or due to the busy game schedule, not the strongest players come.