Lethal power of svd. sniper rifle svd

Modification	SVD	SIDS	SVDSN2	SVDSN3
Caliber, mm	7,62	7,62	7,62	7,62
Initial bullet speed, m/sec
Sighting range with optical / night sight, m	1300 / -	1300 / -	1300 / 300	1300 / 300
Barrel length, mm
Weight of the rifle with an optical sight, empty magazine and cheek piece, kg	4,30	4,68	4,68	4,68
Optical/night sight type	PSO-1M2 (1P42)	PSO-1M2 (1P42)	PSO-1M2 (1P42) / NSPUM	PSO-1M2 / NSPU-3
Length of the rifle with the butt folded down/folded, mm	1220 / -	1135 / 875	1135 / 875	1135 / 875
Range up to which the destructive power of a bullet is maintained, m

In the early 1990s, some special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs received the SVU(A) - a shortened sniper rifle. The weapon is an SVD system rearranged according to the bullpup scheme. However, this attempt to modify the SVD for sniper work in special conditions turned out to be completely unsuccessful. The balancing characteristic of all bullpups (the center of gravity of the weapon is above the fire control handle) loads the shooter’s right hand, which negatively affects shooting. Reducing the barrel length by 10 cm greatly increases the dispersion of bullets. A powerful muzzle device, although it does a good job of extinguishing the flash of a shot, has a bad effect on the accuracy of the weapon, because powder gases accumulated in the chambers slow down the bullet when fired again.

The introduction of an automatic fire mode into the design of the trigger mechanism is generally difficult to comment on: the dispersion when firing in bursts is so great that there is no talk of any accuracy here at all. In addition, automatic fire completely unmasks the sniper's position and causes rapid wear of the barrel.

Special sniper rifle SV-98.

At the end of the 1990s, specialists from the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant developed a promising sniper rifle special purpose SV-98. This weapon is based on the Record-CISM sporting target rifle.

The floating barrel is 650 mm long and has four right-hand rifling with a pitch of 320 mm. It is characteristic that the barrel bore is not chrome-plated: this somewhat reduces its survivability, but significantly increases accuracy. In the manufacture of barrels for the SV-98, Steyr technology is used, including honing and relieving intrametallic stresses generated during forging.

A muffler can be installed on the muzzle of the barrel. If the weapon is used without a silencer, a special bushing is screwed into its place, creating a certain tension on the muzzle to increase accuracy.

The receiver has a mounting strip for installing any types of day and night sights. the developers recommend using the PKS-07 seven-fold collimator sight or the 3-10 x 42 Hyperon pancratic sight.

The rifle bolt has three lugs. a safety device located behind the bolt handle, when turned on, blocks the bolt travel and trigger.

The cartridges are fed from a 10-place detachable magazine. The butt plate and cheek piece are adjustable to suit the individual characteristics of a particular shooter.

In addition, the SV-98 kit includes an anti-mirage belt (stretched over the barrel), an adjustable bipod and a carrying handle. The total weight of the rifle without equipment is 6.2 kg, length (without silencer) is 1270 mm.

The rifle's performance is not inferior to the best Western models, despite the fact that its cost is several orders of magnitude less. It should be noted that the SV-98 is not an alternative to the Dragunov sniper rifle. This system is designed to perform special tasks, and not for mass army sniping.

Silent sniper rifles.

The 9-mm VSS Vintorez sniper rifle was developed by TsNIITOCHMASH designer P. Serdyukov in the early 80s and was adopted by special forces units of the Armed Forces and the KGB in 1987. Designed to engage enemy personnel with sniper fire in conditions requiring silent and flameless shooting. Provides an effective firing range of up to 400 meters during the day with an optical sight, and up to 300 meters at night with a night sight. The actual range of destruction with the first shot of typical sniper targets is as follows: up to 100 meters - the head, up to 200 meters - the chest figure.

VSS is an automatic weapon: reloading occurs due to the energy of part of the powder gases diverted through a hole in the barrel wall into a gas chamber located on top of the barrel under a plastic fore-end. The trigger mechanism provides single and automatic fire. The fire mode switch is located inside the trigger guard, in its rear part. When the translator is moved to the right, a single fire is fired (there is a white dot on the right side of the receiver behind the trigger guard); when moved to the left, automatic fire is fired (there are three red dots on the left side).

The rifle consists of the following parts and mechanisms: a barrel with a receiver, a muffler with sighting devices, a stock, a bolt frame with a gas piston, a bolt, a hammer mechanism, a trigger mechanism, a forend, a gas tube, a receiver cover, and a magazine. The kit also includes: NSPU-3 night sight (for the VSSN modification), 4 magazines, a case with carrying straps, a bag for magazines and accessories, a belt, a cleaning rod, 6 clips (to speed up the loading of magazines), accessories (for cleaning the barrel, muffler and mechanisms).

The main fire mode for VSS is single fire, which is characterized by good accuracy: when firing prone from a rest with SP-5 cartridges, a series of 4 shots gives a dispersion diameter of no more than 7.5 cm. Automatic fire is used in exceptional cases (in case of a sudden collision with the enemy on short distance, when shooting at a target that is not clearly visible, etc.).

The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt to the left under the influence of the bolt frame, which receives forward movement from the return spring. The trigger mechanism has a light striker; when it is released from the cocked sear, the rifle receives a slight impulse of disturbance, which contributes to good accuracy.

The rifle has an integrated type silencer, that is, it is integral with the barrel of the weapon. It is attached to the barrel with two crayon joints and a latch, which makes it easy to remove and put on the muffler and at the same time ensures the necessary alignment of the barrel and the muffler. The outer cylinder of the muffler contains a separator of two strips with round covers at the ends and three round inclined partitions inside. The covers and partitions along the axis of the muffler have holes for bullets. When fired, it flies through the holes without touching the end caps and partitions, and the powder gases hit them, change direction and lose speed. The front part of the barrel, closed by a muffler, has 6 rows of through holes through which powder gases escape into the muffler cylinder; they then move through the separator, being reflected from the inclined partitions. At the end, the rate of flow of powder gases decreases significantly, and the sound of the shot also decreases. The sound level of a shot from a VSS is 130 dB, which is approximately equivalent to a shot from a small-caliber rifle.

The PSO-1-1 daytime optical sight is similar to the PSO-1 sight, the differences are: the distance handwheel scale, corresponding to the ballistics of the SP-5 cartridge, and a modified rangefinder scale of the sight reticle - it is designed to determine ranges up to 400 meters, the maximum sighting range of the VSS. For shooting at night, the NSPU-3 sight is used.

The butt of a skeletal type rifle, which has a metal stop on top in the front part, with which the butt is attached to the receiver and held in place by a stopper. When you press the stopper head, the stock is separated by moving backwards.

At a distance of up to 400 meters, the VSS pierces a 2-mm steel plate, the field of which the bullet retains sufficient destructive power; at ranges of up to 100 meters, manpower in body armor of 3-4 protection classes is affected.

Order incomplete disassembly VSS.

1. Separate the store.

3. Separate the muffler (grasping the fore-end with your left hand, index finger recess the housing latch, right hand turn the silencer counterclockwise and, pushing it forward, separate it from the weapon).

4. Separate the separator from the muffler body (squeeze the separator latch with a screwdriver, push it into the body with your finger, then remove it by pushing it with a cleaning rod).

5. Separate the spring from the separator (move forward along the barrel).

6. Separate the receiver cover (press the cover latch by pressing the stop protrusion with your finger and, lifting the rear end, separate it from the receiver).

7. Separate the return mechanism (while holding the rifle, push the mechanism stop forward until its protrusion comes out of the receiver groove; lifting the stop, remove the mechanism from the channel of the receiver frame).

8. Separate the guide (push the guide forward until it comes out of the receiver socket, then remove it while holding the firing pin).

9. Separate the firing pin (move the firing pin to its rearmost position and, lifting it, separate it from the receiver).

10. Separate the bolt frame with the bolt (move the bolt frame with the bolt to the rearmost position and remove it from the receiver upwards).

11. Separate the bolt from the bolt frame (holding the frame in a vertical position, lifting and simultaneously turning the bolt clockwise, remove it from the bolt frame).

12. Separate the fore-end (grasp the fore-end with your right hand, press the housing latch with your thumb, then remove the fore-end from the barrel by moving forward).

13. Separate the tube (by turning the tube clockwise until its protrusion aligns with the slot on the receiver, moving it backwards to separate it from the barrel).

The 9-mm rifle sniper complex VSK-94 was developed at the Tula Instrument Design Bureau (KBP). It includes the rifle itself, SP-5, SP-6 and PAB-9 cartridges, and a day sight. The complex is designed to destroy manpower in individual means protection or in cars at ranges up to 400 meters. Just like the VSS, the VSK-94 allows for silent and flameless shooting, which ensures the secrecy of the sniper's position. The complex was developed on the basis of the small-sized 9A91 assault rifle. The main differences from the prototype are that the rifle has a removable frame-type stock, a bracket for installing an optical sight on the left side of the receiver, and a muffler attached to the barrel with a thread, which reduces the sound of the shot and completely removes the muzzle flash. The rifle has a quickly dismountable design, which allows it to be secretly transported to the place of use.

The manufacturer guarantees trouble-free operation of all parts and mechanisms of the weapon for at least 6,000 shots, with a probability of failure-free operation of 0.998. The diameter of bullet dispersion when firing single shots using the PSO-1-1 optical sight at a distance of 100 meters is no more than 10 cm.

Procedure for partial disassembly of VSK-94.

1. Separate the store.

2. Check the weapon for unloading.

3. Separate the muffler by unscrewing it from the barrel; separate the barrel linings.

4. Separate the butt (press the buttplate latch with your thumb and strike the butt handle with your hand to separate it from the receiver).

5. Separate the butt plate (take the rifle by the bracket, squeeze out the wedge with your thumb, and with the other hand, grasping the washers on the wedge axis, separate the butt plate from the receiver moving backwards).

6. Separate the fire switch (turn the switch flag vertically and remove it to the side).

7. Separate the bolt frame (pull the frame back as far as it will go and remove it from the receiver guides).

8. Separate the bolt from the frame (move the bolt forward so that its leading protrusion comes out of the figured groove of the frame).

Main characteristics of the VSK-94 and VSS Vintorez sniper rifles.

Characteristics	VSK-94	VSS "Vintorez"
Ammo used	SP-5, SP-6, PAB-9	SP-5, SP-6, PAB-9
Automation	gas removal	gas removal
Locking	turning the shutter	turning the shutter
Trigger mechanism	trigger	striker-fired
Magazine capacity	20 patr.	10 patr.
Aim	optical PSO-1-1 open (mechanical)	optical PSO-1-1 open (mechanical) night NSPU-3
Sighting range	with optical sight – 400 m with open sight – 420 m	with an optical sight – 400 m with an open sight – 420 m with a night sight – 300 m
Weight	with optical sight – 4.1 kg	with optical sight - 3.41 kg with night sight - 5.93 kg
Length	898 mm	894 mm
Barrel length	200 mm	200 mm
Rate of fire in bursts	700-900 shots / min.	800-900 shots/min.
Initial bullet speed	270 m/sec.	280-290 m/sec.
Combat rate of fire	single fire - up to 60 rds/min. bursts - up to 120 shots/min.	single fire - up to 30 rds/min. bursts - up to 60 shots/min.

Large-caliber sniper weapon.

The need for sniper weapons with an effective firing range of up to 2000 meters has been identified by various armies around the world for a long time. Local wars of recent decades have confirmed the need to create such weapons. Typically, large-caliber machine guns, mortars, artillery, and firepower from tanks and infantry fighting vehicles are used to engage large targets. At the same time, the consumption of cartridges and shells is very high. In addition, in some complicated combat conditions, a small tactical unit (namely, such units are most often used in low-intensity conflicts) simply does not have powerful, accurate, but at the same time maneuverable weapons. Sniper ones large caliber rifles allow you to solve such fire tasks with one or two shots. In this regard, already in the 1980s, large-caliber sniper rifles with an effective firing range of up to 2000 meters began to appear in Western armies. New types of ammunition with high muzzle velocities for sniper shooting, including those with arrow-shaped bullets, also began to be created.

The Tula Instrument Design Bureau (KBP) developed the 12.7-mm B-94 self-loading sniper rifle, which was put into service under the symbol OSV-96. This weapon is designed to destroy protected personnel, lightly armored vehicles, radars, missile and artillery installations, parked aircraft, coastal defense from small ships, and detonation of sea and land mines with a single shot. At the same time, automobile equipment and other technical means are affected at distances of up to 2000 meters, and manpower - up to 1200 meters. An important point in this case is that the sniper, when shooting, remains out of the reach of conventional fire. small arms enemy.

The OSV-96 rifle is equipped with various high magnification optical sights (POS 13x60, POS 12x56); night sights with a vision range of up to 600 meters can also be used. Due to the installation of a powerful muzzle brake and a rubber butt plate, the recoil when firing is quite acceptable. However, the sniper must use headphones or earplugs to avoid hearing damage.

Ease of aiming is ensured by a stable bipod and a well-balanced weapon layout. A 5-round magazine and automatic reloading allow you to fire at a fairly high rate if necessary and reduce the sniper’s fatigue.

For ease of carrying, the rifle folds in half; for this purpose, there is a hinge in the area of ​​the breech of the barrel.

Related information.

Sniper rifle Dragunov with a plastic butt and forend Photo (c) KardeN

The 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD, GRAU Index - 6B1) was developed in 1957-1963. a group of designers led by Evgeniy Dragunov. In the Western space, the SVD is considered an improved combat rifle, and not a sniper rifle (a high-precision rifle for professional snipers), that is, a Marksman rifle - the weapon of an infantry sniper (“Marksman”), occupying intermediate position between conventional small arms and heavier bolt-action precision sniper rifles.

In the mid-1960s, changes were made to the technical processes for the production of the Dragunov SVD sniper rifle: gunsmiths I. A. Samoilov and V. Nikitin developed new technology barrel manufacturing. In the 1990s, the rifle began to be equipped with a plastic forend. In addition, the production of a conversion version of the rifle was mastered - the Tiger self-loading carbine (structurally distinguished by a shorter barrel, the absence of a flash suppressor, a gas regulator and a lug for attaching a bayonet, and modified fittings).

For firing from the SVD, rifle cartridges 7.62x54 mm R with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, as well as sniper cartridges (7N1, 7N14) are used; it can also fire cartridges with expansive JHP and JSP bullets.

The Dragunov SVD sniper rifle fires in single shots. When firing, cartridges are supplied from a box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds. A flash suppressor with five longitudinal slots is attached to the muzzle of the barrel, which also masks the shot during night operations and protects the barrel from contamination. The presence of a gas regulator for changing the recoil speed of moving parts ensures the reliability of the rifle in operation. The rifle is equipped with a PSO-1M2 optical sight; it is possible to install NSPUM or NSPU-3 night sights.

The automatic operation of the SVD rifle is based on the use of the energy of powder gases diverted from the barrel bore to the gas piston. When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the bolt frame, to the rear position.

When the bolt frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).

The bolt frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the bore, and the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from under the self-timer cocking of the hammer and the hammer is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.

To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the firing pin, and the latter moves forward and punctures the igniter primer of the cartridge. A shot occurs.

When the last cartridge is fired, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the bolt frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

In 1991 for airborne troops The SVDS rifle was adopted, which was an SVD with a barrel shortened by 5.5 cm and a folding butt.

Firing accuracy

In accordance with the “Manual on Shooting,” the accuracy of a rifle is considered normal if, when firing four shots from a prone position at a distance of 100 m, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm. Shooting is carried out with cartridges taken from a hermetically sealed container from the same batch with ordinary bullets with steel core.

Initially, the SVD was produced with a rifling pitch of 320 mm, similar to sporting weapons and ensuring high accuracy of fire, however, when the Dragunov sniper rifle was adopted for service, it turned out that with such a pitch the dispersion of the B-32 armor-piercing incendiary bullets doubles. As a result, it was decided to change the rifling pitch to 240 mm, which led to an increase in the standard for dispersion at a distance of 100 m from 8 cm to 10 cm (which, however, was not reflected in the NSD). When firing with a 7N1 sniper cartridge, the dispersion is (depending on the rifling pitch) no more than 10-12 cm at a distance of 300 m.

The direct shot range of the Dragunov SVD sniper rifle is:

• according to the head figure, height 30 cm - 350 m,
• according to the chest figure, height 50 cm - 430 m,
• according to a running figure, height 150 cm - 640 m.

The PSO-1 sight is designed for shooting up to 1300 meters, but at such a range you can only effectively shoot at a group target, or conduct harassing fire.

The main difficulty when shooting at long ranges is the errors in preparing the initial data for shooting (this is true for all sniper rifles). At a range of 600 meters, the median error in height (in determining the range equal to 0.1% of the range) is 63 cm, the median error in the lateral direction (determining crosswind speed equal to 1.5 m/s) is 43 cm. For comparison, the median deviation of bullet dispersion for the best snipers for 600 m is 9.4 cm in height, 8.8 cm in lateral.

Good sniper training allows you to conduct targeted fire even at targets such as helicopters and low-speed aircraft. For example, there is a known case when a fighter of the FMLN partisan detachment managed to shoot down a jet attack aircraft of the El Salvadoran Air Force with a shot from an SVD. This happened on November 12, 1989 near the village of San Miguel. The Cessna A-37B aircraft coming into the attack successfully fit into the sight and was hit (later the successful sniper said that he was aiming at the cockpit). The bullet hit the pilot, after which the plane lost control and crashed. Iraqi militants used SVD in a similar way, claiming to have destroyed RQ-11 Raven small reconnaissance UAVs with sniper rifle fire.

Characteristics of the Dragunov sniper rifle

• Caliber: 7.62×54R
• Weapon length: 1225 mm
• Barrel length: 547 mm
• Weapon width: 88 mm
• Weapon height: 230 mm
• Weight without cartridges: 4.3 kg.
• Magazine capacity: 10 rounds

Sniper rifles

Dragunov sniper rifle It has been in service since 1963 and, apparently, they do not intend to change it for something else. Despite the fact that this weapon is already quite old, it still copes with the tasks that face it, although many are of the opinion that this weapon is already outdated and urgently needs to be changed. Let's try to figure out whether this model of rifle is so outdated, and whether it is worth looking for a replacement, given that there are more pressing gaps in the weapons of both the army and the police. At the same time, let’s briefly go over the design of this weapon, since for many, as it turns out, it is unknown in its structure.

At the end of the fifties, namely in 1958, the Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate (GRAU) formulated a task for designers to create a new self-loading sniper rifle for Soviet Army. Such famous designers as Kalashnikov, Barinov, Konstantinov and, naturally, Dragunov took part in the competition. Weapons from other designers will be discussed in separate articles, especially since the samples presented were quite interesting. For a sniper rifle, in the usual understanding of most people, the basic requirements that were put before the designers were not entirely clear.

Thus, the weapon was required to be able to confidently fire at the enemy at a distance of only 600 meters, that is, at this distance the enemy had to be guaranteed to be hit from this weapon. But now it is fashionable to talk about weapons that shoot at 1000 meters and further, but they usually forget that the distances for accurate fire in combat, even in open areas, are much shorter for a sniper who works as part of a unit. In other words, he has completely different tasks, or rather their implementation, in comparison with those of a sniper crew working separately.

Naturally, for someone who needs to hit a target at a distance of 1500 meters, the SVD will be a completely unsuitable weapon, but these snipers are not armed with such rifles. Consequently, the SVD copes with its tasks, and taking into account the weapon’s unpretentiousness to operating conditions, ease of maintenance and well-established production, it makes no sense to change this weapon.

For example, you can look at those that stand on at the moment in service in other armies of other countries. Despite the fact that more accurate and long-range models are being adopted, no one is in a hurry to abandon weapons similar in their characteristics to the SVD, and they coexist quite peacefully with long-range and accurate models.

Of course, we would like to see a more advanced weapon, with higher performance, light and compact, but no one will allocate funds to remove the rifle from service one day and replace it with another model. And this problem is not so acute as to make a fuss about it. It would be more reasonable to work with weapon ammunition in order to increase its armor-piercing properties; this is both cheaper and more relevant at the moment, and only after that make weapons based on it.

What exactly is SVD? This is a self-loading rifle, the automation of which is based on the use of powder gases diverted from the bore of the weapon and with the barrel bore being locked when the bolt is turned to 3 lugs. The weapon is fed from a detachable box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds of 7.62x54R ammunition. For firing from the SVD, rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, as well as sniper cartridges (7N1, 7N14) are used. The SVD can also fire JHP and JSP hollow-point bullets.

The weight of the weapon without ammunition is 4.2 kg with a total rifle length of 1220 mm. Barrel length – 620 mm. The initial bullet speed is 830 m/s. Muzzle energy of a bullet 4064 Joule. Quite often the design of the rifle is compared with the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, however, despite the same basic points, this weapon has its own characteristics.

First of all, it should be noted that the gas piston is not rigidly connected to the bolt frame, which reduces the total weight of the moving parts of the weapon when firing. In addition, the barrel bore is locked by three lugs (one of which is a rammer) when the bolt is turned counterclockwise. The trigger mechanism of a hammer-type weapon is assembled in one housing.

The weapon safety is controlled by a fairly large lever with right side rifles. In the on position, the fuse blocks the trigger and also limits the movement of the bolt frame backwards, which provides protection from external pollution during transportation. The rifle's flash hider also serves as a muzzle brake-recoil compensator, although it is difficult to give an example when this is not the case. The flame arrester has five slotted slots. The forend and butt of the weapon were previously made of wood, now of plastic. A non-adjustable cheek rest for the shooter is installed on the butt.

The Dragunov sniper rifle has both open sights and a seat for various sights. In addition to the optical sight, various night sights can be installed on the weapon; with such a sight, the SVD turns into an SVDN. In case the optical sight fails, the shooter can continue to perform his tasks using open sights, which consist of an adjustable rear sight mounted in front of the receiver cover and a front sight in the front sight.

The SVD has high accuracy for a weapon of this type. With the SVD sniper cartridge, you can hit the following targets with the first shot:
head - 300 m
chest figure - 500 m
waist figure - 600 m
running figure - 800 m.

The PSO-1 sight is designed for shooting up to 1300 meters, but at such a range you can only effectively shoot at a group target, or conduct harassing fire.

Let's try to briefly describe how this whole thing works. When fired, the powder gases push the bullet forward along the barrel bore, reaching the hole in the barrel to remove the powder gases, they enter the gas engine and push the piston back. Having accelerated the bolt frame, the piston stops. The frame, in the process of moving backward, turns the bolt, which unlocks the barrel, removes and throws out the spent cartridge case. Actually, this is how quite satisfactory firing performance is achieved simply and without any supernatural nuances.

Dragunov sniper rifle with folding stock (SVDS)

Azerbaijani Armed Forces

Armed Forces of Armenia

Bolivian Armed Forces

The data in the table above refers to the basic SVD model At the end of the 50s of the 20th century, in connection with the rearmament of the Soviet Army, the government set the next task for gunsmith designers - to create a semi-automatic sniper rifle. Evgeniy Fedorovich Dragunov, by that time already a well-known inventor of a whole line of sporting weapons, also joined this work almost immediately.

In order to better understand the topic we touched on about the legendary sniper rifle, we should dwell briefly on the biography of the designer himself, on those moments that became fundamental for the subsequent creation SVD. Before the start of the Second World War, that is, until 1939, Dragunov studied at a weapons technical school, after which he was drafted to the front, where until the end of the war he worked in weapons workshops and schools, and in the last years of the Second World War he served as a senior weapons master in artillery school. In other words, there was plenty of experience, namely practical experience in working with various weapons in this man’s knowledge base. Dragunov began seriously designing rifles in 1945, after demobilization from the ranks of the Soviet Army, as soon as the Great War ended. Patriotic War. Immediately after the end of the war, Dragunov returned to his native Izhevsk arms factory, where he took the position of senior foreman. In the fifties, the designer created a lot of sporting rifles, for example, one of his first works was the S-49 sporting rifle, which showed amazing combat accuracy and set a world record for this parameter, by the way, the first for the USSR. During the first shootings, this rifle showed a dispersion diameter of a hundred meters of slightly less than 22 mm with a series of TEN (!) bullets. And this was in 1949 (hence the numbers “49” in the title). Then Dragunov created many more sporting rifles, among which the most outstanding weapon was the TsV-55 Zenit sporting rifle of the 1955 model. The rifle featured several new solutions from Dragunov’s design team, the totality of which made the rifle a real breakthrough in the arms industry. The bolt of the new weapon was locked with 3 lugs (this solution was later used in the design SVD), the barrel was, as they call it now, “floating”, suspended, attached only to the receiver and not touching the rifle fore-end, which had an even better effect on the accuracy of the battle. To this day, almost all high-precision long-barreled sporting weapons are made this way. This rifle also had an orthopedic stock, which was quite rare and not very common at that time.

As we can see from the above facts, Dragunov was an extra-class master in the design of high-precision rifles. And finally, in 1958, when an order was received to develop a new semi-automatic sniper rifle and a competition was announced with a list of tactical and technical requirements, Evgeniy Fedorovich was already fully armed, having vast positive experience in successful designs of sporting rifles and extensive practice in working with firearms on the fronts of the Second World War, which, of course, played a fundamental role in the master’s approach to business and in the degree of his qualifications. It would seem that who else but Dragunov is capable of providing the best sniper rifle for competitive field testing, because it was he who created a number of successful designs of high-precision sporting rifles. But in reality, everything turned out to be much more complicated, because the designer had no experience in developing self-loading weapons, where the accuracy of the shot is significantly influenced by the operation of the automation. Dragunov, having led a strong design team, began creating his best brainchild, not suspecting that it would turn out to be so challenging task. Until this point, many gunsmiths different countries they tried to make semi-automatic sniper rifles, but all these samples were very significantly inferior in terms of combat accuracy to rifles with manual reloading, which is not surprising, because the operation of automation is always the movement of the weapon mechanisms when fired, and a non-automatic rifle is in a state of complete rest when fired. Evgeniy Fedorovich himself spoke about the difficulties that Dragunov’s design group faced at that time; the meaning of his words boiled down to the following points: During the design process it was necessary to resolve a number of contradictions. For example, in order for a rifle to operate smoothly in abnormal conditions, it is necessary to create relatively large gaps between the moving parts, and in order for the rifle to have better accuracy of fire, it was necessary to fit everything as tightly as possible. Or, say, the weapon should be light, but to achieve better accuracy - the heavier, of course, up to a certain limit, the better, especially important role the mass of the barrel plays a role. Thus, gradually ridding the design of all negative nuances, the group approached the end of this long and painstaking work only in 1962, having overcome a number of serious failures. Suffice it to say that the designers tinkered with the cartridge magazine alone for more than a year. And the barrel forend assembly, which looked very simple, in reality turned out to be almost the most difficult, requiring enormous effort, and the group finally finalized it only at the very end of the entire working process. All this was said by E.F. Dragunov himself, but somewhat differently sloawmi.

As a result of the very hard work and efforts of the entire group of specialists, and thanks to the undoubted talent and vast experience of the head of the design group, Evgeniy Fedorovich Dragunov, his rifle won the difficult competition at the field tests in 1960, where a self-loading sniper rifle was selected for arming the Soviet Army .Let us dwell on the testing process in more detail, since some moments that took place during these tests became the fundamental factors why SVD has been in service with several armies around the world for almost half a century. In 1959, Dragunov presented to the competition his first prototype of a self-loading sniper rifle called SV-58, which he had designed a year earlier, in 1958, when a competition was announced for a new sniper rifle for the army . The competitors at the competition for the creators of the SV-58 were more than worthy: the group of the venerable weapons designer S.G. Simonov and the group of designer A.S. Konstantinov, who was also a very talented and well-known specialist in his circles.



Simonov and Konstantinov spent their entire lives designing mainly self-loading weapons, so the accuracy and reliability of the automation of the samples they presented was significantly higher than on self-loading rifle Dragunov. But the SV-58 had a more accurate combat, because Evgeny Dragunov spent his whole life creating high-precision weapons, semi-automatic or automatic models in his track record before that moment there was none. But good accuracy was the only advantage of Dragunov’s first sniper rifle; all other qualities were negative, the reliability and service life of parts and mechanisms were at an extremely low level. Dragunov's first rifle was created according to the principles of high-precision sports weapons, where the fit of parts is very tight, all contacting moving parts in the mechanisms work with virtually no gaps between each other. It was this tight fit that ensured a significant superiority in combat accuracy over rivals. But an army semi-automatic rifle and a sports rifle with manual reloading are completely different things, it is precisely because of this difference that the Dragunov rifle passed beyond the first stage of testing with great difficulty, which the design team put into its refinement. All three samples, Dragunov, Simonov and Konstantinov, were tested in Thousands of rounds of ammunition were fired under the most extreme conditions, as it should be when testing weapons intended to be used by the army. As a result, in terms of the probability of hitting a target, accuracy of combat and effective firing range, these most important characteristics for a sniper weapon, the SV-58 designed by E.F. Dragunov showed the best best results , but the rifle constantly jammed, parts broke, there were too frequent technical delays when shooting, which was not even close to the competitors, whose rifles worked like clockwork. But during these field tests, Dragunov’s design team, at the cost of great effort, constantly eliminated shortcomings in reliability and the reasons for the unstable operation of the automation; this had to sacrifice the accuracy of the rifle’s combat. In order to increase the reliability of the automatics of the Dragunov rifle, the gaps between the contacting parts in the moving mechanisms of the weapon were increased, the friction force was reduced and some other minor changes were introduced, which, of course, entailed a decrease in the accuracy of fitting parts and, accordingly, a decrease in shooting accuracy. But, nevertheless, the initial superiority of the Dragunov rifle in terms of the probability of hitting a target at long distances and combat accuracy over the Simonov rifle was so significant that some losses in these characteristics due to increased reliability still left the superiority of combat accuracy to Dragunov’s creation. Combat accuracy The presented samples were compared with the accuracy of the Mosin sniper rifle, taking it as a conditional standard. In comparison with the Mosin sniper rifle, Simonov’s sample produced accuracy 1.5 times lower than the “standard” and at the next stage of testing was removed from the competition due to insufficient accuracy and a large spread of bullets at long distances, despite a higher degree of reliability, in comparison with the Dragunov rifle, which, during control shooting at the first stages of testing, showed either identical combat accuracy with the Mosin rifle, and according to some data, sometimes even surpassed it. But after modifications aimed at increasing reliability, the only remaining competitor - the Konstantinov rifle - was approximately equal in combat accuracy to the Dragunov rifle, but surpassed it in reliability. As a result, two samples remained at the competition - the Konstantinov rifle and the Dragunov rifle. Neither one nor the other met the requirements of the technical specifications of the competition, and the commission chose the lesser of two evils. Konstantinov's design was quite reliable, but excluded the possibility of aiming with open sights if an optical sight was installed on the rifle. This happened because the designer sought to align the axis of the barrel with the aiming line and raise the barrel as much as possible in order to simplify firing, because in such an arrangement it is necessary to make fewer corrections for the range, and also the line of the butt, in which the mainspring was located, was also brought to trunk line. As a result, high open sights were required, which, when installing optics, folded to the receiver cover, and when removing the optical sight, the open sight had to be raised. This was unacceptable for the commission; the technical specifications required the possibility of simultaneous aiming from mechanical and optical sights without any additional manipulations. Konstantinov’s rifle was also affected by the release of residual powder gases in the area of ​​the shooter’s face, which, of course, made it difficult to conduct aimed fire. In general, the commission chose the Dragunov design, which was actively refined for another two years and only in 1963 was adopted by the Soviet Army under the name Dragunov Sniper Rifle(SVD) caliber 7.62 mm.

The tasks assigned to a sniper rifle are quite narrow. This is the destruction of moving, slow-moving and stationary single targets, which may be partially hidden behind various types of cover or located in unarmored vehicles. The presented weapon is semi-automatic, aimed fire is carried out in a single mode, but the self-loading design significantly increased the combat rate of fire of the weapon, compared to non-automatic sniper rifles, for example, such as the Mosin sniper rifle. The automation of the new rifle worked due to the removal of primary powder gases through a hole in the wall working bore. The gases acted on a short-stroke piston, which in turn drove the bolt. The bolt, moving backward by inertia from the push of the gas piston, ejected the spent cartridge case through the reflector, cocked the firing pin and, under the action of the return spring, moved backward, firing a new cartridge from a ten-round magazine. The chamber was locked by turning the bolt to the left, in a counterclockwise direction, by three lugs. This locking scheme was used by Dragunov during the development of sports weapons, in particular in the above-mentioned TsV-55 Zenit rifle. The cartridge rammer from the magazine acts as the third combat stop. This made it possible, while maintaining the same transverse dimensions of the bolt and the rotation angle when locking, to increase the total area of ​​the lugs by 1.5 times. Thus, already three supporting surfaces provide a more stable position of the bolt, which improves the accuracy of fire. The fuse is a mechanical safety lever with a double action. It simultaneously locks the movement of the trigger and limits the rear movement of the bolt frame by locking the reloading handle located on the bolt frame. Lowering the striker to fire a shot is possible only with a completely locked bolt, when all three lugs are locked by turning the bolt all the way. A flash suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the barrel, designed to mask the shot during combat operations at dusk and night operations, protecting the muzzle from contamination barrel and acts as a muzzle brake-compensator, reducing the longitudinal displacement of the barrel from recoil. This muzzle device was specially designed for the SVD and has five longitudinal slot-like cutouts. The installation of a gas regulator on the rifle was required to quickly change the recoil speed of the moving parts of the SVD, ensuring the reliability of the rifle in different conditions applications, for example, when there is severe contamination or when too much carbon deposits accumulate in the gas exhaust system from intense shooting. For shooting from SVD, standard 7.62x54 mm rifle cartridges are used in several versions: cartridges with an LPS bullet, cartridges with increased penetration with an ST-2M bullet (7N14), tracer, armor-piercing (7N26) and cartridges with armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32. To improve the accuracy of this rifle, a special 7N1 sniper cartridge was developed, which has a bullet with a pointed steel core, which provides twice the best shooting results than a conventional cartridge. According to most weapons experts, the rifle SVD, from an ergonomic point of view, it is well designed - the weapon immediately inspires complete confidence in the shooter, it is perfectly balanced, comfortable and easy to hold when performing an accurate aimed shot. If you compare it with a regular store sniper weapon, having a practical rate of fire within 5 rounds per minute, the Dragunov rifle, according to weapons experts, reaches 30 effective aimed shots per minute, which raises doubts if you think about this figure from the point of view common sense. That is, in 2 seconds you need to have time to aim after the previous shot (and the recoil takes the target out of the field of view of the optics), shoot and hit. This is unlikely. Soviet soldiers SVD received the nickname “whip” - for the characteristic “clicking” sound of the shot.

Purpose, completeness and combat properties of a sniper rifle. The main parts and mechanisms of the rifle, their operation when shooting. Disassembly and assembly.

Purpose, completeness and combat properties of a sniper rifle

The 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle is a sniper weapon and is designed to destroy various emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets.

The sniper rifle kit includes:

1. optical sniper sight 1 piece	2. bayonet 1 piece	3. bag for scope and magazines 1pc.
4. bag for spare parts 1 piece	5. belt for carrying small arms 1 piece	6. case for optical sight 1 piece

7. belonging
The accessory is used to disassemble, assemble, clean and lubricate a sniper rifle and is carried in a bag for a scope and magazines.
Accessories include: cheek piece, cleaning rod, wiper, brush, screwdriver, drift, pencil case and oiler.
Cheek used when shooting from a rifle with an optical sight. In this case, it is put on the butt of the rifle and secured to it with a lock.
Ramrod used for cleaning and lubricating the bore, channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle. It consists of three links that are screwed together.
Rubbing designed for cleaning and lubricating the bore, as well as channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle.
Ruff serves for cleaning the barrel bore with a radiofrequency solution.
Screwdriver used when disassembling and assembling a rifle, cleaning the gas chamber and gas tube, and also as a key when adjusting the position of the front sight in height.
Punch used for pushing out axles and pins.
Pencil case Used to store cleaning cloths, brushes, screwdrivers and drifts. It consists of two components: pencil case-key and pencil case cover.
Pencil-key used as a cleaning rod handle when cleaning and lubricating the rifle, as a screwdriver handle when disassembling and assembling a rifle, and as a key when separating the gas tube and assembling the cleaning rod.
Pencil case cover used as a muzzle pad when cleaning the barrel.
Oiler serves to store lubricant.

For shooting from a sniper rifle, rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets or rifle sniper cartridges are used.
Fire from a sniper rifle is carried out in single shots.
When firing, cartridges are supplied from a box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Characteristic name	Nominal value
1. Caliber, mm	7,62
2. Number of grooves	4
3. Sighting range, m: with optical sight with open sight	1300 1200
4. Initial bullet speed, m/s	830
5. Bullet range, up to which its lethal effect is maintained, m	3800
6. Weight of the rifle without bayonet with optical sight, unloaded magazine and cheek, kg	4,3
7. Magazine capacity, cartridges	10
8. Rifle length, mm: without bayonet with attached bayonet	1220 1370
9. Cartridge mass, g	21,8
10. Mass of an ordinary bullet with steel core, g	9,6
11. Mass of powder charge, g	3,1
12. Magnification of the optical sight, times.	4
13. Field of view of the sight, degree	6
14. Exit pupil diameter, mm	6
15. Eye relief, mm	68,2
16. Resolution, second,	12
17. Sight length with eyecup and extended lens hood, mm	375
18. Sight width, mm	70
19. Sight height, mm	132
20. Sight weight, g	616
21. Weight of the sight with a set of spare parts and a cover, g	926

The main parts and mechanisms of a sniper rifle, design, operation of parts and mechanisms when shooting

A sniper rifle consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:

• barrel with receiver, open sight and butt
• receiver covers
• return mechanism
• bolt carrier
• shutter
• gas tube with regulator, gas piston and pusher with its spring
• barrel linings
• firing mechanism
• fuse
• store
• butt cheeks

Rifle device

1 - frame; 2 - drummer; 3 - cover; 4 - guide rod; 5 - guide bushing; 6 - shutter; 7 - ejector axis; 8 - striker pin; 9 - ejector spring; 10 - ejector; 11 - return spring; 12 - sighting bar clamp; 13 - sighting bar; 14 - left trim assembly; 15 - pusher spring; 16 - gas tube latch; 17 - gas chamber; 18 - gas piston; 19 - gas tube; 20 - gas regulator; 21 - front sight body; 22 - front sight; 23 - pusher; 24 - front sight base; 25 - barrel; 26 - upper ring assembly; 27 - ring pin; 28 - oil seal assembly; 29 - right overlay assembly; 30 - lower ring with a spring; 31 - store body; 32 - magazine spring; 33 - magazine cover; 34 - assembled strip; 35 - feeder; 36 - box; 37 - shield assembly; 38- trigger mechanism; 39 - cover pin; 40 - butt

Shock trigger mechanism

The sniper rifle is a self-loading weapon. Reloading a rifle is based on the use of the energy of powder gases removed from the barrel bore to the gas piston.
When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the bolt frame, to the rear position. When the bolt frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the bolt frame compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).

The bolt frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the barrel, and the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from under the cocking of the self-timer trigger. The trigger is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.
To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer.

When the last cartridge is fired, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the bolt frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

Gas regulator

The SVD design includes a gas regulator, which has two settings, designated 1 and 2. It is necessary to adjust the bullet’s flight path in height in winter and summer. In summer, the gas regulator position is open. In winter, at low temperatures, when part of the energy of the powder charge is spent on additional heating of the barrel, the gas regulator position is closed. In the summer position (No. 1), the side hole in the gas tube is open, and therefore the pressure of the powder gases in the barrel drops slightly. Accordingly, the trajectory of the bullet decreases.
If in summer you put the gas regulator in the winter, closed, position (No. 2), then the side hole in the gas tube closes, the pressure in the barrel increases and, accordingly, the bullet’s flight path increases. At a temperature of 25°C, the excess of the bullet’s flight path at a distance of 100 m with the regulator closed will be 4 cm higher than with the regulator open; at a temperature of 30°C - 5 cm higher. In winter, at minus 20°C, with the gas regulator open at the same firing distance, the bullet trajectory will be 7-8 cm lower than with the regulator closed (winter) position.
The gas regulator is closed even when, due to excessive contamination of the gas outlet unit in combat conditions, when it is impossible to disassemble and clean the weapon, the rifle’s automatic system begins to fail, and incomplete waste of moving parts occurs. Rearranging the gas regulator is done as follows: insert the edge of the sleeve or cartridge into the regulator hooks and turn the regulator.

Disassembling and assembling the rifle

Disassembly of a sniper rifle can be incomplete or complete:
Incomplete- for cleaning, lubricating and inspecting the rifle
Full- for cleaning when the rifle is heavily soiled, after leaving it in the rain or snow, when switching to a new lubricant and during repairs. Frequent disassembly of the rifle is not allowed, as it accelerates the wear of parts and mechanisms.

Disassembling and assembling the rifle should be done on a table or clean mat, parts and mechanisms should be placed in the order of disassembly, handle them carefully, do not place one part on top of another, and do not use excessive force or sharp blows. When assembling a rifle, compare the numbers on its parts: the number on the receiver must correspond to the numbers on the bolt frame, bolt, trigger mechanism, receiver cover, optical sight and other parts of the rifle.

Training in disassembly and assembly on combat rifles is permitted only in exceptional cases, subject to special care in handling parts and mechanisms.

The procedure for incomplete disassembly of a sniper rifle.

1) Separate the store. Hold the magazine with your right hand, pressing the latch with your thumb, move the bottom of the magazine forward and separate it. After this, check is there a cartridge in the chamber, why lower the safety down, move the charging handle back, inspect the chamber and release the handle.
2) Separate the optical sight. Lift the handle of the clamping screw and turn it towards the eyecup until it stops, move the sight back and separate it from the receiver.
3) Separate the butt cheek.
4) Separate the receiver cover with the return mechanism. Turn the receiver cover lock back until it is locked into place; lift up the rear part of the receiver cover and separate the cover with the return mechanism.
5) Separate the bolt carrier with the bolt. Pull the bolt carrier back as far as it will go, lift it and separate it from the receiver
6) Separate the bolt from the bolt frame. Pull the shutter back; turn it so that the leading protrusion of the bolt comes out of the figured cutout of the bolt frame, and move the bolt forward
7) Separate the shock and trigger mechanism. Turn the safety up to a vertical position, move it to the right and separate it from the receiver, holding the trigger guard and moving it downward to separate the trigger mechanism from the receiver.
8) Separate the barrel linings. Press the contactor of the upper thrust ring against the gas tube until the bend of the contactor comes out of the cutout of the ring and turn the contactor to the right until it stops; move the moving part of the upper thrust ring forward, pressing the barrel lining down and moving it to the side, to separate it from the barrel. If it is difficult to separate the barrel linings, insert the cutout of the pencil case key into the window of the lining and move downwards and to the side to separate the barrel linings
9) Separate the gas piston and pusher with spring. Pull the pusher back, remove its front end from the piston socket and separate the piston from the gas tube, insert the front end of the pusher into the gas tube, press the pusher spring until it leaves the channel of the aiming block and separate the pusher with the spring, and then separate the spring from the pusher.

The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after partial disassembly.

1) Attach the gas piston and pusher with spring. Place the spring on the rear end of the pusher; insert the front end of the pusher into the gas tube, tighten the spring and insert the rear end of the pusher with the spring into the channel of the aiming block; pull the pusher back and move its front end out of the gas tube to the side; insert the gas piston into the gas tube and the front end of the pusher into the piston socket.
2) Attach the barrel linings. Insert the rear (widened) end of the right (left) receiver lining into the lower thrust ring with the cutout of the lining towards the sight and, pressing the lining down, attach it to the barrel; push the moving part of the upper thrust ring onto the tips of the linings and turn the closure of the upper thrust ring towards the gas tube until its bend enters the cutout on the ring.
3) Attach the trigger mechanism. Place the cutouts of the trigger mechanism housing behind the axis of the receiver jumper and press the trigger mechanism to the receiver; insert the fuse axis into the hole in the receiver; Turn the fuse to a vertical position, press it tightly to the receiver and turn down until the protrusion of the shield enters the lower locking recess of the receiver.
4) Attach the bolt to the bolt carrier. Insert the bolt with the cylindrical part into the channel of the bolt frame; turn the bolt so that its leading protrusion fits into the figured cutout of the bolt frame, and push the bolt forward as far as it will go.
5) Attach the bolt carrier to the bolt. While holding the bolt in the forward position, insert the guide protrusions of the bolt frame into the cutouts of the receiver bends, press the bolt frame to the receiver with a slight force and push it forward.
6) Attach the receiver cover with the return mechanism. Insert the return mechanism into the bolt frame channel; compressing the return springs, insert the protrusions on the front end of the cover into the cutouts on the lower thrust ring; press the rear end of the cover until it is completely adjacent to the receiver; Turn the receiver cover lock forward until it engages the lock.
7) Attach the butt cheek. Place your cheek on top part butt clasp to the right against the cutout for it; put the loop on the hook of the clip and turn the clasp up.
8) Attach the optical sight. Align the grooves on the sight bracket with the protrusions on the left wall of the receiver; push the sight forward as far as it will go and turn the clamping screw handle towards the lens until its bend fits into the cutout on the bracket.
9) Attach a magazine. Insert the magazine hook into the receiver window and turn the magazine towards you so that the latch jumps over the magazine support ledge.

The procedure for completely disassembling a sniper rifle

1. do partial disassembly
2. disassemble the store. Having sunk the protrusion of the locking bar into the hole on the magazine cover, slide the cover forward; holding the locking bar, remove the cover from the housing; gradually releasing the spring, remove it together with the locking bar from the magazine body; separate the feeder
3. disassemble the return mechanism. Remove the front return spring from the guide bushing; compress the rear return spring and, holding the guide rod, move it downwards and towards you from the earring hole; separate the rear recoil spring and guide rod from the guide bushing
4. disassemble the shutter. Using a punch, push out the firing pin and remove the firing pin from the bolt hole; remove the ejector with the spring in the same way
5. disassemble the trigger mechanism. Press the self-timer lever and disconnect the self-timer sear from the trigger, holding the trigger, press the trigger and smoothly release the hammer; remove the ends of the trigger spring from under the bends of the trigger mechanism housing; using a screwdriver, align the protrusions of the axes of the trigger, sear and self-timer with the cutouts for them on the right wall of the trigger mechanism housing: by pushing out the axes of the trigger, sear and self-timer, separate these parts; by pushing out the hammer axis, separate the hammer from the mainspring, and then remove the mainspring
6. separate the gas tube from the gas regulator. Having turned the regulator until the cutout on its front end aligns with the latch of the gas pipe, press the latch and, using a pencil case, unscrew the gas pipe and remove the regulator from it

The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after complete disassembly

1. connect the gas pipe with the gas regulator. Having placed the regulator on the gas tube, press the gas tube latch and screw the gas tube using a pencil case key until the cutout on the end of the tube matches the latch; Having pressed the latch into the cutout of the tube, set the regulator to the required division
2. assemble the firing mechanism. Insert the trigger with its spring into the housing, insert the axle, align its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axle using a screwdriver. Place the mainspring on the hammer pins and insert the hammer into the housing. Insert the sear into the body so that its tail goes behind the loop of the long end of the mainspring; insert axle; align its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axis using a screwdriver. Insert the self-timer into the body so that its tail goes behind the loop of the short end of the mainspring; insert the axle, aligning its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axle using a screwdriver; insert the trigger axle and place the ends of the trigger spring on the bends of the body
3. assemble the shutter. Having inserted the ejector with the spring into the bolt socket, press the ejector and insert the ejector axis, inserting the firing pin into the bolt hole, from the side of the leading protrusion, insert the firing pin into the bolt hole and push it to the end
4. assemble the return mechanism. Having inserted the guide rod into the guide bushing from the side of the large diameter hole (flat side forward), put the return spring on the guide bushing from the rod side and compress it so that the end of the guide rod with the flats comes out from under the spring; holding the guide rod in this position, insert it together with the spring and bushing into the lower hole of the earring, and then push the rod along the edges of the flats into the upper hole; release the spring - its end should enter the cup of the earring. Place the second return spring onto the guide bushing
5. assemble a store. Having inserted the feeder and the spring into the magazine body, compress the spring until the locking bar enters the body and, holding it in this position, put the magazine cover on the body so that the protrusion of the locking bar slides into the hole in the cover

With this material we begin a series of articles devoted to sniper business. The following articles will tell you about the 9 mm VSK-94 sniper rifle, the PSO - 1 sight, and the cartridges used for shooting from 7.62 mm SVD and 9 mm VSK-94.