Since the 1990s, the program of official competitions has also included synchronized jumping. Extreme cliff jumping (high diving) has become increasingly popular lately.
Regular diving exercises strengthen muscular system, develop coordination of movements and vestibular apparatus, develop willpower and composure.
Rules.
Jumping into water is carried out from a springboard or tower. A springboard is a special board at least 4.8 m long and 0.5 m wide, one end of which is fixed to the side of the pool. Installed at a height of 1–3 m above the water level. It has an anti-slip coating along its entire length. The springboard allows the jumper to swing well and, having received additional acceleration due to this, push off powerfully.
Tower – a structure with platforms at different heights: 1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 m. Platform width – 2, length – 6 m. The edge of the platform (as well as the front edge of the springboard) protrudes beyond the edge of the pool by at least 1 .5 m.
On Olympic Games ah athletes compete in jumping from a 3-meter springboard and a 10-meter platform. In the program of some international competitions also include meter springboard jumping.
Stances and techniques. Classification of jumps.
Jumps are performed from front(facing the water) or rear(back to the water) racks, as well as handstands; from the spot or from a running start.
The following body positions of the athlete during the jump are distinguished:
bending over– straight legs connected together;
bent over– body bent at the waist, legs straight;
in a group– the body is grouped with the knees connected together, the arms clasping the lower part of the legs.
In all positions, the toes of the feet are extended.
When jumping, the athlete performs the following: technique:
half turn– jump with body rotation around the transverse axis by 180 degrees;
turnover– a jump with a body rotation around a transverse axis of 360 degrees, there are also jumps of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 revolutions;
half screw– jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 180 degrees;
screw– a jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps with 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 screws.
Diving is divided into 6 types (classes):
– jumping from front stands with rotation forward;
– jumping from rear stands with rotation back;
– jumping from front stands with rotation back;
– jumping from rear stands with rotation forward;
– jumping from rotation around the longitudinal axis(with screws);
– jumping from handstands(performed only on the tower).
According to experts, there are now more than 60 main methods of diving from a springboard and about 90 from a tower. In addition, athletes “invent” their own variations, including figures and technical elements from different jumps.
Competition formula.
At the Olympic Games and World Championships, the 3-meter springboard and 10-meter platform diving competitions are divided into three stages. Preliminary(or qualifying)stage, based on the results of which the 18 best jumpers are determined, semi-final, where out of these 18 the 12 strongest are determined and, finally, final. The points received by the athlete in the semi-finals are added to his scores for the “final jumps”. A jumper who has accumulated a total greatest number points, becomes the winner.
On the springboard, men perform 6 jumps of different types per preliminary stage and in the final (in both cases the difficulty coefficient of the jumps is not limited), in the semifinals - 5 jumps of different types, the total difficulty coefficient of which should not exceed 9.5. Women's competitions follow the same pattern - with one single exception: in all three stages they perform 5 jumps.
Accordingly, platform diving competitions are held according to the 6+4+6 scheme (for women: 5+4+5), and the total difficulty coefficient of the jumps performed in the semi-finals should not exceed 7.6.
The meter springboard jumping competition consists of one stage. Athletes perform 6 (women - 5) jumps of different types without limiting the difficulty coefficient.
Before the start of the competition, each athlete fills out a protocol within the established time frame, which indicates all the jumps he performs. The order of these jumps cannot be violated. A jump declared under a different number or not declared at all is not counted.
How is the jump assessed?
At the Olympic Games, Championships and World Cups, jumps are assessed by 7 (at other competitions there may be 5) line judges, who are located on the sides of the platform (springboard) according to the instructions of the chief judge.
The jump is scored on a 10-point system: from 0 (lowest score) to 10 (highest). When calculating the overall score for a jump, the highest and lowest scores are discarded, the remaining ones are summed up and multiplied by the jump difficulty coefficient (from 1.2 to 3.6). The result obtained is multiplied by 0.6.
The judges evaluate the following components of the jump:
starting position - should be relaxed and natural;
run-up – must be performed freely, naturally, in a straight line and consist of at least 4 steps;
repulsion – must be confident and directed upward (when jumping from a springboard, the athlete must push off with only two legs at the same time; when jumping from a platform from the front stance, pushing off with one leg is allowed);
bounce (flight) – all figures and elements must be executed cleanly and beautifully;
entrance to the water – should be as vertical as possible with a minimum of splashes.
The jump is considered complete when the athlete's entire body is under water.
At the 1984 Olympic Games, American jumper Gregory Efthimios Louganis ( see below) received record scores: 754.41 points for 11 ski jumps and 710.91 for platform jumps. That same year, at the World Championships in Ecuador, he received the highest score from all seven judges - 10 points - for a platform jump: a 1.5-turn forward somersault while bending over.
Jumper preparation.
Jumping into water is one of the water sports sports disciplines, but the athlete performs the main technical elements of the jump in the air - before contact with the water surface. Therefore, he must be trained, first of all, as an acrobat and gymnast.
They begin to master the technique with training jumps from the side of the pool, the starting block or the 80-100 cm springboard. Then they master the 3-meter springboard and gradually reach the 5- and 10-meter tower. The jumping technique itself is also becoming more complex: from an elementary dismount into the water feet down (“soldier”) to the more complex “swallow” (a half-turn forward bending from the front stance) and other “aerobatic maneuvers.”
Diving requires excellent physical training, coordination of movements and considerable courage: the flight speed at the moment of the jump can exceed 50 km/h. An incorrect entry into the water - especially when jumping from a 10-meter tower - is fraught not only with the loss of precious points, but also with serious bruises. Technical errors at the moment of repulsion or the flight itself promise no less trouble. Even the most titled athletes are not immune from such mistakes. For example, Louganis received a serious head injury at the 1988 Olympic Games (which, however, did not prevent him from winning competitions in both types of programs).
The most dangerous of all are considered to be jumps from the front stance with a backward rotation and from the back stance with a forward rotation.
From the history of diving.
Historical documents have been preserved indicating that jumping into the water (feet and head first) from rocks, reefs, ships, etc. was practiced in ancient times. This was mainly done by fishermen, divers and warriors. Moreover, among the ancient Romans, warriors often jumped in full combat gear.
Similar entertainment was no less popular in later times. It is known, for example, that diving was popular in Germany in the Middle Ages.
According to some documents, the first diving competitions in history took place in the 17th century - of course, on natural reservoirs.
In Germany, ski jumping was more popular, and in Sweden - from the tower. Until the First World War, these countries were the trendsetters of “sports fashion” in the relevant disciplines (by the way, it was in Germany and Sweden that the widespread gymnastics). Over time, the Americans developed their own universal jumping style, borrowing the strengths of each of the “legislators”: the Germans had powerful footwork at the moment of jumping (which is achieved through strong muscle tension at the right moment), the Swedes had relaxed arms and shoulders. Thus, the foundation of modern diving technology was laid, providing a high reach and entry into the water “without splashing.” (It is interesting that the “father” of diving in the USA was coach Ernest Brandsten, who was part of the Swedish Olympic team in 1908 and later moved to America.)
The first modern diving competitions took place around 1880 in Great Britain. The European Championship debuted in 1890.
FINA was created in 1908, and in 1927 European League swimming (FLEN).
The World Championship has been held since 1973. Louganis won a record number of world titles - 5 (in 1978 in platform diving, in 1982 and 1986 - in platform and springboard). American Philip George Boggs won three world gold medals in one type of program (springboard) - in 1973, 1975 and 1978.
Currently, the leaders among male jumpers include the Chinese Yu Zhouchen, Tian Lian and Xu Xiang, the German Andreas Wels, the Russian Dmitry Sautin, the Mexican Fernando Platas and others. For women, the leading roles are taken by the Canadian Miriam Boileu, the Chinese Fu Minxia, Liang Xiaojiao etc.
Diving at the Olympic Games.
In 1904, diving was first included in the program of the Olympic Games. The men competed in the platform jump (George Sheldon won) and the distance jump (Paul Dickey won gold). In 1908, ski jumping was added to the program. Distance jumping competitions were no longer held, but the program of the Games of 1912, 1920 and 1924, along with the usual jumps, also included the so-called “simple jumps”. The Swedes had no equal in this discipline.
Women made their debut at the Olympics in 1912 - in platform diving. Since 1920 they have also competed in ski jumping.
For a long time, victory at Olympic tournaments (with rare exceptions, such as the “gold” of the Mexican P. Capilla at the 56 Games on the platform) was celebrated exclusively by Americans. At the same time, Albert White and Peter Desjardins (in 1924 and 1928, respectively) made a “golden” double: they won both types of the program. On the Olympic platform in the 30s, Dorothy Poynton had no equal. In the 1950s, Patricia Joan McCormick (nee Keller) reigned supreme on the women's platform and springboard circuit. At two Games in a row, Samuel Lee (1948, 1952) and Robert Webster (1960, 1964) excelled in platform diving. In total, US jumpers have won more than half of all Olympic medals (including gold).
In the early 1960s, Europeans began to “catch up” with them. First of all, the Italian Klaus Dibiasi. The German woman I. Engel-Kremer (before her marriage - Kremer), who competed for the United Team of Germany, was first on the springboard at two Games in a row - in 1960 and 1964. And at the 60 Games she had no equal in platform diving. In 1968, Milena Duhkova (Czechoslovakia) succeeded in this type of program, and in 1972, the Swede Ulrika Knape. In the 70s, Soviet athletes also entered the Olympic elite of diving . Recently, notable successes have been achieved by athletes from China, who even managed to win three of the four top awards at the “native” Olympics for the Americans in Atlanta.
The largest number of Olympic medals - 5 each - were won by Dibiasi (3 gold, 2 silver - in 1964-1976) and Louganis (4 gold medals and 1 silver - in 1976, 1984 and 1988). Dibiase was also the only diver to win one event (platform) at three Games in a row: in 1968, 1972 and 1976. Two divers managed to make an Olympic “double” at two Games in a row. These are McCormick (1952, 1956) and Louganis (1984 and 1988).
For a long time, the official program of the Olympics included only individual jumps from the 3-meter springboard and 10-meter platform. At the 2000 Games, athletes competed in synchronized diving for the first time.
Synchronized jumps.
Synchronized jumps were first demonstrated in the early 1970s at demonstration performances. The initiators of “pair jumps” were Soviet athletes.
Many experts were skeptical about the innovation. Synchronized jumping, by definition, requires not only high individual skill, but also complete coordination in the actions of the athletes. Skeptics thought it was impossible to achieve this, and the successes of individual couples were initially attributed solely to luck. But the German jumpers, who confidently won victory after victory in unofficial competitions, proved that synchronization in diving is quite achievable. Gradually, the new discipline gained recognition in many countries around the world. The former favorites now have many serious competitors - from Italy, China and Russia, who were later joined by synchronized swimmers from Australia, Mexico and Ukraine.
In 1997, synchronized jumping was first included in the program of official competitions (European Championships), and in 2000 their Olympic debut took place. Russian synchronized swimmers performed successfully at the Sydney Olympics. Dmitry Sautin and Igor Lukashin won gold in men's platform diving, and Vera Ilyina and Yulia Pakhalina won gold in women's ski jumping. In addition, D. Sautin and A. Dobroskok were second in ski jumping.
At the Olympic Games and World Championships, synchronized swimmers compete for four sets of awards: 3-meter springboard and 10-meter platform jumping (men and women). The final is preceded by a qualifying stage. Unlike “regular” jumps, in “synchronized” the winner is determined only by the results of the final part of the tournament.
The performance is assessed by 9 judges: 5 - synchronized jump and 2 - individual technique of each member of the pair. If all five points for synchronization (or all four for technique) are zero, the total score for the jump is 0 points.
Diving in Russia.
The first diving competitions took place in Russia in 1913.
In the USSR, it has been cultivated as a sport since the 20s. The national championship has been held since 1923.
In 1952, the All-Union Diving Federation was formed (before that, a special section operated within the structure of the USSR Swimming Federation). That same year, Soviet jumpers made their debut at the Olympic Games. They reached the finals in all 4 types of the program and eventually took 4th place in the unofficial team competition. Eight years later, the USSR team won the first Olympic medal: At the Games in Rome, Ninel Krutova was third in the women's platform diving. The 68 Games brought us two silver medals in women's jumping: Tamara Fedosova (springboard) and Natalya Kuznetsova (platform).
In 1972, Vladimir Vasin, on the third attempt (he performed unsuccessfully at the two previous Games), won gold on the springboard, beating the tournament favorites - Italians Klaus Dibiasi and Franco Cagnotto and a group of strong Americans. At the next Games, the “golden” initiative was supported by Elena Voitsekhovskaya (tower). Vladimir Aleynik (tower) and Alexander Kosenkov (springboard) won bronze in Montreal. In 1980, Alexander Portnov and Irina Kalinina became Olympic champions on the springboard. (Two years earlier, Kalinina also scored the first gold double in the history of the World Championships.)
At the end of the 1980s, about 15 thousand people were involved in diving in the USSR, including more than a hundred masters of sports.
The Russian Diving Federation was created in 1990, unites 32 sports organizations 15 subjects of the Russian Federation. Part of FINA and LENA. The federation is headed by S.G. Gorodkov. The Federation competes for the Russian championship and holds a national championship, and actively participates in international competitions.
In 1998, Russia became the first country in the history of the World Championships to win 5 out of 10 gold medals. Irina Lashko won in the 1-meter springboard, Yulia Pakhalina - in the 3-meter springboard, they were also the best in synchronized diving. Dmitry Sautin made a golden double.
Currently, Sautin is one of the most titled jumpers in the world. Repeated world and European champion, winner of the World and European Cups, Grand Prix winner, Games champion Goodwill, he also has in his collection three Olympic bronzes and a gold in individual jumps, as well as a gold and silver in synchronized jumps.
Among the best Russian jumpers are also I. Lashko, Y. Pakhalina, V. Ilyina and others.
Diving is a discipline that is part of water sports. The essence of diving is as follows: athletes must jump from a springboard or a platform, performing a series of acrobatic actions (rotations, revolutions, screws). Judges evaluate these actions and the cleanliness of entry into the water. If paired jumps are performed, the synchronization of the partners’ actions is also assessed.
It is reliably known that diving was practiced in ancient times. Then they jumped from cliffs, ships, reefs. Of course, only sailors did this, since ordinary people often did not know how to swim. Interesting fact is that the warriors are from Ancient Rome they jumped into the water both in battles and for fun, and in full combat gear. Not bad, isn't it? Later, such entertainment appeared in medieval Germany.
The first jumping competitions took place in the 17th century; they jumped, of course, on open water. In the second half of the 18th century, “fancy diving,” as many called the sport, became widespread. This was facilitated by the popularity of gymnastics, which was the basis of diving, as well as the construction of special water sports complexes.
Springboard diving was popular in Germany, and platform diving in Sweden. Before the First World War, it was these countries that determined the style of jumping and were considered “aquatic fashion trendsetters.” Later, the United States developed its own style, borrowing the main features from strong countries: Sweden had relaxed shoulders and arms, Germany had tense legs. This is how the basis of modern diving was created, which allows you to fly high into the air and dive into the water without splashing.
The first European Championship was held in 1890. In 1904, diving became part of the Olympic program. Since then, the discipline has grown, strengthened and won the sympathy of the whole world.
The rules for jumping into the oda are quite simple, and therefore even an uninitiated person can enjoy this spectacle. Jumps are made from a springboard that is at least 4.8 meters long and at least 0.5 meters wide. It is installed on the edge of the pool, at a height of 1 and 3 meters.
A tower is a platform at the edge of the pool, 2 meters wide and 6 meters long. It is installed at various heights: 1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 meters. The tower (and the springboard) must protrude beyond the edges of the pool by at least 1.5 meters.
At the Olympic Games, athletes jump from a 10-meter platform and a 3-meter springboard. The programs of other competitions may include other jumping options.
By the way, diving is performed from different stances (back, front, on hands), from a run or from a place, performing such elements as a turn and a half-turn, a screw and a half-screw. At the same time, the position of the body also changes, that is, you can make the element bent over, bending over, or in a tuck.
There are also synchronized jumps, in which you not only need to perform these elements correctly, but also synchronously. Of course, nowadays there are many synchronized athletes, but in the past it was believed that such achievements were impossible. For this reason, synchronized diving began to spread in the 1970s, and was included in the Olympic program only in 2000.
Diving – popular aquatic view sports Jumps are performed from a tower (5-10 m) or a springboard (1-3 m). During the performance, the athlete demonstrates certain acrobatic actions (rotations, revolutions or screws), which are evaluated by the judges.
Equipment and equipment for athletes
The springboard is an elastic board placed on the edge of the pool. Dimensions are 4.8 m long, 50 cm wide. Its front edge should be located at a distance of 150 cm from the wall of the pool.
A tower is a fixed structure made of durable materials. The surface must be equipped with a springy and non-slip coating. Tower height in meters: 5, 7.5, 10.
Diving: competition rules impose the following requirements for the pool:
- Width – 21 meters;
- Length – from 18 to 22 m;
- Water temperature – 28-30 °C.
Equipment for athletes consists of some mandatory parts:
- Women perform in one-piece swimsuits;
- Men take part in swimming trunks and leg cuffs;
- Clothing for jumpers is made of durable material.
Conventionally, athletes can be divided into several age categories:
- Children under 14 years of age;
- 14-18 – juniors;
- Over 18 – adults.
Performing Jumps
As the official rules state, diving involves performing several sports elements that can be divided into the following categories:
- Stances (front, back, on hands);
- Performing an element from a standing or running start;
- Position of the torso (bent over, with straight legs connected, bent at the waist, with knees brought together to the body and girth of the lower part of the legs);
- Half-turn - a jump with the body turning around the transverse axis by 180°;
- Turnaround – a similar 360° maneuver;
- Half-screw – performing a sports element with rotation around the longitudinal axis by 180°;
- The screw is a similar 360° combination.
By combining different types of jumps, you can display more than 50 elements from the springboard and about 90 from the tower. Each jump has a certain difficulty coefficient from 1.2 to 3.9.
Competition program
Participants must complete 5 mandatory jumps. In addition, a certain number of arbitrary elements must be reproduced (depending on the format of the competition). For women, there are 5 free jumps from a springboard, for men - 6. From the platform, all athletes do 4 elements of limited difficulty (with a maximum total number of points - 7.5). Also, men perform 6 and women 4 jumps with no limitation on the difficulty level. Elements of the compulsory program should not be repeated in any part.
If there are more than 16 participants in a diving competition, the rules provide for qualifying and final parts.
Judging
The correctness of the jump is assessed on a scale from 0 to 10. When performing an element, the judge pays attention to the following factors:
- Starting position (it should be natural and without excessive tension);
- Run-up (the correct element consists of at least 4 steps, performed casually in a straight line);
- Take-off (you must be sure, from the springboard it is performed with two legs, on the platform it is allowed with one limb);
- The jump itself, its beauty, clarity and complexity;
- The entrance to the water should be vertical with a minimum amount of splashes.
In percentage terms, the jump is assessed according to the following parameters:
- Run-up, push – 30%;
- Flight – 40%;
- Entry into the water – 30%.
The referees show the overall score in points for completing the jump. The maximum and minimum figures are not taken into account. If there is the same number of points, any 2 scores are removed. The total of the remaining three or five cards is multiplied by the element's difficulty factor. To simplify the calculation of results, a grading scale is used in all competitions.
Bet designations
F1(+4)
How are bets on home handicap F1(+4) settled? What should you consider when doing this? In what cases does a refund occur...
Systematic diving classes help develop composure, willpower, develop the vestibular apparatus and coordination of movements, and also strengthen the muscular system.
This hobby is one of the types water sports, recognized by the International Amateur Swimming Federation, which includes a series of jumps from towers and springboards up to 10 meters high.
But extreme sportsmen appeared for whom it was not enough to complete the basic sports program. They wanted to do the most high jump into the water and become famous all over the world. Cliff diving - this is the name given to this risky entertainment.
Where does it all begin?
As a rule, cliff diving is practiced by jumpers who have already completed their careers. Often these are medalists of the Olympic Games and various world championships, accustomed to jumping from a springboard 10 meters high. But there are often people who choose high diving as a way to have fun and relax.
Among famous athletes who have discovered a new hobby include Andrey Ignatenko, Vyacheslav Polishchuk and many others. Even old age does not prevent people from devoting time to such a risky hobby. The goal of performing the highest water jump in the world helps fight fatigue, laziness and indecisiveness for thousands of people all over the planet.
In the world this sport represents a huge number of people from Soviet Union. So it’s worth paying tribute to the old and proven domestic jumping school.
The highest water jump that could not be surpassed for a long time
From what height can you jump into the water? From 3 or 5 meters? Cliff divers choose rocks at least 25 meters high for jumping! But even that baseline doesn't compare to Randall Dickinson's 1985 highest dive.
For a long time no one managed to break the record, because few would dare to jump from a height of more than 53 meters.
Women love extreme sports too
It's not just the stronger sex who risk their lives. Thus, American resident Lucy Wardle dared to jump from a cliff more than 36 meters high!
They also say that women are weak in spirit.
There will be new records
In August 2015, the highest water jump in the world was performed. The record was set by an athlete from Switzerland, Laso Challet. A twenty-seven-year-old man jumped from a height of 58.8 meters into one of the mountain lakes of the Alps. Its flight speed was 123 km/h.
The athlete was insured by a group of drivers, but, fortunately, their help was not needed.
Just imagine, Laso’s flight can be compared to jumping from a 19-story building!
Jumping from great heights: is it safe?
There is an opinion that jumping into water from a great height is completely safe, because a person lands in the water and not on a hard surface. But theoretical calculations and practice say exactly the opposite: water does not soften the fall at all.
When falling from a great height, the main factor to consider is maximum speed When the human body reaches it, it is fixed and remains unchanged. In some cases, the speed can reach 325 km per hour! But, if you want to make the highest jump into the water, do not strive for such an indicator, because it assumes a height of the starting point of the jump of more than 1000 m from ground level.
No less important factor flight is the position of the jumper's body: diving head down, the athlete automatically increases the speed of the fall.
Complex calculations by Lynn Emrich confirm that a person weighing 77 kg in a minute can fly about 3 km and still survive, since the free flight time is very short. But no one has tested this in practice.
An attractive place for jumping tourists
Many divers prefer to indulge in their extreme entertainment. In the most famous tourist center, in its lifetime it has seen more than one athlete demonstrating his courage and composure.
From what height can you make the highest jump into water? Probably, the answer to this question will remain a mystery. Some survive by jumping into the sea from great heights, while others are afraid of drowning in the bathtub.
Interesting fact: in 1942, Senior Lieutenant Ivan Chissov was shot down in the sky by German fighters. The pilot managed to jump out of the plane and, despite the fact that the parachute never opened, remained alive. Chissov's flight of more than 7 km was remembered for him only by severe injuries. Although it was not a jump into the water.
Even the highest water jump in the world was performed by a trained athlete who knew all the nuances of flight and tactically correct landing. Remember that only the person who strictly followed all the existing rules can survive without the slightest damage. Don't risk yourself, because even a fraction of a second spent in flight can cause you lifelong injuries.
Diving- an Olympic water sport, the essence of which is to perform acrobatic elements while jumping from a platform or springboard into the water. In diving, both the quality of acrobatic elements and the cleanliness of entering the water are assessed.
The International Swimming Federation (French Fédération Internationale de Natation, FINA) is an organization that develops diving and organizes international competitions.
History of the emergence and development of diving
Since ancient times, people, one way or another, have been jumping into water, they did it from cliffs, shores, ships. This activity was widespread mainly among fishermen, divers and warriors. If we talk about diving as a hobby, then they first started talking about it in Switzerland in the 16th century.
Jumping into water became widespread in the second half of the 19th century, this was due to the widespread construction of swimming complexes. In parallel with the Swiss diving school, there was also a German school. The main difference German school from the Swiss one is the apparatus from which jumps are performed - a springboard. The Swiss performed jumps from towers.
While jumping from a springboard, the athlete's whole body was very tense. Such jumps were distinguished by great accuracy of execution. The Swiss jumps were distinguished by their freedom and natural body position. Later, American jumpers managed to combine both schools, and received a high reach and entry into the water without splashing.
In 1908, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) was formed, which influenced the further development of diving and promotes its development today.
Diving rules
Each jump must be designated by 3 or 4 numbers and a letter after them.
First digit denotes the jump class:
1 - jumps from the front stance with forward rotation;
2 - jumps from the back stance with backward rotation;
3 — jumps from the front stance with backward rotation;
4 - jumps from the back stance with forward rotation;
5 — jumps with rotation in two planes with screws;
6 - jumping from a handstand.
Second digit can take the value 1 or 0. The number 1 indicates that the jump has a flight phase, and the number 0 indicates that there is no flight phase. In handstand jumps, the second number indicates the class or direction to which the jump belongs:
1 - front;
2 - rear;
3 - with backward rotation from the front stance.
In the spiral jump class, the second number indicates the class or direction of takeoff.
Third digit shows the number of half turns performed.
Fourth digit in spinning and handstand jumping classes, it means the number of half-twists performed.
The letter at the end of the jump number indicates the position in which the jump is performed:
A - straight;
B - bent over;
C - in a group;
D - free.
All individual and synchronized diving competitions must include six dives. Jumps should not be repeated.
After the referee's signal, the athlete must take a starting position (free and independent). For example, when jumping from a standing position, the body should be straight, the head should be straight, and the arms should be straight in any position.
If a running jump is performed, it must be smooth, aesthetically pleasing and continuous until the end of the springboard or platform, with the last step being taken from one foot and always without bouncing before take-off.
The take-off from the springboard must be performed with both legs at the same time. Taking off in a jump from the front stance in front to back from the platform can be done with one leg.
During flight, the jump position should be aesthetically pleasing at all times.
The jump is considered complete when the jumper's entire body is completely below the surface of the water.
Diving pool and equipment
The same pool is used for diving and swimming competitions, so their parameters will be identical: width 21 meters and length from 18 to 22 meters. However, FINA rules specify a minimum depth of the diving pool of 4.5 m and a minimum illumination of 1 m above the water surface of 500 lux.
The diving tower is equipped with platforms with a width of 0.6 m to 3 m located at a height of 1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 m. The platforms, made of reinforced concrete, are covered with hardwood and covered with an anti-slip coating on top.
The springboards are made of duralumin alloy, which ensures maximum spring properties. The height of the springboard ranges from 1 to 3 meters above the water surface, width - 0.5 m, length - 4.8 m. According to FINA rules, the front edge of the springboard must be 1.5 m from the edge of the pool.
In addition, at diving competitions, a device is used to mechanically agitate the surface of the water. This is necessary for the athlete to better assess the distance to the water surface.
Many people ask “Why do athletes get into a small warm pool after a jump?”, all this is done for reasons of hygiene and to maintain muscle tone.
Equipment
Equipment for male jumpers is swimming trunks with cuffs around the legs, for women - a one-piece swimsuit of the established standard from swimming companies with which FINA and the European Swimming League cooperate. The material of diving equipment should be more durable than swimmers' clothing.
Types of diving
There are several groups into which all sports jumps are classified:
- Front (facing the water);
- Rear (back to the water);
- Handstand.
Availability of takeoff run
- Standing jump;
- Running jump.
Body position
- Bent over - straight legs connected together;
- Bent over - the torso is bent at the waist, legs are straight;
- In a tuck, the knees are pulled together towards the body, the hands clasp the lower part of the legs.
Turns and screws
- Half-turn - a jump with body rotation around the transverse axis by 180 degrees;
- Turnover - a jump with body rotation around a transverse axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4.5 turns;
- Half-screw - a jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 180 degrees;
- Screw - a jump with a body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 360 degrees; there are also jumps with 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 screws.
Combining various elements allows you to perform more than 60 variations of a springboard jump and more than 90 from a tower.
Judging
Diving competitions are regulated by a referee through the assistance of assistant referees, judges and the secretariat.
The formation of panels of judges is carried out in accordance with the Qualification Requirements for sports judges the sport of diving.
In the case where there are eleven judges, five judges evaluate the synchronization of the execution of the jump, three evaluate the execution of the jump of one jumper, and three of the other.
All individual and team events may use five judges, while synchronized events may use nine judges. Five judges evaluate the synchronization of the jump, two judges evaluate the performance of one jumper, and two - the other. Diving is scored on a 10-point system.
Two independent secretaries (first and second) keep and store the minutes of the competition.
Diving competitions
The Olympic Games are the most prestigious diving competitions.
The World Diving Championships is a competition between the national teams of countries belonging to the International Swimming Federation (FINA).
The European Championship is a competition between the national teams of European countries that are members of the International Swimming Federation (FINA).
2016-07-01We tried to cover the topic as completely as possible, so this information can be safely used when preparing messages, reports on physical education and essays on the topic “Diving”.
