For two years, after traces of cocaine were found in his doping test. "SE" recalls the most resonant cases when Russian football players disqualified or attempted to disqualify for doping.
Preparation: nandrolone
Disqualification period: 2 years
The doping scandal put an end to the career of one of the most talented Russian football players of the 90s. In May 1999, a decent dose of the anabolic nandrolone was found in the midfielder’s blood. A couple of months before this, Shalimov ended up in the intensive care unit of one of the Moscow hospitals with internal bleeding. The footballer suspected that a prohibited drug had entered his body during treatment, but an analysis of the drugs used by doctors did not reveal anything criminal. According to another version, doping could have gotten into Shalimov’s blood at Napoli itself - after matches, team doctors periodically gave the players IVs with sugar and vitamin C. The most exotic guess was the statement of one of the Italian journalists that the source of nandrolone could be a drug for... hair loss . One way or another, in the beginning of the fierce fight against doping in Series A, the Russian’s case became indicative and the verdict on it turned out to be incredibly harsh - two years of disqualification. Shalimov was unable to resume his career after the end of his term.
Preparation: marijuana
Disqualification period: 2 months
Alexander RYCHKOV (left). Photo by Efim SHAINSKY, "SE"
Another Russian legionnaire, Alexander Rychkov, was luckier than Shalimov - he “got off” with two months of disqualification and expulsion from. In the winter of 1996, traces of marijuana were found in the midfielder’s blood. He himself insisted that it was all his friend’s fault, who added “grass” to the cake as a joke, but the French anti-doping fighters did not believe this explanation.
Preparation: bromantane
Disqualification period: 1 year
While Egor TITOV (right) was serving his disqualification, he played with Nikolai TRUBACH for the “Artist” team. Photo by Alexander VILF
Now we know that it was not only Yegor Titov who took the ill-fated bromantane in Spartak 2003, but it so happened that the captain of the red and white had to answer for everyone. Sample of the Russian national team midfielder, taken after the first play-off match with Wales for the right to play at Euro 2004, gave positive effect. UEFA did not understand the intricacies of the internal club politics of the then Spartak and disqualified Titov for a year. The midfielder stoically endured this punishment and in the 2005 season returned to his native club and even played several matches for the Russian national team.
Preparation: marijuana
Disqualification period: 8 months
The leader of the Vladivostok "Lucha-Energiya" was caught using marijuana in the fall of 2006. His punishment was slightly more severe than that of Rychkov’s “predecessor” - the forward was suspended from football for 8 months. But the Vladivostok club did not break the contract with Tikhonovetsky. He served his disqualification, repented of his offense and played for Luch-Energia for several seasons. The main consequence of the marijuana story was... an unprecedented increase in Tikhonovetsky’s popularity on the Internet. For some time, the name of the attacker turned into a real network meme.
Preparation: furosemide
Disqualification period: 10 months
Arthur NIGMATULLIN. Photo by Alexey IVANOV, "SE"
CSKA reserve goalkeeper Artur Nigmatullin was caught for doping in the winter of 2010. The army team was preparing for the Champions League playoffs, so it was not surprising that UEFA specialists periodically came to their training camps with checks. During one of these visits, furosemide was found in Nigmatullin’s blood, a drug that is usually used to remove more serious doping from the body. The young goalkeeper explained that he took several diet pills on the advice of... his grandmother. UEFA officials did not approve of Grandma's drug and ordered the goalkeeper to be out of football for 10 months. After the disqualification ended, CSKA loaned Nigmatullin to Mordovia.
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Preparation: sudafed
Disqualification period: 1 match
Alexey BEREZUTSKY and Sergey IGNASHEVICH. Photo by Alexander FEDOROV, "SE"
At the beginning of December 2009, when CSKA was fighting to leave the Champions League group, the news broke out like a bolt from the blue that two leading defenders of the army team, Sergei Ignashevich and Alexei Berezutsky, were temporarily suspended from matches by a decision of UEFA. Sudafed was found in the blood of both players. It turned out that the army team suffered due to a technical error by the doctors, who forgot to enter information in a special form that Ignashevich and Alexey Berezutsky were treated for a cold with this drug. As a result, CSKA entered the decisive match against Besiktas without two key players, but still managed to snatch a victory and earn a ticket to the 1/8 finals. A little later, UEFA took into account all the circumstances of the case and handed both players a purely symbolic disqualification for one match, which they had already served, missing the game with Besiktas.
Kamila ALEXEEVA, Ekaterina MASLAK
Preparation: furosemide
Disqualification period: 2 years
The names of these two football players were included in the very report of Richard McClaren, replete with sensational revelations Russian sports. And indeed, furosemide was found in the blood of Kamila Alekseeva and Ekaterina Maslak in 2014 and 2015, however, contrary to McLaren’s statements, no one began to hide these samples. Both players were punished: they received a two-year disqualification. Maslak’s suspension ended in October, and Alekseeva’s suspension expires in March 2017.
11 December 2016, 14:43 
In September 2001, during the Goodwill Games competitions, a sample taken from two Russian gymnasts Alina Kabaeva And Irina Chashchina, showed the presence of furosemide, which in itself is not considered doping, but is included in the list of prohibited substances, as it can mask the presence of other drugs. The International Gymnastics Federation disqualified them for two years. During the first year, gymnasts had no right to take part in any competitions; the second year of disqualification was given conditionally. The athletes were stripped of all Games awards. Goodwill and the 2001 World Championships.
Alina Kabaeva
Irina Chashchina
In February 2002, the day before the start Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, it became known that in the body of a Russian skier Natalia Baranova-Masalkina an increased content of red blood cells was found. The Russian athlete was suspended from participation in competitions and disqualified for two years.
On the last day of the Olympics, representatives of the International Olympic Committee reported that Russian skiers Larisa Lazutina And Olga Danilova disqualified. The athletes were stripped of all medals won at the Olympics. Olga Danilova lost gold and silver, Larisa Lazutina was deprived of a gold and two silver medals.
Larisa Lazutina
In August 2004 Olympic Games In Athens, they set a record for the number of disqualifications due to doping. There were more than 20 of them. Among the athletes caught doping were Russians - a weightlifter Albina Khomich and shot putter Irina Korzhanenko, runner Anton Galkin.
Albina Khomich
In February 2006, during the XX Olympic Winter Games in Turin, the first doping scandal broke out a few hours before the opening of the Olympics. Russians Natalya Matveeva, Pavel Korostelev and Nikolai Pankratov were suspended from participation in competitions for five days. On the seventh day of the Olympics in Turin, doping tests taken from a Russian biathlete Olga Pyleva, who won Olympic silver in the 15-kilometer race, gave a positive result. She was caught using the prohibited drug carphedon and was disqualified for two years. As it became known later, carphedon was part of a medicinal drug used by the skier for more quick recovery injured ankle.
Natalya Matveeva
Nikolay Pankratov
Olga Pyleva
In January 2008, the International Rowing Federation (FISA) threatened to disqualify all Russian team. The reason was that during the year seven people were caught for doping or violating anti-doping procedures. Russian athletes. In 2006 Olga Samulenkova was disqualified for two years for exceeding testosterone levels and stripped of her world championship gold medal. In July 2007, they received a two-year disqualification for intravenous infusions. Vladimir Varfolomeev, Denis Moiseev And Svetlana Fedorova. In January 2008, three more athletes were suspended for two years - Alexandra Litvincheva, Evgenia Luzyanina And Ivana Podshivalova.
In August 2008, 7 Russian athletes were immediately suspended from participation in all tournaments held under the auspices of the IAAF, including the Olympics, for doping violations - Elena Soboleva(800 m and 1500 m run), Tatiana Tomashova(1500 m), Yulia Fomenko(1500 m), Gulfiya Khanafeeva(hammer throw) Daria Pishchalnikova(discus throwing), Svetlana Cherkasova(800 m) and Olga Egorova(1500 m and 5000 m). Apart from Egorova and Cherkasova, everyone else was part of the Russian Olympic team.
Elena Soboleva and Yulia Fomenko in the foreground
Tatiana Tomashova
Daria Pishchalnikova
Svetlana Cherkasova
All data taken before 2009
Where did it all start?
On German television ARD released at the end of 2014 documentary, dedicated to the use of doping by Russian athletes. In particular, the film uses a video featuring Olympic champion Maria Savinova, telling how, with the help of the doping drug oxandrolone, she manages to quickly restore strength. Also on the recording there is a certain person (according to the journalist, the champion’s coach Vladimir Kazarin) dispensing the medicine oxandrolone to the athletes. Although Savinova's face is not clearly visible in the video, and her confession is only a translation into German, the film caused a stir. World Anti-Doping Agency WADA announced an investigation into all cases of doping by Russian athletes mentioned in the film. In 2016, journalist Hajo Seppelt, the author of the film, admitted that all the documentary facts of the film are unreliable. The director's goal was to attract public attention to the use of doping drugs by athletes.
In early January, after accusations WADA in doping fraud, the former head of the Moscow anti-doping laboratory, Grigory Rodchenkov, moved to the United States for security reasons. And immediately after it became known about the death of the chairman of the executive board of RUSADA, Vyacheslav Sinev, who headed the department from 2008 to 2010. 10 days later, former executive director of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency Nikita Kamaev died.
In May 2016, The New York Times published Rodchenkov's statement. According to him, two weeks before the start of the Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014, the Russian Ministry of Sports approved the list of athletes included in the doping program. After this, laboratory staff, with the participation of intelligence services, replaced one hundred positive tests. Rodchenkov presented as evidence The New York Times emails from the Ministry of Sports. Vitaly Mutko appreciated the publication The New York Times as “a continuation of the information attack on Russian sports.”
WADA, On July 18, the World Anti-Doping Agency presented a report on the results of an investigation into the substitution of doping tests of Russian athletes at the Sochi Olympics.It follows from the report that the Ministry of Sports, together with anti-doping laboratories in Moscow and Sochi, as well as with the assistance of the FSB, participated in fraud with the test results of Russian athletes. Head of the independent commission WADA Richard McLaren emphasized that Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko was aware of the replacement of dirty doping tests with clean ones.
How were doping tests changed in Sochi?
At the 2014 Olympic Games, additional doping controls were carried out by foreign countries. In order to commit fraud with the tests of athletes, the FSB decided to replace positive doping tests, for which a special technique was invented for opening sealed samples.
The opening method was demonstrated to specialists of an independent commission. During the investigation, samples from the Moscow and Sochi laboratories were checked, and traces of an autopsy were found on them. It also turned out that the DNA of the winner Olympic competitions does not match the DNA of her sample.
Positive doping tests were replaced with negative ones when there were no traces of doping in the athletes’ urine. From the Center sports training teams where the samples were stored, the FSB collected the urine and delivered it to Sochi.
As Rodchenkov stated, every day he received from the Ministry of Sports a list of athletes whose tests he needed to change. After that, at night, in the laboratory, Russian anti-doping experts and representatives of the special services exchanged dirty doping tests for clean ones. The test tubes, opened using FSB technology, were passed through a hole in the wall, the size of a fist.
In addition, Rodchenkov admitted that he had developed a doping “cocktail” consisting of three prohibited drugs (methenolone, trenbolone and oxandrolone) and alcohol (whiskey or martini). This mixture was called "Duchess". Russian athletes rinsed their mouths with it. At least 15 Russian medalists used such doping.
What does the WADA report threaten?
Let us recall that in November 2015, following an investigationindependent commission of WADA under the leadership of Dick Pound, the Russian national team athletics have already been suspended from participating in the Rio Olympics. In this context, the report WADA may result in the exclusion of athletes and other sports from the Olympic Games.
The head of the independent commission, Richard McLaren, clarified that WADA there is no authority not to recommend a country to participate in the Olympics. However Ben Nichols, the commission's spokesman, announced "that the anti-doping agency is calling on the international sporting community to ban Russian athletes from participating in international competitions, including the 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil. This ban, according to WADA, should remain in effect until the “culture changes,” RBC reports.
The final decision regarding the participation of the Russian team in the Rio Olympics can be made by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The head of the committee, Thomas Bach, announced his intention to take the toughest sanctions against individuals and organizations involved in doping fraud.
A number of countries are also against Russia’s participation in the Olympics. These include Austria, Canada, USA, Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Japan.
How do people in Russia react to the results of the investigation?
In a statement published on the Kremlin website, Vladimir Putin asked WADA to provide “more complete, objective, fact-based information to be taken into account in the investigation by Russian law enforcement and investigative authorities.”
Putin also promised to suspend the direct perpetrators of the forgery until the end of the investigation. According to the investigation WADA, direct and participants in sample falsification are Advisor to the Minister of Sports Natalya Zhelanova, Head of the Department of Medical and Research Programs of the Russian Olympic Committee Irina Rodionova, Employee of the Russian Sports Training Center (TSSP) Alexey Velikodny, Deputy Director of the Department of Science and Education of the Ministry of Sports Avak Abalyan. Although, according to Richard McLaren, Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko was aware of all the frauds, there is no talk of his resignation. Presidential press secretary Dmitry Peskov explained that “Mutko is not mentioned in the report as a direct executor,”
What kind of diagram this is, I don't understand.
Ok, I should probably reveal.
Here is a diagram in front of us, presumably it shows what share of various phenomena is occupied by certain substances in the total sample, where Alcohol is clearly in the lead.
Thus, for the average observer, especially one who supports liberal views on legalization, the result on the diagram is almost a “banner” with which he is ready to defend his positions. After all, in response to the statement that “drugs are crime,” you can always say, “Look, how much crime comes from alcohol, and how much from marijuana!” this is serious research, here it is, an institute!”, done.
Now what I don't understand.
For the list of substances and phenomena, I do not know the general population of the sample, so it is not clear to me what these numbers mean: 5, 70, 80, are these units or %?
Then I don't know the relevance of the sample, who was counted?
For example, you can imagine a social group “potential consumers of substances”, which, for example, includes everyone from 21 years of age and older, because by law they can consume alcohol, or from 14 years of age, because this is usually the “dangerous” age at which illegal behavior begins. consumption, or are all women and children included, from infants to the very old, and is social status taken into account, i.e. there are schoolchildren and students, and housewives, and bank employees, and homeless people? In what district, city, region was the study conducted, what sector of the economy is developed there? So the study suggests there are homeless infants using cocaine?
As a result, without understanding the quantitative and qualitative indicators, it is impossible to imagine the representativeness of this study.
The subject of the study - substances, is also not clear, let's say alcohol, there is like beer in a bar, where after the 5th mug someone breaks a chair on someone's head, and then goes for 15 days, and there is 20-year-old cognac, which they drink alone sitting in front of fireplace and do not commit any crimes, is such a generalization acceptable?!
And if you still turn to the diagram, then without regard to the quality of the data, even it contains the answer to the question “do drugs really lead to adverse events,” yes! Do alcohol and cigarettes really lead to adverse events more often than “drugs”, NO! Just add the results for alcohol and nicotine in one group, and for drugs in another, and you will see that this is a decent difference, and you will see how many “consumers” give rise to those phenomena, and you will see that among a small number of drug users there is a large number of phenomena, and among a large number of bluing consumers, there are fewer phenomena in percentage terms. Thus, the number of problems with an increase in the number of drug users will grow exponentially and anti-drug legislation is working to prevent these indicators from growing, albeit little by little, while at the same time leaving alcohol and tobacco to society as an accessible alternative, regulating it with excise taxes.
The lack of clearly defined criteria for admission caused criticism not only from Russian sports functionaries, athletes and officials, but even from the camp of the Russians’ principle rivals. “I’m surprised and shocked,” the Swedish national team coach is quoted as saying. ski racing Ricard Gripp publication SportExpressen. — We believed that all the names of Russians involved in doping had already been named and Ustyugov’s name was not there. The Olympic Games are losing their prestige. I’m sure our guys in the national team are shocked, just like me.”
17 criteria
Some of the criteria that the IOC used when deciding on the admission or refusal of Russian athletes to the Olympics are not new: they were named by the IOC immediately after making its decision on the disqualification of the Russian Olympic Committee on December 5.
Among those already known are the presence of the names of athletes in the report of the commission of Denis Oswald, who heads the IOC commission to verify the facts of sample substitution at the Sochi Olympics, and those included in the so-called “Duchess” list compiled by the former head of the Moscow anti-doping laboratory Grigory Rodchenkov. According to him, the athletes on the list took a cocktail of three steroids with alcohol, or “Duchess.”
Other criteria were also mentioned: the IOC, for example, did not hide the fact that it analyzed data from anti-doping tests that were taken from athletes during the Olympics in Sochi. On many of the containers for these samples, as stated by the IOC, scratches were found, and this, the committee explained, indicates tampering and substitution. It was also known that the IOC was studying the list of athletes who had canceled disqualifications for doping.
Most of the criteria published on Thursday by the IOC had not been previously named. It turned out, for example, that the IOC, together with WADA, checked the presence of athletes’ names in the database archive of the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory. This archive was transferred to WADA by Rodchenkov. Analysis of the archive made it possible to determine which samples in which doping was detected were recorded as “clean” in the WADA international anti-doping administration system (the system is called ADAMS).
In addition, the IOC, as follows from the published list of criteria, rechecked the doping tests of candidates for the trip to Pyeongchang and the data included in the “biological passports” of athletes, although it did not announce plans for repeated checks. It was also not known that the IOC would consider the absence of an athlete at the place of special registration in the ADAMS system as a criterion for the removal or admission of athletes. Each athlete is obliged to provide WADA with information about his movements and trips so that he can be tested for doping at any time.
The IOC, as follows from the list of criteria, also checked the values of the so-called steroid profile of athletes - a set of analyzes of metabolism in the body.
Testimony from unnamed sources of the IOC and WADA, as well as “information provided by the federations” are also indicated as admission criteria winter species sport". The IOC does not name the sources and does not say which federations provided it with information.
Russian athletes Yulia Guzieva, Galina Arsenkina, Yulia Portunova and Ulyana Vasilyeva (from left to right) during the farewell to the Russian curling team at the XXIII Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang (Photo: Sergey Savostyanov / TASS)
Olympics for young people
Experts interviewed by RBC called the published IOC criteria opaque. “This has never happened before in the history of world sports. A small part of the criteria are globally recognized rules, and all the rest are absolutely biased. Anyone can fall under such criteria if they wish,” the head of the department of sports medicine at Moscow State Medical University told RBC. I.M. Sechenova, former member of the RUSADA supervisory board Evgeny Achkasov.
According to the deputy editor-in-chief of the Internet portal Championat.com, Evgeniy Slyusarenko, the use of similar criteria when checking athletes from other countries would lead to their mass exclusion from the Olympics. The expert, in particular, questioned the criterion called “location in the ADAMS system.” “Athletes have an ADAMS application, through which doping officers track their location and come to that address. There is a term “flag”: it is set when a doping control comes, but the person is not there. If three “flags” are collected, the athlete will be disqualified. After a year, the “flags” are canceled. In the life of almost every athlete there is one “flag”. This criterion is quite controversial, because a person can miss the test by the millionth most various reasons“Slyusarenko emphasized.
Slyusarenko also pointed out the opacity of the “additional confidential information provided by WADA” criterion. This criterion involves the use of information from informants and “other sources.” “I don’t know who these informants are and whether they can be trusted. Data from the international federation - what kind of data is this, according to which a person who has not been convicted of using prohibited substances can be removed from the Olympics? — asks Slyusarenko.
Professor Achkasov believes that suspension due to a past doping suspension is a violation of rights. “How can you be punished twice for one mistake? If a person has served the allotted time in prison, we don’t just put him away again after a while. Since this is a principle, then let’s not allow all athletes who have ever been involved [in doping] to the Olympics,” Achkasov explained to RBC.
To be guaranteed to pass the “fine sieve of the IOC criteria,” Slyusarenko points out, you need to be a very young athlete who has not yet encountered the work of the anti-doping system. Thus, those in the forefront of “removal” are those who have already won medals, or those who seriously lay claim to them, Slyusarenko believes. “It so happened that due to your age you are “clean.” This is almost the only opportunity to obtain admission to the Olympics based on these criteria. It seems to me that the IOC has played it safe very much,” said Slyusarenko, expressing the opinion that before the publication of the official list of Russians admitted to the Olympics in Pyeongchang, new names of team leaders will appear on the list of those suspended.
“This is absolute arbitrariness and oblivion of all principles. Just look at the passage: we have suspicions, and on this basis we suspend the athletes. This makes all lawyers’ hair stand on end,” said RBC former director department of anti-doping support of Rossport and ex-head of the anti-doping service of the ROC Nikolai Durmanov.
In his opinion, the IOC is guided by the principle “whoever we want, we won’t let in.” “All these criteria rely on each other: McLaren’s list is based on Rodchenkov’s testimony, Oswald’s commission is based on McLaren’s provisions, and in addition, all this is thickly sprinkled with phrases that we have more information, but this is secret intelligence that we cannot disclose,” - noted Durmanov.
Based on these criteria, the IOC may remove the yet unnamed leaders of the national team, the specialist suggested. “At the very last moment it may turn out that there are two or three more lost pages from Rodchenkov’s diaries. Or suddenly the commission of Oswald or McLaren suddenly remembers something, and right at the Olympics something suddenly becomes clear,” Durmanov believes.
However, in his opinion, some of those suspended may still be allowed to participate in the Olympics. “For the sake of PR, the IOC can back up and admit one or two athletes, so that later they can say: you see, we are objective, we are not completely anti-Russian,” Durmanov believes.
The final list of Russians who will go to the Olympic Games in Pyeongchang must be published before January 28, ten days before the start of the competition.
