TO forearm muscles We will include the muscles that form the relief of this area of the limb and perform the functions of flexion-extension of the arm at the elbow and wrist joints, rotation of the forearm, as well as flexion-extension of the fingers. These muscles begin at the distal end humerus or the proximal ends of the bones of the forearm; they end on the bones of the wrist, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers.
Traditionally, these muscles are divided into two groups - posterior and anterior; each of which contains several layers.
Front group:
first layer
- brachioradialis muscle
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- long palmaris muscle
- pronator teres
second layer
- flexor digitorum superficialis
third layer
- flexor digitorum profundus
- flexor longus thumb
fourth layer
- pronator quadratus
Back group:
surface layer
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- extensor digitorum
- extensor digitorum
deep layer
- arch support
- extensor index finger
- extensor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis
- longus muscle abductor thumb
Further, in accordance with the general scheme muscular system vertebrates, these muscles are considered, depending on their position in the process of onto- and phylogenesis, as dorsal And ventral, corresponding extensors And flexors; Moreover, the ventral muscles are more developed than the dorsal ones.
Dorsal muscles
Dorsal muscles of the human forearm
More details o Dorsal muscles of the human forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus (musculus extensor carpi radialis longus)
Begins on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the lateral intermuscular septum of the shoulder, touching the lateral surface of the capsule of the elbow joint; it is attached, passing along the entire forearm from the side of the radius, to the base of the second metacarpal bone; the terminal tendon passes under extensor retinaculum(retinaculum extensorum), under which all other extensors also pass. By contracting, the muscle extends the hand and participates in flexion of the forearm; together with the flexor carpi radialis, it abducts the hand to the lateral side. The activity of the muscle is regulated by the radial nerve; the muscle is supplied with blood through the radial artery, recurrent radial artery, collateral radial artery.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis)
It also begins on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the base of the third metacarpal bone. Contracting, the hand extends; together with the flexor carpi radialis, it abducts the hand to the lateral side. It is innervated by the radial nerve and receives blood from return beam And .
Extensor carpi ulnaris (musculus extensor carpi ulnaris)
It begins on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the capsule of the elbow joint, from where it stretches along the ulna and attaches to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone; the terminal tendon passes in a separate synovial sheath. By contracting, the muscle extends the hand; together with the flexor carpi ulnaris, it brings the hand to the medial side. Innervated by the radial nerve, it receives blood from posterior interosseous artery.
Extensor digitorum (musculus extensor digitorum)
It begins on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and runs along the dorsal side of the forearm between the extensor radialis and extensor ulnaris; having reached the wrist joint, it is divided into four tendons, passing in a single synovial sheath and attached to the back of the II-V fingers; in this case, the middle tendon bundles are attached to the base of the middle phalanx, and the lateral ones - to the distal one. Above the metacarpal bones, these four tendons are connected to each other by fibrous bundles - the so-called intertendinous joints(connexeus intertendineus). The function of the muscle is to extend the II-V fingers, as well as participate in the extension of the entire hand at the wrist joint. Innervated by the radial nerve, it receives blood from posterior interosseous artery.
Extensor of the little finger (musculus extensor digiti V)
It begins with the extensor digitorum on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; its terminal tendon passes in a separate synovial sheath and is attached by various bundles to the bases of the middle and distal phalanges of the fifth finger (little finger).
Brachioradialis muscle (musculus brachioradialis)
Begins on the lateral epicondylar ridge of the humerus; its abdomen goes around the ulnar fossa laterally, and at the level of the middle of the forearm it passes into a narrow flat tendon, attached to the lateral surface of the distal end of the radius. By contracting, the muscle flexes the forearm in elbow joint, rotates the radius, and also sets the hand in a position intermediate between pronation and supination. The muscle is innervated by the radial nerve and receives blood along the radial nerve. return beam And collateral radial arteries.
Supinator (musculus supinator)
It begins on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the crest of the supinator of the ulna and the annular ligament of the radius, from where it passes obliquely to the lateral side and attaches to the lateral surface of the radius. By contracting, the muscle provides supination of the radius and hand (turns outward). The muscle is innervated by the radial nerve, and receives blood through the radial, interosseous and recurrent arteries.
Extensor index finger (musculus extensor indicus)
Begins on the dorsal surface of the ulna; The terminal tendon passes through the common sheath along with the extensor digitorum and is attached to the proximal phalanx of the index finger. By contracting, the muscle extends the index finger. Innervated by the radial nerve, it receives blood from posterior interosseous artery.
Extensor pollicis longus (musculus extensor pollicis longus)
Begins on the lateral side of the dorsal surface of the ulna; The terminal tendon passes in a separate synovial sheath under the extensor retinaculum and is attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. By contracting, the muscle extends the thumb. Innervated by the radial nerve, supplied with blood along the radial and posterior interosseous artery.
Extensor pollicis brevis (musculus extensor pollicis brevis)
Begins on the dorsal surface of the radius; The terminal tendon passes under the extensor retinaculum and is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. By contracting, the muscle extends and abducts the thumb. Innervated by the radial nerve, supplied with blood by posterior interosseous And radial arteries.
Abductor pollicis longus (musculus abductor pollicis longus)
It begins on the dorsal surface of the radius and stretches obliquely, downward and laterally, bending around the outside of the radius; the terminal tendon passes under the extensor retinaculum in the same sheath as the previous muscle, after which it is attached to the base of the first metacarpal bone. By contracting, the muscle abducts the thumb and participates in the abduction of the entire hand. Innervated by the radial nerve, it receives blood along the posterior interosseous artery and radial artery.
Ventral muscles
Ventral muscles of the human forearm
More details o Ventral muscles of the human forearm
Pronator teres (musculus pronator teres)
It begins on the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the medial intermuscular septum, and also on the coronoid process of the ulna. Limiting the olecranon fossa medially, the muscle stretches along the forearm and attaches to the middle of the lateral surface of the radius. When contracting, the muscle pronates the forearm and hand (turns it inward), and also participates in flexing the arm at the elbow joint. Muscle activity is regulated by median nerve, blood flows to the muscle through the brachialis, ulnaris, radial arteries.
Flexor carpi radialis (musculus flexor carpi radialis)
It begins on the medial condyle of the humerus, from where it extends along the radius; the terminal tendon passes under flexor retinaculum(retinaculum flexorum), common to this muscle and all other flexors, after which it is attached to the base of the second metacarpal bone. Contracting, it flexes the wrist, and together with the extensor carpi radialis, it moves the hand laterally. Innervated median nerve, blood receives through the brachial, radial and ulnar arteries.
Palmaris longus (musculus palmaris longus)
It begins on the medial epicondyle of the shoulder, the terminal tendon, stretching from the middle of the forearm, passes under the flexor retinaculum and is woven into the palmar aponeurosis. The function of the muscle is to stretch the specified aponeurosis and flex the hand. Innervated median nerve, blood receives through the radial artery.
Flexor carpi ulnaris (musculus flexor carpi ulnaris)
It begins with two heads - the humeral and ulnar. humeral head(caput brachiale) begins on the medial epicondyle of the humerus; ulnar head(caput ulnare) - on the medial edge of the olecranon and the posterior edge of the ulna. In the proximal third of the forearm, the heads unite, after which the muscle stretches along the ulna and passes into a tendon, individual bundles of which are attached to the pisiform bone, the hook of the hamate bone and to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. By contracting, the muscle flexes the wrist, and together with the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, medially adducts the hand. Innervated by the ulnar nerve, it receives blood from ulnar artery , as well as the top and inferior collateral ulnar arteries.
Superficial flexor of the fingers (musculus flexor digitorum superficialis)
It begins with two heads - the humeroulnar and radial, connected to each other by tendon stretching. Humeral ulnar head(caput humeroulnare) begins on the medial epicondyle of the shoulder, fascia of the forearm and on the medial edge of the coronoid process; smaller in size radial holoka(caput radiale) - on the proximal part of the radius. In the proximal part of the forearm, the heads are connected into an abdomen lying in the middle of the ventral side of the forearm, which is further divided into four tendons that pass under the flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis, after which they are attached to the bases of the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers. By contracting, the muscle bends the fingers and also participates in the flexion of the hand. Its activities are regulated by median nerve, the muscle is supplied with blood along the ulnar and radial arteries.
Flexor digitorum profundus (musculus flexor digitorum profundus)
Begins on the proximal portions of the ulna; four of its tendons pass together with the corresponding tendons of the superficial flexor, after which they are attached to the bases of the distal phalanges of the II-V fingers. By contracting, the muscle bends the fingers and also participates in the flexion of the hand. The muscle is innervated along the elbow and median nerve, is supplied with blood along the radial and ulnar arteries
Flexor pollicis longus (musculus flexor pollicis longus)
Begins on the surface of the radius from the level of the tuberosity of the radius to the upper edge of the pronator quadratus; The terminal tendon passes through the wrist in a separate sheath before attaching to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. By contracting, the muscle flexes the thumb and participates in flexion of the hand. Innervated median nerve, the blood gets anterior interosseous artery.
Pronator quadratus
It has a shape corresponding to its name, located deeper than other muscles between the ulna and radius bones, starting from the distal third of the ulna and attaching to the distal third of the radius. When contracting, the muscle pronates the forearm and hand and is innervated median nerve, the blood gets anterior interosseous artery.
68. ROUND PRONATOR BEGINS
On the medial epicondyle of the shoulder
2) on the lateral epicondyle of the shoulder
3) on the olecranon
4) on the block of the humerus
69. ATTACHMENT POINT OF THE SUPERFICIAL FLEXOR OF THE FINGERS
1) proximal phalanx of 2-5 fingers
2) distal phalanx of 2-5 fingers
Middle phalanx 2-5 fingers
4) 2-5 metacarpal bones
70. IN THE THIRD LAYER OF MUSCLES ON THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE FOREARM IS LOCATED
Flexor digitorum profundus
3) pronator quadratus
4) flexor carpi radialis
71. IN THE SECOND LAYER OF MUSCLES ON THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE FOREARM IS LOCATED
2) flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
4) flexor pollicis longus
72. THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF THE EXTENSOR THUMB BREFUS IS
1) 1st metacarpal bone
Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
3) distal phalanx of the thumb
4) head of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
73. THE MUSCLES OF THE EMERGENCY OF THE THUMB RELATE TO
1) palmaris brevis muscle
Brushes
3) first dorsal interosseous muscle
Adductor pollicis muscle
74. THE MUSCLES OF THE EMERGENCY OF THE LITTLE FINGER REFERENCES
1) palmaris longus muscle
2) supinator muscle
Abductor digiti minimi muscle
4) extensor digitorum
75. FUNCTION OF THE VERMIFORM MUSCLES OF THE HAND
1) extension of the proximal phalanges
Flexion of the proximal phalanges
3) adduction of fingers II, IV, V
4) flexion of the middle phalanges
76. IN THE FIRST CHANNEL THE WRISTS ARE LOCATED
Abductor pollicis longus tendon
2) tendon of the long extensor carpi radialis
3) tendon of the extensor pollicis longus
4) tendon of the short extensor carpi radialis
77. THE INTERNAL GROUP OF MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC RELATES
1) big gluteal muscle
3) sartorius muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
78. ILIOPSOUMAS MUSCLE ATTACHED
1) to the patella
2) to the greater trochanter
To the lesser trochanter
4) to the intertrochanteric ridge
79. ATTACHMENT POINT OF THE GLUTEUS MAJOR MUSCLE
1) lesser trochanter
2) greater skewer
3) gluteal tuberosity
4) intertrochanteric ridge
80. THE MUSCLES OF THE FEMOR OF THE ANTERIOR GROUP REFERENCES
1) quadriceps muscle
2) pectineus muscle
Quadratus femoris
81. THE MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR GROUP REFERENCES
1) gluteus maximus muscle
Biceps femoris
3) sartorius muscle
4) thin muscle
82. THE DEEP LAYER OF THE POSTERIOR GROUP OF THE MUSCLES OF THE CHIB FORM
1) extensor digitorum longus
2) peroneus longus muscle
3) plantaris muscle
Tibialis posterior muscle
83. THE MUSCLES OF THE MEDIAL GROUP ON THE PLANT REFERENCES
Flexor pollicis brevis
2) short extensor pollicis
3) plantaris muscle
4) tibialis posterior muscle
84. THE MIDDLE GROUP OF MUSCLES OF THE PLANTAR SURFACE OF THE FOOT INCLUDES
1) muscle that abducts the little toe
2) short extensor pollicis
Flexor digitorum brevis
4) extensor digitorum brevis
85. THE MUSCLES OF THE DORS OF THE FOOT REFERENCES
1) peroneus brevis muscle
2) plantar interosseous muscles
3) abductor pollicis muscle
Extensor pollicis brevis
86. FEMORAL TRIANGLE LIMITED
Inguinal ligament
2) pectineal ligament
3) pectineus muscle
4) ilium
87. LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE LACUNE
1) greater sciatic foramen
2) lesser sciatic foramen
Behind the inguinal ligament
4) medial to the iliopectineal arch
88. PASSES THROUGH THE MUSCULAR GAP
1) piriformis muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
3) pectineus muscle
4) femoral artery
89. PASSES THROUGH THE GREATER SCITICAL FORANA
2) obturator internus muscle
3) external obturator muscle
Piriformis muscle
90. PASSES THROUGH THE Lesser Ischiatic Foramen
1) iliopsoas muscle
Obturator internus muscle
3) piriformis muscle
4) external obturator muscle
91. THE WALLS OF THE FEMORAL CANAL FORM
1) pectineal ligament
2) transversalis fascia
Femoral vein
4) femoral nerve
92. SUPERFICIAL RING OF THE FEMORAL CANAL LIMITED
1) spermatic cord
2) iliopectineal arch
3) inguinal ligament
Crescent edge of the cribriform fascia
93. THE WALLS OF THE ADRIVING CHANNEL ARE FORMED
Adductor magnus muscle
2) adductor brevis muscle
3) pectineus muscle
4) adductor longus muscle
94. LIMITS THE POPELLETIUM FOSSA
1) quadriceps femoris muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
3) soleus muscle
4) peroneus brevis muscle
95. OPENING INTO THE POPPLITHEAL FOSSA
1) femoral canal
2) obturator canal
3) ankle-popliteal canal
4) superior musculofibular canal
96. CHANNEL CONNECTING WITH THE ANKLE-POPLITHEAL CANAL
1) lower musculofibular canal
2) adductor channel
Superior musculofibular canal
4) femoral canal
97. PARTICIPATES IN THE FORMATION OF THE WALLS OF THE LOWER MUSCULEOFIBULAR CANAL
1) front surface fibula
2) flexor digitorum longus
Flexor carpi radialis, m. flexor carpi radialis, is a long bipinnate flat muscle. Located lateral to all flexors of the forearm. In the proximal part it is covered only by the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii and m. palmaris longus, and the rest, the larger part of the muscle, is only fascia and skin. The muscle begins from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septum and fascia of the forearm; is directed downwards and passes under the flexor retinaculum to the base of the palmar surface of the II (III) metacarpal bone.
Function: bends and pronates the brush of this layer. Two heads are distinguished in it: the large humeral head, caput humerale, which begins from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the medial intermuscular septum of the shoulder and the fascia of the forearm, and the smaller ulnar head, caput ulnare, lying under it and originating from the medial edge of the tuberosity of the ulna. Both heads form a somewhat flattened abdomen from front to back, which turns into a narrow tendon. The muscle goes obliquely from the inside to the outside and is attached to the middle third of the lateral surface of the body of the radius.
Function: pronates the forearm.
Innervation: n. medianus (CVI-CVII).
Blood supply: aa. brachialis, ulnaris, radialis.
Innervation: n. medianus.
- - m. extensor carpi radialis longus, is a fusiform muscle with a narrow tendon, significantly longer than the abdomen...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- - m. extensor carpi radialis brevis, is somewhat covered by the previous muscle in the proximal section, and in the distal section it is intersected by the more superficially passing abductor and extensor pollicis muscles...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- - ossa carpi, arranged in two rows. The upper, or proximal, row is adjacent to the distal part of the bones of the forearm, forming an elliptical articular surface convex towards the forearm...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- - m. extensor carpi ulnaris, has a long fusiform abdomen and is located along the inner edge of the dorsal surface of the forearm. The muscle begins with two heads - the brachial and ulnar...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- - m. flexor carpi ulnaris, occupies the medial edge of the forearm. It has a long muscle belly and a relatively thick tendon. The two heads are different...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- - a groove-shaped depression formed by the bones of the wrist on its palmar surface; in B. z. The finger flexor tendons are located...
Large medical dictionary
- - the space bounded by the carpal groove and the flexor retinaculum...
Large medical dictionary
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Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- - see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
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n. medianus (C VI -C VII)
bends and pronates the hand
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Flexor carpi radialis(lat. Musculus flexor carpi radialis ) is a flat long lasting muscle. Located lateral to all flexors of the forearm. In the proximal part, it is covered only by the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii and palmaris longus, and the rest, most of the muscle, is covered only by fascia and skin. The muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septum and fascia of the forearm. It goes down and passes under the flexor retinaculum to the base of the palmar surface of the II (III) metacarpal bone.
Function
Flexes the hand and can also move it to the radial side in combination with other muscles.
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- Radial flexor carpi, so-called flexor carpi radialis. H: medial epicondyle of the humerus. P: base of the 2nd metacarpal bone. F: pronates, flexes and abducts the hand. Inn.: median nerve. Rice. A.
- Long palmaris muscle, t. palmaris longus. H: medial epicondyle of the humerus. P: palmar aponeurosis. F: stretches the palmar aponeurosis; bends the hand at the wrist, and the 2nd – 5th fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints. Inn.: median nerve Fig. A.
- Flexor carpi ulnaris, so-called flexor carpi ulnaris. H: medial epicondyle of the humerus, olecranon process and posterior edge of the ulna. P: pisiform, hamate and 5th metacarpal bones (through the pisiform-hocate and pisiform-metacarpal ligaments. F: flexes and adducts the hands. Inn.: ulnar nerve. Fig. A. 4.
- Humeral head, caput numberate. It starts from the epicondyle of the humerus.
- Ulnar head, caput ulnare. Originates from the ulna. Rice. D.
- Superficial flexor of the fingers, i.e. flexor digitorum superficialis. H: medial epicondyle of the humerus, coronoid process of the ulna and anterior surface of the radius. P: middle phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers. F: bends the joints it crosses along its path. In the middle of the proximal phalanx, each tendon splits into two legs, between which passes the tendon of the deep flexor digitorum. Inn.: median nerve Fig. A, B.
- Humeral ulnar head, caput humeroulnare. Starts from the humerus and ulna. Rice. A, D, E.
- Radial head, caput radiale. Starts from the radius. Rice. A, D.
- Flexor digitorum profundus. H: upper half of the ulna. P: Nail phalanges of 2-5 fingers. F: bends all joints it crosses along its path. Inn.: ulnar and median nerves. Rice. B, D, E.
- Flexor pollicis longus. H: middle of the anterior surface of the radius and medial epicondyle of the humerus. P: distal phalanx of the thumb. F: bends the joints it crosses along its path. Inn.: median nerve. Rice. B, D.
- Quadratus pronator, i.e. pronator qudratus. H: lower quarter of the anterior surface of the ulna. P: distal quarter of the anterior surface of the radius. F: pronates the forearm. Inn.: median nerve. Rice. A, B, D.
- Brachioradialis muscle, t. brachioradialis. H: intermuscular septum and lateral edge of the humerus. R: styloid process of the radius. F: flexes the forearm and places it in a mid-position between pronation and supination. Inn.: radial nerve Rice. A, B, D.
- Extensor carpi radialis longus, i.e. extensor carpi radialis longus. H: intermuscular septum and lateral epicondyle of the humerus. P: dorsal surface of the 2nd metacarpal bone. F: extends and abducts the hand, flexes the forearm. Inn.: radial nerve. Rice. A, V.
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis brevis. H: lateral epicondyle of the humerus. P: proximal part of the dorsum of the 3rd metacarpal bone. F: extends and abducts the hand. Inn.: radial nerve. Rice. IN.
- Extensor digitorum, i.e. extensor digitorum. H: lateral epicondyle of the humerus. P: through the dorsal aponeurosis to the distal phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers. F: extends fingers and hand. Inn.: radial nerve. Rice. IN.
- Intertendinous junction, coxus intertendineus []. Located between the extensor tendons of the fingers on the bend of the hand. Rice. IN.
- Extensor of the little finger, t. extensor digiti minimi. H: lateral epicondyle of the humerus. P: dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th finger. F: extends the little finger and hand. Inn.: radial nerve. Rice. IN.
- Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris. H: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and radial collateral ligament; back surface ulna. P: base of the fifth metacarpal bone. F: extends and adducts the hand. Inn.: radial nerve. Fig.B, G.
- Humeral head, caput numberate. Originates from the humerus.
- Ulnar head, caput ulnare. Starts from the ulna. Rice. E.
- Supinator, t. supinator. H: lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral ligament, supinator crest. P: anterior surface of the radius. F: supinates the forearm. Inn.: radial nerve. Rice. B, G, D, E.
- The long muscle that abducts the thumb, i.e. abductor pollicis longus. H: dorsum of the interosseous membrane and adjacent sections of the radius and ulna. P: base of the 1st metacarpal bone. F: abducts and extends the thumb, supinates the forearm. Inn.: radial nerve. Rice. B, G, E.
- Extensor pollicis brevis, i.e. extensor pollicis brevis. H: dorsum of the radius and interosseous membrane. P: base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st finger. F: abducts and extends the finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Inn.: radial nera Fig. B, G, E.
- Extensor pollicis longus, mextensor pollicis longus. H: interosseous membrane, dorsum of the ulna. P: distal phalanx gg of the thumb. F: adducts and extends the thumb; supinates the forearm. Inn.: radial nerve Fig. B, G, E.
- Extensor of the index finger, i.e. extensor indicis. H: interosseous membrane, dorsum of the ulna. P: dorsal aponeurosis. F: extends the 2nd finger and hand. Inn.: radial nera Fig. G, E.
- Short palmaris muscle, pi palmaris brevis. H: ulnar side of the palmar aponeurosis. P: skin of the ulnar side of the hand. Inn.: radial nerve Fig. A.
