Long before the advent of reliably working automatic reloading schemes for long-barreled weapons, designers struggled to increase the rate of fire of military rifles. The unitary cartridge (a bullet, an igniter capsule and a powder charge are combined together using a cartridge case) gave a powerful impetus to the development of manual firearms.
Further improvement of hand-held firearms went in two directions: increasing the range of aimed shooting and, especially, the rate of fire. The rate of fire of a weapon is usually understood as the number of aimed shots that a trained shooter can fire in 1 minute. Despite the fact that the unitary cartridge made it possible to increase the rate of fire of the weapon almost 5 times compared to separate loading, the appearance on the battlefield of mobile artillery and, especially, the prototypes of the modern Gatling machine gun, forced us to look for new ways to increase the rate of fire of military weapons.
It should be said that exactly military weapon has had and continues to have an impact on hunting. All innovations were first used and further developed specifically on military small arms, since to this day small arms are used to solve large number tasks. If we talk about the 19th century, then perfection small arms any army could easily influence the outcome of an entire war with an enemy armed with less modern rifles.
The idea of making a multi-shot rifle suggested itself. Thus, various systems began to appear, the most famous of which was the bolt-action reloading system. However, the fastest-firing weapon was the one with the Henry bracket.
Powered by the shooter's muscular strength, the lever combined with the trigger guard made it possible to reload the weapon with a simple movement down, forward and back. The disadvantages of such a scheme could be attributed to the excessive complexity of the design and, as a consequence, its cost.
With the involvement of the most brilliant designer of weapon systems, John Modzes Browning, rifles with a Henry brace were constantly improved, becoming simpler, more reliable and faster-firing. However, this weapon was not adopted by any army in the world due to the high complexity of production and price. However, Winchester rifles and carbines were extremely popular among expeditionary forces, officers, sheriffs, and even bandits.
That is, among those who purchased weapons with their own money. By the end of the 1880s, Winchester carbines were rivaled only by revolvers in terms of rate of fire.
Introduced in 1892, the Winchester 92 model became the fastest-firing non-automatic weapon, maintaining its leadership to this day! The reason is simple: revolver ammunition is shorter than rifle ammunition. Consequently, it is possible to reduce the length of the bolt stroke, and with it the amplitude of movement of the Henry bracket. As a result of moving the hinge point to the front of the trigger guard and introducing vertical locking elements, the Model 92 began to outperform revolvers in rate of fire, and simply suppress them in firepower. If the revolver had only 6 cartridges, then the Winchester 92 (depending on the version and caliber) had from 7 to 14. Moreover, the carbine could be reloaded, while the revolver could only be reloaded when the cartridges were used up.
And the butt and longer barrel made it possible to reach longer targets. In fact, the Model 92 became a kind of prototype of a submachine gun, when a pistol (revolver) cartridge is used in a long-barreled weapon to suppress the enemy at short range.
Gradually, its glory began to remain in the past due to the advent of simple and cheap to produce self-loading weapon systems. For a long time, interest in the Model 92 remained only among fans of Western and cowboy-style shooting.
Beginning in the mid-1930s and especially in the 1950s, high-power revolver cartridges called “magnum” began to be developed and put into production in the United States. Their appearance was due to two reasons: strong competition from self-loading pistols and the desire to obtain a compact and very powerful weapon for penetration individual funds protection and, including, the capture of large animals while hunting.
It was during this period that the Model 92 found a second life. For some time it was produced directly by Winchester, but it became truly popular only thanks to the Brazilian company Rossi. The Rossi 92 model was able to win the hearts of gun lovers and hunters, mainly due to the ability to choose a caliber and an affordable price. It is worth noting that the original Winchester 92 and the modern Rossi 92 do not have a single stamped part. Everything is produced either using metal-cutting equipment or using high-precision casting. Rossi 92 has several differences from the original, designed to make the weapon safer and more technologically advanced.
The only difference visible from the outside is the firing pin locking flag at the top rear of the bolt. Many users consider it a fuse and are not happy with its slender size. However, the flag specifically has a small working platform, since it is intended only to block the firing pin while unloading the weapon. The thing is that the Rossi 92 can only be unloaded by working with the Henry clamp, sending the next cartridge into the chamber and removing it from there. The safety function is performed by the trigger, which can be put on the safety cock.
The rest of the differences are already inside.
A coil spring is cheaper to produce and more durable. Other innovations include a bright yellow cartridge feeder (so you can visually determine whether there are cartridges in the magazine or not) and 4 holes under the rear sight for installing an optional Picatinny rail.
Everything else (including the manual fitting of the parts of each instance) remained the same. But the main highlight of the Rossi 92 is the ability to use magnum class revolver cartridges. The margin of safety that Browning built into the design of the Model 92 allows the weapon to fire even ammunition such as .454 Casull. This cartridge with a bullet weighing up to 20 grams is capable of delivering muzzle energy up to 3200 Joules, which is comparable to the energy of the .308 Winchester cartridge with a much higher stopping power at short-circuit. Less powerful ammunition available is the .357 Magnum, .45 Colt and .44 Magnum. In a 50 cm long barrel, a revolver cartridge has a muzzle energy that is approximately 30-40% higher than that when fired from a short-barreled revolver. The flatness of the trajectory and killing power are quite enough for all types of hunting for medium and large animals at distances of up to 150 meters.
The undeniable advantages of the Rossi 92 in any caliber include its weight and size characteristics. Since the Rossi 92 is reloaded by the shooter’s muscular strength, the weapon does not have components and mechanisms responsible for the operation of the automation. The location of cartridges in the under-barrel magazine does not require the use of devices for connecting detachable magazines. Thus, a weapon that has the same cartridge characteristics as a self-loading one is noticeably smaller in size, more compact due to the absence of protruding parts, and significantly lighter. This is very important for those types of hunts where you have to overcome tens of kilometers of rough terrain a day.
The absence of a gas outlet or other automation simplifies the maintenance of the weapon - to service the Rossi 92 after shooting, it is often enough to clean only the barrel bore.
Rossi 92 is available in two types and three barrel lengths. Carbines have a round barrel and are 16 or 20 inches long. The rifles have an octagonal barrel and are 20 or 24 inches long. Rifles and carbines are available in all of the above calibers except .454 Casull. The latter is offered only in the form of a carbine with a 20-inch barrel and a modified magazine design with the ability to load and unload the weapon through the front end.
The excellent fighting qualities of the Model 92, laid down by John Browning, coupled with the ability to use powerful magnum class cartridges for hunting, allow the Rossi 92 not only to remain in service even after 125 years from the year of creation, but also to compete (and in some ways even exceed) modern systems hunting rifled weapons.
Winchester is an American brand of weapons that is very popular all over the world. Repeating shotguns became widespread on the US civilian market in the late 19th century due to their rate of fire and ease of use. For a long time, production was carried out by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, but in 2006 the trademark was transferred to the Browning Arms Company, which manufactures rifles, hunting and sporting shotguns, as well as products for law enforcement agencies. The company began to produce new models - developments based on legendary guns. This is how a new semi-automatic shotgun Winchester Super x3 appeared on the market - an updated version of the Winchester Super x2, created on the basis of the famous Browning Gold model.
The changes affected the appearance of the gun, its aesthetics, which significantly transformed its individuality. In recent years, the gas-operated semi-automatic Winchester Super x3 has occupied a strong position among hunters and people passionate about sports shooting. The model quickly gained popularity, as the semi-automatic looks great, fits comfortably in the hand, and shoots effectively. Moreover, it has an attractive price compared to its competitors.
Winchester Super x3 is a smoothbore shotgun that has a wide range of models for hunting and sport shooting. This is a balanced and reliable 12-gauge model, which has a large number of operational capabilities, has a low weight of up to 3.4 kg and a barrel length of 660 and 711 mm. Its lightness is ensured by the fact that the under-barrel magazine tube in combination with the receiver is made of light alloy metal.
Super X3 Waterfowl Sporting
The Super x3 features a polished checkered stock, an adjustable comb, and a nickel-plated bolt, retainer, rod, and cocking handle. The matte shade of the block and barrel harmonizes well with the wood. The stock is made of synthetic material and has a special anti-slip coating that provides reliable grip, so the semi-automatic gun is comfortable to use anywhere and in difficult weather conditions. The design of the stock itself is equipped with adjustable shims that make it easy to adjust the hard drive to the individual parameters of the shooter. The Pachmayr Decelerator is a recoil pad that is specifically designed to reduce recoil during firing. This allows you to keep the weapon on the aiming line during intense shooting.
Winchester sx3 was designed for hunting large migratory birds. It has a high rate of fire, and the reload speed allows you to fire up to 12 shots in 1,442 s (this is Patrick Flanigan's record, set in April 2007). The magazine capacity is 4+1 rounds. The gun works with cartridges having different charge powers. A special seat is provided on part of the stock for optical devices.
The Winchester sx3 is sold in a hard plastic case with the Winchester logo on it.
Super X3 in a case
Peculiarities
The rate of fire guaranteed by the manufacturer is 5 shots in 0.49 s. This semi-automatic weapon is the fastest in the world. A special feature of the Winchester Super X3 is its automatic mechanism and distinctive barrel drilling.
Automation features
Winchester sx3 has a gas exhaust automation system. The principle of its operation is that the gas cylinder is equipped with a piston with a built-in active valve. It is necessary in order to regulate the powder gases that come from the holes in the barrel at the moment of firing. When the pressure in the gas cylinder exceeds the permissible threshold, a spring located in the piston releases excess gas. They are discharged through exhaust holes located between the fore-end and the barrel.
Powder gases entering the gas chamber act on the piston and a plastic collar with a rod attached to it, due to which the action occurs on the bolt. Relieving excess pressure allows you to use cartridges of different power, reduce recoil during a shot and increase accuracy. The "active valve system" automatically adjusts to the projectile used. The piston has a short stroke, so the automation operates very smoothly and softly, without losing speed.
SX3 Composite Sporting
Barrel Features
Back-Bored technology is used to drill the barrel bore. The barrels are manufactured with an increased bore diameter of up to 18.8 mm, due to which the friction of the shot on the bore walls is reduced and the shot speed is significantly increased. The shot itself is practically not deformed during movement in the barrel and retains its aerodynamic characteristics and ballistic qualities. It is much easier for the shooter to calculate the exact hit of the bullet on the target, since deviations and errors are reduced to a minimum.
Design
The stock is made of synthetic material and treated with a special Dura-touch coating that prevents slipping. The stock and fore-end have a refined shape, which increases maneuverability when handling a semi-automatic weapon. The hard drive barrel has a chrome-plated bore, is made of nickel-plated steel, and is top coated with Perma-cote, which provides increased resistance to external influences. The barrel is equipped with an aiming rib designed for mounting optics and a collimator. The gun comes with 5 muzzle tubes.
Winchester SX3 design
The box has special holes for installing optical mounts. Models are available with 76 and 89 mm chambers.
For the manufacture of the receiver, ergal is used - an aluminum alloy that weighs 10% less than conventional weapon steel.
The magazine has a quick loading system, for this reason it does not have a magazine cut-off. The double-sided safety is located at the base of the trigger guard. Its design is convenient, it can be manipulated even with gloves, and foreign objects cannot get under the button. The trigger is moved back and has a short stroke. The trigger force is 2500 g. The bolt design does not have a cartridge limiter. The removable trigger mechanism makes cleaning the weapon easier.
The Winchester sx3 kit is equipped with 2 replacement Sporting clays gas pistons. Each weighs 62 g. They have different markings and are designed to fire cartridges with different loads.
The Winchester Super X3 is produced as both a hunting and sporting rifle. Depending on the purpose, the designs have some differences. Hunting rifles come with camouflage-colored stocks and special gaskets for adjustment. At the guns for clay pigeon shooting The chokes are unscrewed manually, and in hunting models using a key. Sports models (Winchester Super x3 sporting) have a red receiver.
Advantages and disadvantages
Winchester Super X3 has a lot of advantages, such as:
- high rate of fire;
- use of ammunition of any power (shot load from 24 to 56 g);
- light weight weapons;
- aesthetically pleasing appearance;
- a wide range of models for hunting and clay pigeon shooting;
- the ability to adjust the bend and length of the butt using special inserts;
- soft recoil during firing;
- high hit accuracy, uniform shot distribution;
- maneuverability and versatility;
- flawless operation of automation;
- ease of maintenance.
Among the disadvantages, it should be noted the likelihood of scratches on the forend. Without proper care, severe contamination forms on the gas outlet mechanism. Malfunctions may also occur when working with ultra-short sporting bullets.
Specifications
- The gun has a caliber of 12/76 mm
- Barrel length 660 / 711 mm
- Gun weight without cartridges 3.2 / 3.4 kg
- Magazine capacity is 4+1 rounds
- Magazine type – under-barrel tubular
- Weapon reloading - gas vent
- Barrel type - smooth or rifled
Winchester X3 Long Beard
Conclusion
The Winchester Super X3 is a gun that stands out from its competitors from other gun companies. It has a lower cost compared to Italian samples, but is not inferior to them in its technical specifications. This great option for hunting and sport shooting. The gun is different high quality materials, excellent appearance, it fits comfortably in the hand and is light in weight. The process of shooting and hunting gives the owner only positive emotions; the gun satisfies all operational and aesthetic requirements. The speed of the shot and its accuracy, the maneuverability and adaptability of the gun, the ability to operate in any conditions - these are the main advantages of the Winchester sx3 and the reason for choosing it for hunting and clay pigeon shooting.
Disassembly and assembly of Winchester SX3
Found this year at one of the Dalnegorsk farmsteads.
We previously found shell casings and bullets from such a rifle in different places. Now the trunk has appeared.
This is most likely the original 1860 Henry rifle model. These are Henry rifles that were reloaded using a shackle located under the receiver.
These rifles were chambered for the so-called rimfire cartridge, the type that was used before percussion caps were invented. A little later, Oliver Winchester bought the rights to the invention from Henry and in 1866 began producing weapons under his own brand. The first Winchester of 1866 was called the “yellow boy” because the receiver was made of yellow bronze. Actually, the Henry rifle was also made with a yellow box, but there was a small batch that was made with an iron one.
There are still some things that need to be considered and some advice needed. In any case, this is one of the first models of the rifle with the Henry brace.
The condition is deplorable, completely covered with rust, while it is acidifying in water, you might be able to see some marks. You need to try to find the branding on the top of the barrel. Maybe something still remains.
VERY RARE WINCHESTER IRON FRAME HENRY
In the 150 serial number range. Overall gun is in fine condition with just traces of blue in the protected areas; mostly a plum brown patina coloration with sharp corners and excellent markings. Original wood is in fine condition with the typical perch belly style stock-a few minor handling mars, all parts including the wood and screws, have the correct matching serial numbers. One of the better iron frames that I"ve encountered in the last several years. This is a clean, fine, investment grade Henry Iron Frame Rifle.
This is a translation
VERY RARE WINCHESTER iron frame Henry
In the range of serial number 150. The overall pistol is in excellent condition with only traces of blue in protected areas; mostly plum brown patina coloring with sharp edges and excellent markings. Original wood in excellent condition with typical perch style belly stock - small mars processing, all parts including wood and screws have serial numbers correct matching. One of the best iron frames that I have come across in the last few years. This is a clean, fine, investment grade Henry iron frame rifle.
Bullet and casing from an 1866 Henry and Winchester rifle.
This is from Wikipedia, barrel, Winchester cartridges 1866 
This is also from the wiki. Above - Henry rifle, below - Winchester 1866
Henry rifle with iron receiver
from here http://merzantiques.com/m useum/very-rare-wincheste r-iron-frame-henry 
More photos of our find
Winchester - meaning the famous gun that “conquered the Wild West” - is too well-known and popular not to be written about in detail. Including on the pages of VO, where, in particular, my materials about the battles of Americans with Indians at Rosebud and Little Big Horn were published. It told not only about these battles themselves, but also about weapons. However, the design of the hard drive and the circumstances surrounding it are so interesting that... one inevitably has to return to them. Moreover, the author at one time had the opportunity not only to “hold” a hard drive from 1895, but also to shoot from it, and subsequently hold in his hands a sample of a hard drive that was absolutely exceptional in its originality.
Winchester model 1866 (4th model, caliber 44-40).
And it so happened that when I was still a boy, I saw a “gun” on the wall of my grandfather’s room. The family chronicle told me that it was with this gun that my uncle, who later died in the war, almost shot my expectant mother, firing at her with his grandfather's wolf's grapeshot almost point-blank. One buckshot remained in her hand for the rest of her life! Well, then I myself saw how my grandfather chopped a square lead rod into pieces and stuffed the resulting “cubes” with cartridges, which... he used to shoot a crow in the garden!
Pistol "Volcanic".
Bang! And only feathers flew from the flying crow! Then he began to teach me how to shoot, and the complexity of the gun seemed amazing to me: first pull the trigger, then fold back the lower lever, so much so that even the trigger fell out of the gun, then insert the cartridge, lift the lever up and only then shoot! The guns of the fathers of the neighbor boys with the barrels that broke seemed somehow unreal to me. Moreover, studying in a special school with English from the second grade, I very quickly read the stamp on it: “Winchester 1895 American Army.”
Diagram of the Winchester mechanism of 1873.
Well, only later I found out that my grandfather was given it in 1918, when he was in charge of grain procurements, commanded food detachments and... they shot at him, and he himself shot. But after the Civil War, he was offered to hand over the military hard drive, and he sent it for repairs. At the gunsmith's shop, they replaced the rifled barrel with a smooth one of a larger caliber, removed the bracket for the clip that was on the receiver, pulled out the spring and feeder from the magazine, and at the same time changed the forend. At that time, there were many such converted guns in Soviet Russia, because we were also supplied with a lot of Winchesters, and for some reason many of them ended up in the rear, and not at the front. They often used them to make sawed-off (“cut off”) fists, and we have one of these in the Penza Museum of Local Lore. Well, in 1965, the GDR film “Sons of the Big Dipper”, based on the novel by Liselotte Welskopf Heinrich, was released on our screens, and I became ill with a hard drive for the rest of my life, although later I had to part with my grandfather’s gun.
Lever-brace and receiver of a Winchester model 1895.
Well, these are, so to speak, “the author’s personal impressions,” but this is what “dry science” tells us about where “it all started.” And it so happened that on February 14, 1854, a certain American named Benjamin Henry received a patent for... a pistol in which bullets (and they are shots, that is, caseless ammunition!) were in a tubular magazine under the barrel, and were fed into the barrel using a special lever, structurally combined with the trigger guard.
Russian soldiers with hard drives in their hands...
It should be noted that the “first highlight” of the design - 10-mm lead bullets filled with a charge of... mercury fulminate was more original than this lever. True, there was nothing else inside the bullet except fulminate of mercury! When the trigger hit the firing pin, it punctured the explosive compound inside the bullet through a hole in the bolt, it flared up, and this, in general, was enough to throw it out of the barrel. This design simplified the design of the pistol (no ejector needed!), but it is known that the simpler, the better. The pistol was called "Volcanic".
Royal Canadian Mounted Police and also with Winchesters.
But... despite all these advantages, the new weapon was not successful on the market. The fact is that the speed of the bullet was low and, accordingly, it was also low lethal force. It also turned out that holding a gun in right hand, and operating the lever with the left is inconvenient. You could, of course, hold the pistol by the barrel and reload it with your right hand. The company tried to bet on the Volcanic repeating rifle, with a magazine of incredible length, but it was not a commercial success either. As a result, the manufacturing company, by the way, also called Volcanic, went bankrupt!
Advertising for hard drives.
Here we will go back a little and remember how weapons were loaded in general at that time. However, shorter and better A.A. You can hardly tell Pushkin about this, but in his novel “Eugene Onegin” he described this process as follows:
Now the pistols are flashing,
The hammer rattles on the ramrod.
Bullets go into the faceted barrel,
And the trigger clicked for the first time.
Here is gunpowder in a grayish stream
It's spilling onto the shelves. jagged,
Securely screwed flint
Cocked...
The invention of cartridges, which together contained a bullet, gunpowder, and a primer, helped solve the problem of accelerated loading. However, even earlier, inventive human thought created a caseless shot - that is, a bullet without a case, which had a propellant charge inside! It must be said that at that time there were many attempts to create rapid-firing multi-charge weapons. But pepper revolvers and multi-shot pistols, as a rule, all had several barrels that fired alternately!
Another advertisement.
That is, a magazine for many cartridges could solve the problem, and Benjamin Henry became concerned with its creation, and already in 1860 he received a new patent, now for a cartridge rifle with a 15-round magazine under the barrel. He replaced low-power bullets with a charge inside with .44 caliber rimfire cartridges, and again, it’s clear why it was with rimfire. After all, the bullet head of one cartridge was directly opposite the bottom of the other. And if there was a capsule there, then when the butt hit the ground, an accidental shot could occur.
Master gunsmith Erskine S. Allin's action, mounted on a Model 1861. Springfield rifle.
During the American Civil War 1861 - 1865. This Henry rifle was used extensively. The ad claimed that "You can load it on Sunday and shoot all week without reloading!" But it was still very inconvenient to load it - it could only be done while standing, and besides, through the slot running along the entire magazine from the bottom (the lever of the pusher sleeve moved along it), dirt and dust got there. And the lever itself could rest against the hand when moving, which could cause a delay when firing, and the loading process was very long. To do this, the lever at the base of the spring had to be moved all the way towards the muzzle of the barrel, fixed, and then the lower part of the magazine should be disconnected from the upper, the upper part should be moved to the side so that it does not interfere, and cartridges should be inserted into it. By looking at the lever sticking out of the slot in the magazine, one could determine whether the rifle was loaded or not. That is, this was clearly not the best solution, although with a fully loaded magazine its rate of fire reached 30 rounds per minute. Something different was needed, and that’s how the famous “Winchester” of 1866 appeared.
The same age as the “yellow guy”: a single-shot carbine mod. 1866 “Springfield” with a folding bolt.
The main highlight was the spring-loaded magazine door located on the right side of the receiver. Now it has become possible to load the magazine “from the rear end,” that is, while holding the rifle in the left hand and not necessarily standing, but also lying down (very comfortable!) and sitting in the saddle.
Snyder rifle bolt action. Open.
It should be noted that Winchester’s successful system (well, he bought Henry’s patent and produced the “yellow guy”, that is, the “66” carbine) immediately gave rise to just a lot of imitations, and now is the time to talk a little about them more details.
Snyder rifle bolt action. Closed
Let's start with Winchester's almost identical copy and main competitor, John M. Marlin, who began by producing revolvers and derringers in 1870 and eventually improved the Winchester. The main disadvantage of the latter was the bolt, which closed the bolt box from above and slid inside it along the grooves. The spent cartridge was thrown upward and sometimes hit the shooter in the face.
Carbine "Marlin". Model 1894 chambered for Remington .44 Magnum 1894 .
Marlin came up with a U-shaped bolt and a receiver closed at the top. When reloading, it also moved back, but a window opened on the right, through which the cartridge case was also removed to the right. Thanks to this, it was possible to install a Marlin carbine above the receiver optical sight. Initially, carbines were produced in calibers .32 and .45 (7.7 and 11.43 mm), but then others appeared.
Carbine "Marlin" chambered for .30-30 Winchester.
Then A. Borgess from Oswego released his version of such a rifle. It has a noticeable fancy lever, but the mechanism itself is similar to a Winchester. In 1878, his rifle was tested, but found to be fragile. Schneider's company also did not remain aloof from participating in the development of this system and also proposed a bolt controlled by an under-barrel lever. But when it was pulled forward, the bolt did not move back, but... fell down in the grooves of the receiver.
The bolt of the Marlin rifle.
At the same time, a cartridge was fed onto it, the bolt rose, and a special lever (also known as an extractor) pushed it into the barrel. The rifle's rate of fire was at the level of the Winchester and Marlin and was distinguished by a very short bolt. Such a system was described in the English book by designer W. W. Greener, “The Gun and Its Development,” published at the end of the 19th century, and republished at the beginning of the 20th. Then the famous weapons historian V.E. borrowed information from it. Markevich, already our author, and... that's it!
Shneider system shutter.
At the same time, K.H. Ballard, of Worcester, Kentucky, also decided to have his say in the development of lever action rifles. He made an excellent... single-shot rifle, which is still sold today, and then he came up with a multi-shot bolt with an under-barrel magazine. Moreover, he acted, unlike everyone else, according to the principle “to do simple is very difficult, and to do difficult is very simple.” Its bolt was also controlled by a bracket-lever, but it “traveled” inside the receiver due to the fact that the gear thread on it rolled along two gears! The benefit of this was that the bolt moved extremely smoothly, but the bolt itself and the receiver turned out to be very long, and therefore heavy. Ballard rifles were produced in the following calibers: .32, .38, .44 (7.7, 9 and 11 mm), and then .45 and .50. Moreover, if the 50-caliber Winchester cartridge held 90 grains. gunpowder, then Ballard has 115! That is, his rifles were more powerful! There were rifles with an under-barrel magazine for 5 and 11 rounds and, although they were in demand, they still could not compete on equal terms with hard drives.
Winchester M1895
American rifle for the Russian army
In the first half of the 19th century, the inventor lived in New York Walter Hunt. During his 62-year life, he invented a pen, a machine for making nails, an electric doorbell, and even a safety pin, which we call a safety pin. Your inventions Hunt He immediately patented it, but then sold it to industrialists and entrepreneurs for mere pennies. Having sold the invention, he lost the right to call it by his own name, and therefore today we know his brainchildren under other people's names.
One of these brainchildren is the type of rifle called today Winchester.
Its history began with the fact that in 1848 Hunt invented the so-called rocket bullet - a hole was drilled in the back of an ordinary oblong lead bullet into which a powder charge was placed. This charge burned out long before the bullet left the barrel, and in ballistics it was no different from those fired in the traditional way. However, due to the small powder charge, the muzzle energy of the bullet was small, and to compensate for the lack of lethality Hunt decided on the rate of fire, to increase which he created an under-barrel magazine. In this store, one after another, ten bullets with a microcharge in the tail were placed.
Invented Hantom the rifle had an original device in the form of a lever mechanism. When the rearmost of the bullets, under the action of the magazine spring, rested on the feeder, the lever had to be moved forward, and it brought the feeder with the cartridge to the level of the chamber. At the same time, the hammer was cocked. Then, when the lever was pulled back, the cartridge was driven into the chamber, and when the trigger was pressed, the trigger broke off the sear and hit the firing pin hidden in the bolt, which in turn broke the primer.
As in all previous cases, Hunt sold the patent dated August 10, 1848 to one Lewis Jennings. The one who paid Hantu 15 dollars, began to improve the invention and in 1852 sold the improved model to the clerk of the Robbins & Lawrence Co. gun store Benjamin Tyler Henry. He attracted investors and began selling the gun under the name Henry rifle, but sales were not very successful, and investors soon pulled their shares out of the business. Left with beans, Henry sold the invention and technology Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson. They decided to produce pistols rather than rifles.
Jennings rifle
IN
olcanicThe pistol, called , began to be produced at the Smith and Wesson plant, called Volcanic Repeating Arms. However, this pistol was also a failure - it could not withstand the competition with Colt revolvers. Then the partners, without thinking twice, created a new company Smith & Wesson and successfully began producing revolvers. The company Volcanic purchased Oliver Fisher Winchester. In 1860 he found Benjamin Henry and having hired him for service, gave the rifle a ms lever action new life. Firstly, Henry adapted a 44-caliber metal cartridge to the rifle.
Henry rifle mod. 1860
These cartridges, with a 23mm case length, were more of a revolver than a rifle. Moreover, these cartridges were also used by the company Smith & Wesson for her revolvers. But the short length made it possible to place 15 such cartridges in the under-barrel magazine (+1 on the feeder), which was not allowed by the drum of any revolver, and since revolvers were then only single action, and the hammer had to be cocked before each shot, then Henry rifle beat the revolver in the rate of fire, firing an average of 28 bullets per minute.
Patron Henry, on the bottom of which there was an “N” - the first letter of his last name, contained 1.6 g of black powder, which accelerated a 13-gram bullet in a 736.6 mm barrel to a speed of 343 m/s. This was enough to confidently hit targets at a distance of one hundred yards (91.44 m).
The American Civil War added to the matter Winchester–Henry larger scope. Henry rifle Both southerners and northerners bought it. In the south, it was even armed with the personal security squadron of the local President Davis.
In 1866, a new rifle model appeared, which no longer had a surname on it. Henry. From then on, all lever action rifles, even those manufactured by other companies, would be called Winchesters.
One of these Winchesters – Winchester M1895 ended up in service with the Russian army.
Winchester model 1873, which was in service with the Turks during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78.
The commercial version of the 1873 Winchester was produced until 1919.
Starting with the 1885 model, the Winchester designer became John Moses Browning. In 1894, Browning created a carbine chambered for .30-30 , the 1.95-gram charge of which gave the 7.15-gram bullet an initial speed of 818 m/s when fired from a 508-mm barrel. This was the first hunting weapon, using smokeless powder cartridges. The production of the model continued for more than a hundred years and ended only in 2006. The commercial success of the 1894 model gave rise to Browning the desire to create a full-fledged military model with a middle magazine.
Winchester Model 1894
The rifle was created to use the .30-40 Krag cartridge, used in Springfield in 1892, but since the latter was already in service, the military abandoned the 1895 Winchester.
Winchester Model 1895 it would have remained an experimental model if the shortage of weapons in the Russian army in the first years of the First World War had not forced our government to buy everything that could shoot around the world.
Firm Winchester Repeating Arms Company agreed to remake the rifle for the Russian cartridge, and until 1917 shipped 294 thousand of these rifles to Russia.
Winchester Model 1895
Given that Winchester 1895 was basically designed like contemporary repeating rifles, it retained its main feature - a lever action. This type of bolt made it the fastest-firing repeating rifle. It was loaded with Russian cartridges using a Russian clip, for the insertion of which two strips were provided.
1 – trunk. 2 – front sight. 3 – receiver. 4 – shutter. 5 – store. 6 – strips for inserting the clip. 6a – shutter lever. 7 – butt. 7a – bolt handle. 9 – sighting block. 10 – aiming frame. 12 – feeder. 13 – wedge. 14 – ejector. 15 – reflector. 16 – reflector spring. 18 – drummer. 19 – fuse. 24 – trigger. 26 – trigger. 27 – mainspring. 29 – whispered. 30 – the spring whispered. 33 – lever. 34 – tray. 35 – feeder spring. 36 – receiver lining. 37 and 38 – stock rings.
Gate Winchester did not have combat ledges - a wedge was used to lock it, on which the bolt rested during the shot with the surface of the ledge. When the handle bracket was raised to the neck of the stock, the hinges of its cheeks, resting against the protrusion of the bolt, sent it forward. During this movement, the bolt met the next cartridge on its way and sent it from the magazine into the chamber. When the bolt came to the forward position, the lever came into contact with the wedge, and as the handle was pressed against the neck of the stock, it occupied the highest position. At the same time, its head part went under the supporting surfaces of the bolt and locked it. At the same time, the wedge cylinder released the firing pin from the safety device, the hook of the lever closed the wedge, and the latch of the lever jumped over the protrusion of the bracket. 
Trigger mechanism Winchester was designed in the same way as early rifles Hanta. When the trigger was pressed, he used his head to disengage the sear of the trigger pawl with the hammer cocked. The trigger, under the action of the mainspring, rotated on its axis and the head hit the firing pin, which broke the primer.
When the handle was pulled down forward, its bracket was released from the latch hook. The lever removed the wedge from the bolt stem support sockets. As the handle was lowered, the hinges of its cheeks, acting on the bolt, pulled it back. The ejector hook carried the spent cartridge case along with it, and as soon as its barrel emerged from under the receiver jumper, the cartridge case was ejected from the receiver under the action of a spring reflector.
When the bolt moved to its rearmost position, its rear cut came into contact with the hammer head and forced the hammer to rotate until it was cocked.
When the wedge was lowered, its cylinder released the fuse, and the latter, under the action of its spring, returned to its original position.
At first Winchester Russian soldiers liked it. The only dissatisfaction was that it was inconvenient to move the lever when shooting from a prone position - it kept touching the ground. But already in the coming winter, it was discovered that the Winchester M1895 refused to work even in 10-degree frost - due to the minimum tolerances, the mechanism froze. That is why in 1916, Winchesters began to be removed from the weapons of rifle regiments and replaced them Arisakami
Winchester s Russian model were produced until 1936. The total circulation was 426 thousand pieces. The last warehouse remains were sent to us under Lend-Lease in 1942, but they were hardly used at the front, but were transferred to the paramilitary guards, from which they were even removed in the fall of 1941, and to commercial hunters.
See on topic:
Berdan rifle No. 2, 1870 Caliber – 10.668 mm. The length of the infantry rifle without bayonet is 1346 mm, the dragoon and Cossack rifle is 1219 mm. The barrel length is 832.6 mm for the infantry, 720 mm for the dragoon, 718 mm for the Cossack, 475.234 mm for the carbine. The weight of the rifle without a bayonet is 4.249 kg.
Gunpowder weight - 5.07 g (for dragoon, Cossack and carbine - 4.26 g). Bullet mass - 24.016 g. Initial speed of an infantry rifle - 437 m/s. The dragoon and Cossack ones have 386 m/s. The carbine has 362 m/s.
Kalashnikov AK-47 assault rifle, 1947 Caliber – 7.62 mm. Length – 870 mm (645 y AKS with folded butt), Barrel length - 415 mm. Rate of fire – 600 rpm. Weight without cartridges – 4300 g. Intermediate cartridge 7.62×39 mm, Elizarov system mod. 1943 Powder charge mass – 1.6 g. Bullet mass – 7.9 g. Initial speed – 715 m/s. Magazine capacity – 30 rounds.
It differs from the AK-47 in appearance by the presence of a muzzle compensator, a ribbed magazine surface and a reduced butt angle.
AK-47 AKM AK-74
Kalashnikov assault rifle modernized AKM, 1959 Caliber – 7.62 mm. Length – 880 mm (640 AKMS with folded butt), Barrel length - 415 mm. Firing rate – 600 rpm. Weight without cartridges with an unloaded light alloy magazine - 3100 g. Intermediate cartridge 7.62x39 mm, Elizarov system mod. 1943 Powder charge mass – 1.6 g. Bullet mass – 7.9 g. Initial speed – 715 m/s. Magazine capacity – 30 rounds.
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