Some believe that some professional racers hide small engines in their bikes.
If you follow the race, you've probably heard the term " mechanical dope", which refers to the ability to hide small motors inside their bikes in order to increase power. Doping is doping, and as you might imagine, increasing engine power in a race has always been prohibited. Is anyone trying to actually implement this in racing?
How does this work?
Motors for bikes certainly exist, but primarily for bicycles that people ride from the suburbs to the city, when the power of an electric motor can greatly facilitate daily trips or reduce the total load of several days. Most of these systems are mounted in the system area or rear hub, the engine housing, as well as the battery capacity are large - neither of which can be completely hidden.
However, there is one design called Vivax Assist (formerly known as Gruber Assist) that is hidden almost entirely within the frame. This (or something similar) is what is meant by the term “mechanical doping”, and some argue that these designs are probably used at the highest levels of the sport.
https://youtu.be/hIlmtQKLMUg
Refutation of this situation from Alex Rassmusen
https://youtu.be/PJUt_XPKiDk
In its current form, Vivax Assist includes a small cylindrical motor drive unit that sinks down the frame's seat tube, out of sight, plus a small external battery. A small bevel gear is installed at the bottom of the engine housing, which is a modernized crankshaft. With a simple push of a button on the handlebars, a rider can generate up to 200W of extra pedaling power, which looks about the same as Chris Froome's power compared to the average racer.
The entire system has a claimed weight of 1.8kg, but even if it is already a lightweight system, it will not be used in its standard form.
Professional road racing today is a race of marginal advantages and a small design, even with a small acceleration, will be quite effective in the high mountains. A smaller system will be much lighter and more compact, just right to fit into larger wide range types of bicycle frames than the range of frames currently available.
At least in theory, it's entirely possible for a button designed to change speeds to be reprogrammed to control a hidden motor. Could the standard gear shift be modified to control a hidden engine system? Of course, this is possible, but whether it has already happened is another question.
It doesn’t take any special engineering intelligence to hide a tiny wireless controller anywhere (or even store it in the team’s equipment). The Vivax Assist button can be mounted into the Shimano Di2 gear shift lever completely freely, without attracting attention. Some have even suggested that, in the same way, batteries used in electronic gear shifters could be used to power a motor, eliminating the need for a separate power supply.
At least in theory, mechanical doping is quite possible. And as we have all learned time and time again, professional cycling is no stranger to deception.
Does “mechanical doping” really exist?
It seems that everything is possible and is not fantasy. But there are reasons that say this is unlikely.
On the one hand, there are many technical “buts” that prevent the implementation of such a system. While there is no doubt that the system will provide a tangible advantage, electric motors have one important quirk: they provide assistance when electricity is applied, but when running in reverse, that generator takes precious power away from the rider's feet; thus the rider gets exactly the opposite effect than expected.
As a result, any type of Vivax Assist-like system will likely need to include a retractable drive mechanism to eliminate drag when the system is not in use (or the team should strategically develop a bike replacement plan).
Despite the confidence of some theorists, attaching an engine to a bushing is not entirely easy. Modern hubs already take up little space, and current electric bike motors are terribly large (and heavy).
Additionally, any type of gear-based system will also produce a certain level of noise, although given that the system will most likely be used at a critical time, the noise of the surrounding crowd will almost certainly drown out the whirring.
It is noteworthy that none of these arguments negate the system itself. Deliberate deception has happened before (albeit chemically rather than mechanically), and technical issues can be resolved without unnecessary work.
What is the UCI doing about this?
No one was actually caught racing a motorized bike, but it did alert the sport's governing body, which responded to questions raised by several key figures and some rather sensational YouTube videos.
Already now International Union The UCI uses an X-ray machine at major races to find anything hidden inside bicycles. Each scan comes back negative (but, as we know, lack of evidence is hardly conclusive evidence of innocence).
German bicycle company Canyon already uses a scanning device to check frames and forks for manufacturing defects. The UCI is using something similar to find hidden engines
Is mechanical doping actually a reality, or is it an echo of the past? This seems unlikely, but, unfortunately, not from the realm of science fiction. After all, winning is big business.
Based on materials from: astanafans
Probably no one was spared by the wave of doping associated with Olympic Games and the Russian national team. I still don’t understand under what flag the athletes who will be allowed to participate in the games will perform. The story itself is clear - doping is usually a scientific, pharmaceutical and administrative field of struggle. Everyone uses doping, but some have better pharmacists and have a resource of influence in regulatory and inspection organizations. Therefore, Russia lost this round outright. Happens.
But today I learned about one of the types of “mechanical doping”. Look...
Rumors of cyclists using motorized bikes have been circulating since at least 2010. It was then that a video was published detailing how you can put the motor into the frame, how to control it using a hidden button on the steering wheel, and why it is difficult to detect (the video has already received 4.6 million views). In 2014, at the Vuelta a España race, one of the athletes fell, after which the rear wheel of his bicycle continued to spin suspiciously, but then there was no big scandal. Indirect evidence gradually became more and more numerous; Large gears began to be filmed about the motors inside bicycles.
For the first time there is a motor in a bicycle professional athlete proved at the beginning of 2016. Belgian Femke Van Den Driessche was considered one of the most talented young European cyclists - she won both the Belgian under-23 title and the European title under the same age limit. Femke Van Den Driessche was among the favorites for the World Championships (also U-23), but it was during this competition that a motor was discovered in her bike.
Photo from the website of a company that creates “mechanical doping” for cyclists
“Technodoping” was discovered quite by accident, when the Belgian left the race for technical reasons. Before the start of the competition, Femke was considered the favorite.
The analysis showed that there is a hidden motor in the bicycle frame. According to experts, it was used to improve the performance of a cyclist. The cyclist’s father claims that the bike is not hers, but her friend’s. They seem to be the same vehicles, and the young man left his bicycle next to the athlete’s truck. The technician decided that it was her bike and prepared it for the competition.
The athlete tried to prove that it was not her bike, but in vain: she was deprived of all titles and prize money, sentenced to a fine and a six-year disqualification.
Rumors about technological doping have been circulating among cyclists since 2010, when athlete Fabian Cancellara was accused of “technological fraud.” Then one of the technical experts claimed that the athlete’s bicycle was powered by a small electric motor with a power of 60 to 100 watts. Despite the fact that the motor is low-power, it helped the cyclist improve his work efficiency.
Subsequently, the organizers of world-class cycling championships began to subject bicycles to random inspection, using a scanner and a small camera.
Thermal cameras show that several more athletes are under suspicion. In 2016, investigations into “mechanical doping” began to be carried out not only by specialized organizations, but also by journalists. Thus, the France 2 television channel and the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera found that at two races in 2016 in Italy, at least seven athletes were suspected of using a motor. To detect suspicious bicycles, journalists used thermal cameras: the place where the motor is located heats up during operation and cools down when the rider does not need “help.”
The International Cycling Union (UCI) has not used the thermal chamber method for a long time. The UCI believed that, in terms of price/quality ratio, it was better to use magnetic resonance at the start and finish - according to UCI experts, this method also makes it possible to find hidden devices inside bicycles. Even after investigations by Italian and French journalists, officials continued to believe that magnetic resonance was working well.
The Tour de France will still use thermal cameras, and they will be made specifically for the race. They were developed by the French Nuclear Energy Commission commissioned by the government. Cameras can be installed on motorcycles that accompany riders. They are able to detect motors even when not working.
After this incident, the Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport published a sensational interview with an anonymous person claiming that the majority of recognized cyclists use mechanical doping.
According to him, an electric motor under the seat or in the frame of a bicycle is a thing of the past. Latest developments in the field of illegal modernization sports bikes There are electromagnetic wheels that are capable of:
Generate up to 60 W;
- activated both by the remote control and automatically when the athlete’s heart rate reaches a certain value.
The inventor, who wished to remain anonymous, states that, despite the enormous cost of such wheels - up to 200 thousand euros, those wishing to purchase them queue up for 6 months.
It is noteworthy that the respondent claims that many cyclists use this invention without even knowing it. The fact is that usually orders for electromagnetic wheels come through third parties, who probably have a financial interest in the athlete’s victory.
sources
I once jokingly thought about whether cyclists use electric motors, because when modern development electronics, hiding the mechanism inside the frame is not very difficult.
The joke turned out to be not so funny - the UCI recently introduced sanctions for the use of such devices in racing. Those caught with such unusual doping are promised to be fined a lot of money with the possibility of disqualification.
At the same time, unlike ordinary doping cases, not only the driver himself, but also his team is subject to sanctions. This is somewhat strange, for some reason they believe that an athlete can chemistry himself, but equip a bicycle with a motor only with the help of mechanics.
How much does it cost to become faster than Armstrong?
I did a little googling and it turned out that becoming a cyclist professional level not that expensive. 🙂 There is a company called Vivax Assist that offers ready-made sets of electric motors designed for hidden installation in bicycles.
For example, such a device, located in the seat tube and transmitting torque to the carriage axle, costs 2,700 euros, and includes a battery for 60 minutes of operation and a charger. The battery can be placed in the seat bag. By the way, the total weight is only 1800 grams.
In addition, the company offers a so-called “invisible kit” for pros - in this case, the battery is hidden in the bike flask, and the control panel is wireless and disguised as a handlebar plug. It is impossible to distinguish such a bicycle from an ordinary one in appearance.
They say that cyclists who use such electric assistance have more advanced systems - the computer is combined with a heart rate monitor and turns on the motor automatically when the heart rate crosses a preset limit (of course, everything works wirelessly).
For example, a racer goes into a breakaway, his heart rate reaches, say, 180 beats/m, and at this moment the electric motor turns on, which allows him to naturally and easily break away from his pursuers.
As it turns out, there are persistent rumors among cycling fans that some (and maybe many) top-level cyclists use “mechanical doping.” I believe that if this were the fantasy of envious people, it is unlikely that the UCI would respond by amending the rules.
The new scourge is supposed to be combated by random inspection of bicycles that have reached the finish line.
In this light, vague doubts begin to torment me... :) The hour-long speed records that fell one after another after a long break - is this not a consequence of “mechanical doping”? They didn't check the bikes there for sure.
In a word, if you want to surprise the local cycling moose, then order the “invisible kit” from Vivax Assist and sign up for the upcoming races. 🙂 Although I don’t rule out that there are already some there.
A logical question is why people need this, but I remember how many players there are in online games who use so-called “cheats” to beat honest players. It would seem that this is just a game for which you are not paid anything, on the contrary, you pay with your time, why spoil the gameplay for yourself and people? Probably, satisfying their ego is more important to them than enjoying the process.
What do you say?
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Mechanical doping, or technological doping, or techno-doping are devices for improving athletic performance. In cycling, the problem has become so serious that before races, every bike is scanned by judges to look for a hidden electric motor. I hope that the achievements of mechanical doping can be used officially if the battery is replaced with a capacitor. With skillful management, this can give a significant increase in average speed.
If you do an image search using the word “techno-doping”, the main results in the search results will not be related to bicycles at all. In first place is legless runner Oscar Pistorius, in second place is a swimming suit. As blasphemous as it may sound, we are talking about technological innovations that surpass in parameters what a person has. Official sports tend to slow down the use of technological progress. Sometimes they explain this as a violation of safety regulations, but usually they simply declare everything new as doping, which immediately means a ban.
From this point of view, a bicycle in itself is already a dope compared to a running person, however, further progress was also slowed down. For quite a long time, “speed” and aerodynamic suits were prohibited. Currently, the ban on changing the design of a bicycle (triangle frame and two wheels) and the restriction on the minimum weight of a bicycle continue to apply. And of course, a ban on all kinds of “doping” with external injection of energy. Apparently, in order to distinguish such doping, it is called “mechanical doping” on the English-speaking Internet, i.e. "mechanical doping" 
An image search brings up first a small electric motor hidden in the seat tube and a battery hidden in a water bottle or seat bag. 
There may be other schemes, but as far as I understand, the recent scandal associated with the revelation of the use of mechanical doping in competitions high level associated with such a device. The set has been in mass production for several years. It can be officially purchased (price 2500 euros), device name: Vivax assist, details. Fits any bike with a 31.6mm seat tube inner diameter. The only modification to the bike is two holes in the seat tube to mount the motor. There is information on the manufacturer’s website that the main buyers are amateurs over the age of 60 who do group training in clubs and do not want to lag behind young people on the climbs. I will not discuss here what and how is decided on the climbs. For further consideration, the information in the note: ““ is sufficient. I’ll just emphasize that the manufacturer believes that the maximum power of such a small motor (200 watts) is quite enough to maintain speed on climbs. This is what makes this device fundamentally different from an electric bicycle, on which you can ride for a long time and quickly without pedaling at all.
In order to remove such a motor from the “mechanical doping” category, you need to throw out the battery and replace it with a capacitor. And charge the capacitor by taking energy by reducing the speed on the descent. This idea is formulated in the conclusions of the note ““. Let me remind you that there is an example of a cyclist who rides on a flat place at a speed of 28 km/h. When going up a small hill with the same twisting power, average speed drops noticeably. The only way to return the average speed to 28 km/h is to limit the downhill speed to 28 km/h and use the saved energy to increase the ascent speed to the same 28 km/h. True, then it will not be like in the picture; the cyclist must first ride down the hill, and then up the hill. This can only be done with the help of an additional device, because even if the cyclist does not pedal on the descent and stores energy within himself, his speed on the descent will still be more than 28 km/h.
There is another interesting consequence of this accumulation of descent energy.
This is leveling the ascent speed from the weight of the cyclist. I won’t discuss this topic for now, but the consequence is very interesting. A successful cycling pro should have light bones (“carbon fiber”). For example, my bones are naturally heavy, and significantly, 15 kilograms more. All other things being equal, this gives an advantage on the descent, but in total it is a minus, since this is how the average speed works. And with such an additional device the advantage on the descent would not be wasted :)
In general, returning to specifics, I will analyze the wonderful product Vivax assist block by block with comments on how it can be used in the idea under the common name “energy recovery”.
The drive, length 22 cm, power 200 watts, is constantly connected through a gear transmission to the axis of rotation of the pedals. The gearbox has a free-wheel, the correct but unused name: “overrunning clutch”, or ratchet, or bendix, etc. In general, when the motor is not turned on, there is no additional resistance to pedal rotation. When turned on, the system adds up to 200 watts of pedaling power, with the optimal power output defaulting to 60 cadence (cadence per minute). When the cadence is more than 90, the system turns off. An attempt to pump through the Internet what kind of motor is being used did not yield anything :) There are very, very many motors on the market with such parameters. In principle, it was enough to pay attention to a huge number of different drones so as not to even try to look :) But I learned that 200 watts is a hypothetical power, the real one is determined by the current that the battery can produce for the required torque. Unlike motors that operate on AC power, the output power of DC motors is determined by batteries, which is why, for example, the power is not indicated on screwdrivers.
A controller that also fits into the seat tube. It has the functions of programming the “working” cadence, when power is added to pedaling, and the maximum cadence, when support stops. In addition, the rotation speed is maintained, regardless of the load. In practice, this results in more power being added as pedal effort decreases and vice versa.
Battery pack. The figures are impressive. Li-Ion, voltage 30 V, capacity 5.50 Ah, dimensions 120x70x70 mm, weight 850 g. Should be enough for 70 minutes of operation. There is a more powerful battery, but let's focus on this one. First, let's calculate the approximate average engine power. As already mentioned, the maximum power is determined by the battery. The average can be estimated from published operating times by converting ampere hours and voltage to watts and minutes. It turns out 142 watts. This value will be used further.
Apparently the battery is an assembly of 8 “cans” of type 32650 (i.e., diameter 32 mm and length 65 mm, voltage on the can 3.7 V). The price (ex-factory in China) is approximately $5 per jar.
Finally, a button on the steering wheel. A short press is to turn the motor on and off, a press for five seconds is to remember the preferred cadence, a press for 10 seconds is to remember the maximum cadence. Let me emphasize once again that the entire system costs approximately 2500 euros, from my point of view, very decent, more than a fairly expensive bike.
But the good news is that the initial components of the solution cost about 10-20 times less in total, so for further fantasies you can build on such a set. From it you can immediately use a motor with a gearbox, a controller and a control button. Instead of a battery, you need to install a battery of capacitors. And also come up with a dynamo for charging capacitors during descent, and with an additional control lever. Most likely, it is most convenient to combine such a lever with the brake lever. The first half of the stroke is for electric braking, the second for conventional braking. But first you need to deal with the capacitors.
Supercapacitors today have a significantly lower specific energy (the amount of stored energy is not a unit of weight) than that of lithium-ion batteries, approximately 25 times. This means that a direct replacement of the 850 gram battery discussed above will result in a 20 kg capacitor bank. In 2006, graphene supercapacitors were announced; their use can provide a gain of five times, but still a battery weighing 4 kg is not suitable.
The situation is somewhat smoothed out by the fact that in our case there is no need to compare all the accumulated energy in the battery and capacitor. The battery can be charged only before the trip. That is, even if you do not consider it a “harmful doping”, it is suitable for the task of equalizing the average speed until the charge runs out. It is useless to recharge the battery with the energy released from braking on descents, since when charging it takes on just a little bit of energy, so most of the energy will go into the “sand” and not into the battery. The capacitor is a completely different matter, it charges, if not brought to the point of absurdity, as quickly as the energy source allows. But the capacitor only takes as much energy as it is “given.” In the average speed equalization scheme, the source of energy is downhill braking. That is, if you drive down a hill, for example, for two minutes (this is about 800 meters at a speed of 25 km/h), then the system will help you drive only up the same hill (the same 800 meters with the same drop), then the accumulated energy will run out, even if the capacitor capacity allows you to support a much greater rise.
Therefore, for the minimum feasibility of the system, we can assume that the energy accumulated in the capacitor should be enough to turn a motor with a power consumption of 142 watts (see above) for perhaps 5 minutes. Let's take the voltage of the capacitor bank to be approximately the same as needed for this motor, i.e. about 30 Volts. Of course, a circuit is still needed to maintain the voltage, but this is not a problem. The main thing is to have enough stored energy.
Numerical estimates for the “first to come across the network” Maxwell carbon supercapacitors show that a battery of 10 BCAP1200 P270 cans is needed, the price of one can is 45-75 US dollars. Dimensions: diameter 60 mm, length 74 mm, weight 260 g. That is, a battery of 10 cans will cost at least 500 dollars, weigh at least 2.8 kg, and is the size of 5 flasks. If you still compare it with a rechargeable battery, then the size is 5 times larger, the weight is three times larger, and the price is 10 times higher. Not inspiring 🙁
Progress is being made. Within Maxwell, you can already purchase more capacitive capacitors in the same dimensions and weight, but this is still not enough. It is necessary to increase the capacitance of the capacitor by a factor of five with the same dimensions and weight. That is, exactly what they promise from a graphene supercapacitor. And it wouldn’t hurt to drop the cost. So far I haven’t found a serial graphene supercapacitor online. There are such names, but judging by the dimensions they are nothing more than names :)
added 03/28/2017
An announcement of a new type of supercapacitor “Electric Double Layer Capasitor” (EDLC), something between a capacitor and a battery from the Spacelink company, appeared on the Internet media. The parameters are as follows: Capacity 650 Farads, weight 500 g, energy density 58 Wh/kg. The one Maxwell 2.7 Volt element discussed above has the following characteristics: Capacity 1200 Farads, weight 260 g, energy density 4.7 Wh/kg.
It's not very easy to compare specifications because Spacelink doesn't have a voltage rating. But the energy density is 10 times higher, this is enough with a margin. True, because This is not a “real” capacitor, but an “advanced” battery, then perhaps the charging speed will not be sufficient. And the copy, as far as I understand, is far from serial. But progress is being made :)
Thus, the idea of mechanically maintaining the average speed of a bicycle in hilly terrain will have to wait until graphene supercapacitors are mass produced. It is necessary that a 3-volt bank at 1200 Farads weigh no more than 80 grams (let me remind you that now it is 260 grams). It’s strange, of course, that this still doesn’t exist; after all, 10 years have passed since the announcement of the technology. In addition, we had a project for a domestic electric vehicle using graphene supercapacitors, which has been closed for several years. It’s quite possible that I didn’t do much digging on the Internet.
In principle, in recent years, the problem of braking energy recovery in auto racing under the name KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems), which also uses supercapacitors, has been slightly discussed on the Internet. Interestingly, if you do a search for "KERS", there are options for bicycles (some quite funny on springs and flywheels) and even for alpine skiing. So, the problem is being discussed. In general, the task was well worked out in trams and railway. There is no need to accumulate braking energy; it is enough to simply send it to the network. As far as I've read, trams don't even have a mechanical braking system, only a parking brake.
Let's assume that a suitable capacitor does exist.
Then all that remains of the necessary blocks is a dynamo machine for charging the capacitor. Let me emphasize once again that a capacitor is not a battery; it charges quickly and with any current. Therefore, such a dynamo machine can work as a brake (additional, of course). Unfortunately, I haven’t found any ready-made designs for the bike on the Internet yet. But I don’t think there can be technological problems here.
Of course, a more elegant technological solution is a motor-generator located in the rear wheel, like on electric bicycles. Depending on the mode switching, either it spins from the capacitor, or vice versa, when twisted, it charges the capacitor.
Control of a bicycle with an energy recovery system can be either manual, charging the capacitor on the descent, and collecting energy on the ascent. Or electronic, like a “smart bike”. Then you may not notice anything at all, except that the bike rolls well uphill :)
Doping science does not stand still, and now technical doping has replaced pills and drinks in cycling. Just yesterday, it seems, was the first case of its discovery, although there has been talk about its use for a long time. A young Belgian woman was found with a hidden motor in her bicycle at a major tournament, and things took a serious turn. She, of course, stated that all this was a provocation, she had nothing to do with it, the bike was not hers at all, and it was taken for inspection by mistake. But I was wondering what kind of motor this is that can be hidden unnoticed in the frame of a bicycle? Internal combustion engine, jet or electric?)))
And here's what Google says on this topic.
One example of such a motorized bicycle was demonstrated by three-time Tour de France winner Greg LeMond.
This model has 3 engine operating modes: 50-75 Watts for an hour and a half, 150 Watts for an hour, and in the most active mode - 250 Watts for 30 minutes.
This is one of the first options, but later models have ceramic components and are very quiet.
The version LeMond showed has the battery hidden in a bottle mounted on the seat tube. There are also two small buttons on inside steering wheel, which can easily be passed off as electronic transmission switches. According to Greg, there is a technology with a hidden battery in the frame and buttons under the handlebar.
The bolts that hold the engine in place are also missing, making it even more difficult to locate.
In one of the comments to the article on this topic there is a more understandable explanation for the layman - A thin electric motor is apparently mounted in the frame. with high torque with direct drive to the drive sprocket, and lithium-ion batteries capable of delivering a decent current for 30-40 seconds, necessary for a victorious breakthrough, are not at all difficult to stuff into the frame tubes.
In short, it's tough. There are persistent rumors among cyclists that mechanical doping has been used for a very long time, even at the most prestigious cycling races. It's just that no one has been caught yet.
For example, an excellent proof of the use of a “motorized bicycle” was an incident that occurred in August 2014 at the 7th stage of the Tour of Spain. Then Canadian Ryder Hesjedal from the Garmin team fell on a turn - but his bike continued to spin so powerfully after the fall rear wheel that the car began to describe circles on the asphalt. Fortunately for his team, Ryder quickly got up and “caught” his raging “horse”.
Serious suspicions have been expressed in the media regarding Briton Chris Froome of Team Sky, who amazed everyone with his “inhuman” dash that allowed him to win a stage of the Tour de France on July 14. But they failed to prove anything and Froome continued to proudly wear the yellow jersey of the leader.
Former cyclist and former Tour yellow jersey holder Cédric Vasseur, who was riding next to the riders on an accompanying motorcycle, openly stated that looking at Froome during the jerk, he got the impression that “the bike was riding on its own.” “Before this, it was noticeable that Froome was clearly tired - and suddenly, to the surprise of everyone, he makes an incredible breakthrough and flies forward at high speed.” Moreover, this happened on a long, difficult climb in the Pyrenees. Vasseur emphasized that he very much regrets that at this stage of the race no checks of cycling equipment were carried out.
And there are enough such examples.
Cycles Duret has long been selling such a miracle model for amateurs - although it is not suitable for discreet use at races. A small battery is installed in the seat bag, an electric motor and a shaft with a gear drive that drives the pedals are inside the vertical frame post. The engine is turned on by an inconspicuous button mounted on the steering wheel grips.
According to those who have tried this model, it increases the speed by about 5 kilometers on an incline, and even more on a horizontal road. About 60 of these bicycles are sold a year, despite their high price - more than 3 thousand euros. According to sellers, many “motorized” bicycles are bought by older people who enjoy “breathtakingly” overtaking young people intrigued by such a leap on the roads.
Poor, poor cycling. ERO and other rubbish have just been defeated with such a scandal, when another attack comes again... And this is just the beginning! It seems to me that we will still listen to noise and hysterics on this topic (((
Because, for example,
Hungarian inventor István Verzsas, the creator of one of the motorized bicycle models, recently claimed in an interview with the French sports newspaper Equip that the use of secretly improved machines at major cycling races ... “has been going on for 17 years.”
