Soccer ball
Now the 2018 FIFA World Cup is taking place in Russia and every spectator is rooting for their country. An essential attribute of the game of football is a soccer ball. Do you know what a modern soccer ball is made of, why it is black and white, where the majority of balls are made, and what sizes soccer balls come in? You will find answers to these questions below.
A little history of the creation of a soccer ball
In the early days of football, the ball was made from animal bladders, which quickly deteriorated, especially if they were hit enough. strong blows. Ball production technology changed qualitatively with the discovery of vulcanized rubber in 1838 by Charles Goodyear. In 1855, Goodyear introduced the first ball made of rubber. The use of rubber made it possible to enhance the quality of the ball's rebound and its strength.
Old leather soccer ball
Seven years later, in 1862, another inventor, Richard Lyndon, created the first inflatable rubber bladder for a ball. Later he developed a pump for the camera, and his invention won a medal at an exhibition in London. Thanks to the discovery of rubber and the invention of the inflatable chamber, the necessary technical specifications for industrial production of soccer balls.
What is a soccer ball made of?
A modern soccer ball consists of three main parts:
- tire,
- lining,
- camera.
The device of a modern soccer ball
Tire
Initially, the ball cover was made from genuine leather. Nowadays, synthetics are mainly used, because... The leather absorbs water and the ball becomes heavier. Basically, polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride is used to make soccer ball covers. Majority modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of them are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal. The panels of the soccer ball are sewn together with threads (by hand or machine) or glued together.
The design of these 32 polygons is called a truncated icosahedron - a geometric figure quite close to a ball, a compromise between non-sphericity and the number of seams on the tire. The spherical shape is given to the ball due to the air pressure pumped inside. The first such ball was produced in Denmark in 1950 by Select and became widespread in Europe. It began to be used worldwide after the 1970 World Cup, at which there were such balls produced by Adidas. Before this, a ball was used, consisting of 18 oblong parts and lacing, similar in structure to modern ones. volleyballs. This design is still quite common today.
In 2004, Adidas first introduced Roteiro, the official ball of the 2004 European Football Championship. Roteiro panels were bonded together using a fundamentally new method - thermal bonding technology.
The 2006 FIFA World Cup final in Germany was played with a Teamgeist ball. For the first time since 1970, Adidas departed from the traditional 32-panel tire configuration and introduced a 14-panel ball. The ball panels were bonded using a thermal bonding method.
The official ball of the World Cup in South Africa in 2010 there was Adidas Jabulani. The structure of the soccer ball consists of 8 panels, also thermally bonded to each other.
Lining
The lining is the inner layer between the tire and the tube. The quality of a soccer ball greatly depends on the thickness of the lining. It affects the quality of the ball's bounce and helps maintain its shape. The material for production is polyester or compressed cotton. A modern professional soccer ball consists of four or more layers of lining.
Camera
The soccer ball bladder is made of synthetic butyl or natural latex, sometimes polyurethane. A latex bladder retains air for a shorter period of time than a butyl bladder, but a latex bladder has an advantage over chambers made from butyl or polyurethane in three main ways:
- softness,
- rebound,
- elasticity.
Latex bladder for ball
According to the official rules of the game of football, the ball must:
- be spherical
- have a circumference of no more than 70 cm (28 inches) and no less than 68 cm (27 inches). Standard size ball 5;
- weigh no more than 450 g (16 oz) and no less than 410 g (14 oz) at the start of the match. The weight is indicated for a dry ball;
- have a pressure equal to 0.6-1.1 atmospheres (600-1100 g/sq. cm) at sea level.
Soccer ball sizes
- size 1. They are usually made of synthetic materials, their circumference does not exceed 43 cm. They are used for advertising purposes.
- size 2. The maximum circumference is 56 cm, and the weight does not exceed 283.5 g. Balls of this size are used mainly for advertising purposes and for teaching children under the age of four years.
- size 3. The mass of the ball does not exceed 340 g, and the circumference does not exceed 61 cm. Balls of this size are intended for training children under 8 years of age.
- size 4. Balls of this size are standard for mini-football and are also intended for training children under 12 years of age. According to FIFA rules (Futsal Laws of the Game EN 2012-2013 FIFA), the ball must:
- be spherical
- be made of leather or other approved material,
- have a circumference of no more than 64 cm and no less than 62 cm,
- have a weight at the beginning of the match of no more than 440 g and no less than 400 g,
- have a pressure equal to 0.6 - 0.9 atmospheres (600 - 900 g/cm2) above sea level,
- have a first rebound of at least 50 cm and no more than 65 cm when falling from a height of 2 m.
- size 5. Balls of this size are used in all official competitions held under the auspices of FIFA around the world. This size is the most widely used ball in football. More size 5 soccer balls are produced than all other size 1 to 4 soccer balls combined. The ball has a circumference of 68-70 cm and weighs no more than 450 g.
There are also lightweight soccer balls (for women and children), the circumference and weight of which may differ from the officially accepted ones.
What determines the color of the ball?
The first soccer balls were monochrome, brown, then white. Subsequently, for the convenience of broadcasting on black-and-white TVs, the ball was made spotted - with black pentagons and white hexagons. This coloring has become the standard for balls and symbols in general.
There are other balls, such as the "Total 90 Aerow" from Nike, which have rings on them to make it easier for the goalkeeper to detect the spin of the ball. In matches played on a snowy field or during snowfall, brightly colored balls, mostly orange, are used.
Orange soccer ball
By decision of FIFA official games Any emblems or advertisements on balls are prohibited except the following:
- competition or competition organizer;
- ball manufacturing company;
- ball tolerance signs.
Where are soccer balls made?
80% of soccer balls are produced in Pakistan and 75% of them (60% of total global production) in the city of Sialkot. Previously, child labor was often used in production, but after Euro 2004, publications appeared in the press about this and they took over the plant international organizations for the protection of children, in particular UNICEF.
Manual production of balls
For the World Cup in Germany, the balls were produced in Thailand. For the first time since 1970, Adidas produced balls outside of the Sialkot plant. However, all 60 million balls will be produced there for sale.
(Football World Cup, FIFA World Cup, World Cup (from Spanish: Copa Mundial de Futbol).
The official name is the FIFA World Cup.
| № | Year | World Cup host country | Ball | Winner | |
| 1 | 1930 | Uruguay |  | 1. Uruguay 2. Argentina 3. USA |
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| 2 | 1934 | Italy |  | 1. Italy 2. Czechoslovakia 3. Germany |
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| 3 | 1938 | France |  | 1. Italy 2. Hungary 3. Brazil |
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| 4 | 1950 | Brazil |  | 1. Uruguay 2. Brazil 3. Sweden |
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| 5 | 1954 | Switzerland | 1. Germany 2. Hungary 3. Austria |
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| 6 | 1958 | Sweden | 1. Brazil 2. Sweden 3. France |
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| 7 | 1962 | Chile | 1. Brazil 2. Czechoslovakia 3. Chile |
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| 8 | 1966 | England |  | 1. England 2. Germany 3. Portugal |
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 Eighth FIFA President Sepp Blatter, left, holds the ball that was used in the 1930 FIFA World Cup. Gorden Brown (Prime Minister of Great Britain), holding the ball from the 1966 FIFA World Cup. |
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| 9 | 1970 | Mexico | 1. Brazil 2. Italy 3. Germany |
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| 10 | 1974 | Germany | 1. Germany 2. Netherlands 3. Poland |
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| 11 | 1978 | Argentina | 1. Argentina 2. Netherlands 3. Brazil |
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| 12 | 1982 | Spain | 1. Italy 2. Germany 3. Poland |
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| 13 | 1986 | Mexico | 1. Argentina 2. Germany 3. France |
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| 14 | 1990 | Italy | 1. Germany 2. Argentina 3. Italy |
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| 15 | 1994 | USA | 1. Brazil 2. Italy 3. Sweden |
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| 16 | 1998 | France | 1. France 2. Brazil 3. Croatia |
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| 17 | 2002 | Korea and Japan | 1. Brazil 2. Germany 3. Türkiye |
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| 18 | 2006 | Germany |  | 1. Italy 2. France 3. Germany |
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| 19 | 2010 | South Africa |  | 1. Spain 2. Netherlands 3. Germany |
|
| 20 | 2014 | Brazil | 1. Germany 2. Argentina 3. Netherlands |
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| 21 | 2018 | Russia
|
 Ball "DREAM" FIFA World Cup 2018 (for Playoffs) | 1. France 2. Croatia 3. Belgium |
|
| 22 | 2022 | Qatar |  | ||
| 23 | 2026 | USA Canada Mexico | | ||
Soccer ball design
A soccer ball consists of three elements:
- Tire
- Lining
- Camera
- Tire
Initially, the tire was made of genuine leather. Nowadays, synthetics (polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride) are mainly used, since the leather absorbs water and the ball gains weight. Most modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of which are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal. Soccer ball panels are sewn together with threads by hand or machine, or glued together. The first such ball was produced in Denmark in 1950 by Select. It began to be used worldwide after the 1970 World Cup, at which there were such balls produced by Adidas. Before this, a ball was used that consisted of 18 oblong parts and was laced, similar in structure to modern volleyballs. This design is still quite common today. The 2006 FIFA World Cup final in Germany was played with a Teamgeist ball.
For the first time since 1970, Adidas has moved away from the traditional 32-panel tire configuration.
and introduced a 14-panel ball.
The ball panels were bonded using a thermal bonding method. The official ball of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa was the Adidas Jabulani.
The structure of the soccer ball consists of 8 panels, also thermally bonded to each other. - Lining
The inner layer between the tire and the tube is occupied by the lining.
The quality of a soccer ball directly depends on the thickness of the lining. It affects the quality of the ball's bounce and helps maintain its shape. The material for production is polyester or compressed cotton. A modern professional soccer ball consists of four or more layers of lining. - Camera
Made from synthetic butyl or natural latex, sometimes from polyurethane. A latex bladder retains air for a shorter period of time than a butyl bladder. But a latex bladder has an advantage over bladders made from butyl or polyurethane in three main ways: softness, rebound and elasticity.
Soccer ball parameters:
- the circumference is no more than 70 cm (28 inches) and no less than 68 cm (27 inches).
The standard ball size is 5 (English Size 5). - the weight of the ball is not more than 450 g (16 ounces) and not less than 410 g (14 ounces).
The weight indicated is for a dry ball. - pressure - 0.6-1.1 atmospheres (600-1100 g/sq. cm) at sea level.
Football vocabulary
- A eight (slang) - goal net.
- Own goal - a ball scored by a football player into his own goal
- Out (from the English out, exit) - the ball goes beyond the side line
- Outsider - a team at the bottom of the standings
- IN Goal (football) - a structure of two rods and a crossbar at the edge of the field where players try to kick the ball. Size - 7.32 meters by 2.44 meters
- Goalkeeper's area - an area inside the penalty area in which any fight with the goalkeeper is prohibited
- G handicap - a competition in which one of the teams receives some advantage (handicap) in advance
- Goal to the locker room - goal to last minutes first half
- Goalkeeper (from the English Goalkeeper) - goalkeeper
- Mustard plaster (slang) - yellow card
- D Evyatka is a slang name for the upper zones of the goal target, located to the right and left of the goalkeeper’s hands in close proximity to the crossbar. The name comes from the one used in training process an exercise in which if a player hits the specified zones, he is awarded 9 points
- Derby is a match of principle between two rival teams from the same city or region
- Deca trick - ten goals scored by a player in one match
- Dribbling - movement of a player in possession of the ball while dribbling past the opposing player(s)
- AND nside - a slightly pulled back attack line player located between the attack line and the midfield line. Acts as a binder
- Artificial offside - an offside position deliberately created by the players of the defending team
- TO amback (from the English comeback - return) - a situation in which one of the teams wins back the gap in the score
- Keeper (abbreviated from the English Goalkeeper) - goalkeeper
- Corner (from English corner) - corner kick
- Coach (from English coach) - head coach(in Britain - a coach).
- Circle - a phase of a group tournament or championship during which a team faces all its opponents once
- L foreigner - a club player who does not have citizenship of the country in whose national championship he participates
- Libero - free defender
- M undial (from Spanish mundial - world) - world championship
- ABOUT fside - offside position.
Offside is a rule that defines the position of the attacking player in relation to the players of the defending team as unacceptable and stopping an attack on the opponent’s goal. Decisions on the existence of an offside position are made by the side assistant referees - P penalty (from the English penalty) - an 11-meter penalty kick
- Playmaker (from the English playmaker) - passer; the player through whom attacks most often occur; player making the play (usually an attacking midfielder)
- Poker - four goals scored by one player during one match
- R eferi - football referee (chief referee, referee in the field)
- Rose - fan scarf
- WITH viper - free defender
- A free kick is an indirect free kick. A goal from a given penalty kick is only counted if at least one player from either team touches the ball on its way to the goal
- Striker (from the English strike, beat or from the English striker, hammer) - 1) a pronounced striker, center forward, 2) any player who is a constant threat to the opponent’s goal, usually players who often score goals
- Seabiscuit (slang for football statisticians) - a match in which the goalkeeper did not concede a goal
- Cracker with raisins (slang for football statisticians) - a match in which the goalkeeper did not concede a goal and saved a penalty
- T point - mark in the penalty area for a penalty kick
- Transfer - transfer of a player for money from one club to another
- F orward (from English forward) - forward
- Foul (from English foul) - violation of the rules
- X et-trick - three goals scored by one player in one match
- Halfback (from the English Half-back) - midfielder
- Sh vedka or swede - outer side feet
- Six is a slang name for the lower zones of the goal, located in close proximity to both posts. The name comes from an exercise used in the training process, in which if a player hits the specified zones, he is awarded 6 points
- Bar - side goalpost
- Penalty area is the area in front of the goal within which the goalkeeper is allowed to play with his hands. Any violation of the rules by players in the penalty area of their goal is punishable by a penalty kick
- SCH yochka - inner side feet
Initially, the tire was made of genuine leather. Nowadays, synthetics (polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride) are mainly used, since the leather absorbs water and the ball gains weight. Most modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of which are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal. Soccer ball panels are sewn together with threads by hand or machine, or glued together. The first such ball was produced in Denmark in 1950 by Select. It began to be used worldwide after the 1970 World Cup, at which there were such balls produced by Adidas. Before this, a ball was used that consisted of 18 oblong parts and was laced, similar in structure to modern volleyballs. This design is still quite common today. The 2006 FIFA World Cup final in Germany was played with a Teamgeist ball.
For the first time since 1970, Adidas has moved away from the traditional 32-panel tire configuration.
and introduced a 14-panel ball.
The ball panels were bonded using a thermal bonding method. The official ball of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa was the Adidas Jabulani.
The structure of the soccer ball consists of 8 panels, also thermally bonded to each other.
The inner layer between the tire and the tube is occupied by the lining.
The quality of a soccer ball directly depends on the thickness of the lining. It affects the quality of the ball's bounce and helps maintain its shape. The material for production is polyester or compressed cotton. A modern professional soccer ball consists of four or more layers of lining.
Made from synthetic butyl or natural latex, sometimes from polyurethane. A latex bladder retains air for a shorter period of time than a butyl bladder. But a latex bladder has an advantage over bladders made from butyl or polyurethane in three main ways: softness, rebound and elasticity.
The standard ball size is 5 (English Size 5).
The weight indicated is for a dry ball.
Offside is a rule that defines the position of the attacking player in relation to the players of the defending team as unacceptable and stopping an attack on the opponent’s goal. Decisions on the existence of an offside position are made by the side assistant referees
In order to choose the right soccer ball for a child, you need to understand what size ball is appropriate for his age, we suggest you read this article. Understanding the parameters of a soccer ball will help you choose the exact size ball that your young soccer player needs.
A soccer ball consists of three parts: a tire, a lining and a tube.
Today, soccer balls are made from synthetic materials, rather than leather, since synthetics do not absorb moisture and the ball does not become heavier, unlike previously produced leather balls. Genuine leather is practically no longer used in the production of soccer balls, since synthetic materials are superior to leather in many respects.
Docaball soccer ball size 2.
On the Internet, in many descriptions of soccer ball sizes, size 2 balls are stated as promotional and not used for games and training. Remembering the first football training I remember with horror how I ran all over the city and couldn’t find anything other than regular size 4 and 5 balls. While performing “rolling the ball with the foot” exercises during training, he had to raise his foot above the ball almost to the height of the knee of his second leg.
The size 2 Docaball training ball is best suited for games, training and improving ball control for children under 6 years old. The maximum circumference is 56 cm, and the weight does not exceed 283.5 g. A size 2 Docaball soccer ball does not differ in quality of material and manual stitching from size 5 Docaball balls.
You can buy a soccer ball size 2 Dokabol 3 in 1 Universal or
Soccer ball size 3 docabol.
Docaball balls of 3 sizes are intended for training children aged 6-8 years. The size and weight of the ball is ideal for playing and teaching technical skills to football players of this age group. The weight of the ball does not exceed 340 g, and the circumference does not reach 61 cm. Made of synthetic materials, sewn by hand.
You can buy a soccer ball of 3 sizes Dokabol 3 in 1 Universal or
Docaball soccer ball size 4.
Docaball training balls of 4 sizes are intended for training, games, teaching football techniques to children aged 8-12 years. The weight of a size 4 ball can range from 369-425 g, and the circumference should not exceed 63.5 cm.
You can buy a soccer ball of 4 sizes Dokabol 3 in 1 Universal or
Soccer ball size 5 docabol.
Docaball size 5 balls are intended for young football players aged 12 years and older. Has a circumference of no more than 70 cm and no less than 68 cm, weight no more than 450 g.
You can buy a size 5 soccer ball Dokabol 3 in 1 Universal or
Proper care of the docaball will allow you to use the ball for a longer time. Before pumping, you need to drop a few drops of special oil into the nipple; if this is not available, you can use saliva. Nipple lubrication is necessary to prevent damage inner surface valve and, as a result, loss of pressure by the ball.
If you have to use the ball in the cold, then it must be dry, otherwise when freezing, water or other liquid that gets into the seams or cracks on the ball will expand them even more.
How do you know if the ball is inflated correctly? After inflating, it must be raised to the level of the head and released; if the ball is inflated correctly, then its rebound from the surface will be at waist level.
The ball must be inflated before a game or training to excessive pressure; after the game, it is recommended to slightly lower the ball to maintain the elasticity of its shell and chamber. If after training the ball becomes dirty and wet, it must be wiped with a cloth and placed in a dry place (not on a radiator or near heat sources) to dry at room temperature.
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The Football Association of England was founded, which introduced unification for the first time football rules, but at that time they did not mention anything about a soccer ball. In 1872, the standard size and weight of the ball was officially established. Previously, the size and weight of a soccer ball were determined by mutual agreement of the parties concerned. According to the new rules, a soccer ball must have a spherical shape with a volume (circumference) of 68.6 to 71.7 cm. The mass of the ball could range from 368 to 425 grams. In 1937, the mass of the ball was increased to 410-450 grams, and from that moment this rule will remain unchanged to this day. In 1888, the English Football League was founded. Thanks to her orders, mass production of soccer balls began for the first time by the Miter and Thomlinson companies. At the beginning of the 20th century, their quality improved significantly; thanks to durable rubber, the chamber could withstand high pressure. The ball consisted of an inner tube and a tire. The tire was made of genuine leather and consisted of 18 panels sewn together. The nipple was hidden under the lacing. In the early years, a completely synthetic soccer ball was made. Genuine leather was still used in production, but in the late 1920s synthetic materials completely replaced it.
Design
A soccer ball has three main components: the tire, the lining, and the tube.
Tire
Initially, the tire was made of genuine leather. Nowadays, synthetics are mainly used, since the leather absorbs water and the ball gains weight. As a rule, the material used is PU (polyurethane) or PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Most modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of which are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal. Soccer ball panels are sewn with threads by hand or machine or glued together.
There are also lightweight soccer balls (for women and children), the circumference and weight of which may differ from the officially accepted ones.
Replacing a damaged ball
- If the ball bursts or is damaged during play, the game stops. It is resumed with a spare ball from a dropped ball in the place where it fell into disrepair.
- If the ball bursts or is damaged while it is not in play - on a kick-off, goal kick, corner, free kick, free kick, penalty kick or throw-in - then play is restarted accordingly after the ball is replaced.
The ball may be replaced during the game only on the instructions of the referee.
Colors
The old balls were monochrome, brown, then white. Subsequently, for the convenience of broadcasting on black-and-white TVs, the ball was made spotted - with black pentagons and white hexagons. This coloring has become the standard for balls and symbols in general. There are other balls, such as Nike's "Total 90 Aerow", which has rings on it to make it easier for the goalkeeper to detect the ball's spin. In matches played on a snowy field or during snowfall, brightly colored balls, mostly orange, are used.
By decision of FIFA, in official games any emblems or advertising on balls are prohibited, except for the following:
- competition or competition organizer;
- ball manufacturing company;
- ball tolerance signs.
Ball quality control
In accordance with FIFA's quality control system, all balls used in matches played under the auspices of this football organization must first receive the FIFA APPROVED or FIFA INSPECTED mark. To receive the FIFA INSPECTED mark, balls must pass a series of tests including weight control, moisture absorption, rebound, roundness, circumference and pressure loss. In order to receive the FIFA APPROVED mark, the ball must pass, in addition to the above tests, additional tests to maintain size and shape. However, soccer ball manufacturers must pay a small fee to FIFA for permission to put such marks on soccer balls.
Ball production
For the World Cup in Germany, balls were produced in Thailand. For the first time since 1970, adidas produced balls outside of the Sialkot plant. However, all 60 million balls will be produced there for sale.
The atomic lattice of the simplest fullerene, C 60, resembles a soccer ball. The carbon atoms in this fullerene occupy positions similar to the positions of the vertices in the tire of the ball.
See also
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Notes
Links
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An excerpt characterizing a soccer ball
- Your Excellency? A? Prince? – Timokhin ran up and said in a trembling voice, looking into the stretcher.Prince Andrei opened his eyes and looked from behind the stretcher, into which his head was deeply buried, at the one who was speaking, and again lowered his eyelids.
The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest where the trucks were parked and where there was a dressing station. The dressing station consisted of three tents spread out, with folded floors, on the edge of a birch forest. There were wagons and horses in the birch forest. The horses in the ridges were eating oats, and sparrows flew to them and picked up the spilled grains. The crows, sensing blood, cawing impatiently, flew over the birch trees. Around the tents, with more than two acres of space, lay, sat, and stood bloodied people in various clothes. Around the wounded, with sad and attentive faces, stood crowds of soldier porters, whom the officers in charge of order vainly drove away from this place. Without listening to the officers, the soldiers stood leaning on the stretcher and looked intently, as if trying to understand the difficult meaning of the spectacle, at what was happening in front of them. Loud, angry screams and pitiful groans were heard from the tents. Occasionally a paramedic would run out to fetch water and point out those who needed to be brought in. The wounded, waiting for their turn at the tent, wheezed, moaned, cried, screamed, cursed, and asked for vodka. Some were delirious. Prince Andrei, as a regimental commander, walking through the unbandaged wounded, was carried closer to one of the tents and stopped, awaiting orders. Prince Andrei opened his eyes and for a long time could not understand what was happening around him. The meadow, wormwood, arable land, the black spinning ball and his passionate outburst of love for life came back to him. Two steps away from him, speaking loudly and drawing everyone's attention to himself, stood, leaning on a branch and with his head tied, a tall, handsome, black-haired non-commissioned officer. He was wounded in the head and leg by bullets. A crowd of wounded and bearers gathered around him, eagerly listening to his speech.
“We just fucked him up, he abandoned everything, they took the king himself!” – the soldier shouted, his black, hot eyes shining and looking around him. “If only the Lezers had come that very time, there would be no title left, my brother, so I’m telling you the truth...”
Prince Andrei, like everyone around the narrator, looked at him with a brilliant gaze and felt a comforting feeling. “But doesn’t it matter now,” he thought. - What will happen there and what happened here? Why was I so sorry to part with my life? There was something in this life that I didn’t understand and don’t understand.”
One of the doctors, wearing a bloody apron and with bloody small hands, in one of which he held a cigar between his little finger and thumb (so as not to stain it), left the tent. This doctor raised his head and began to look around, but above the wounded. He obviously wanted to rest a little. After moving his head to the right and left for a while, he sighed and lowered his eyes.
“Well, now,” he said in response to the words of the paramedic, who pointed him to Prince Andrei, and ordered him to be carried into the tent.
There was a murmur from the crowd of waiting wounded.
“Apparently, the gentlemen will live alone in the next world,” said one.
Prince Andrei was carried in and laid on a newly cleaned table, from which the paramedic was rinsing something. Prince Andrei could not make out exactly what was in the tent. Piteous moans with different sides, the excruciating pain of his hip, stomach and back entertained him. Everything he saw around him merged for him into one general impression of a naked, bloody human body, which seemed to fill the entire low tent, just as a few weeks ago on this hot August day the same body filled the dirty pond along the Smolensk road. Yes, it was that same body, that same chair a canon [fodder for cannons], the sight of which even then, as if predicting what would happen now, aroused horror in him.
There were three tables in the tent. Two were occupied, and Prince Andrei was placed on the third. He was left alone for some time, and he involuntarily saw what was happening on the other two tables. On the nearby table sat a Tatar, probably a Cossack, judging by his uniform thrown nearby. Four soldiers held him. The bespectacled doctor was cutting something into his brown, muscular back.
“Uh, uh, uh!..” it was as if the Tatar was grunting, and suddenly, raising his high-cheekboned, black, snub-nosed face, baring his white teeth, he began to tear, twitch and squeal with a piercing, ringing, drawn-out squeal. On another table, around which a lot of people were crowding, a large, plump man with his head thrown back lay on his back (the curly hair, its color and the shape of the head seemed strangely familiar to Prince Andrei). Several paramedics leaned on this man's chest and held him. White large full leg quickly and often, without ceasing, she twitched with feverish tremors. This man was sobbing convulsively and choking. Two doctors silently - one was pale and trembling - were doing something on the other, red leg of this man. Having dealt with the Tatar, on whom an overcoat had been thrown, the doctor in glasses, wiping his hands, approached Prince Andrei. He looked into the face of Prince Andrei and hastily turned away.
- Undress! What are you standing for? – he shouted angrily at the paramedics.
Prince Andrei remembered his very first distant childhood, when the paramedic, with his hasty, rolled-up hands, unbuttoned his buttons and took off his dress. The doctor bent low over the wound, felt it and sighed heavily. Then he made a sign to someone. And the excruciating pain inside the abdomen made Prince Andrei lose consciousness. When he woke up, the broken thigh bones had been removed, chunks of flesh had been cut off, and the wound had been bandaged. They threw water in his face. As soon as Prince Andrei opened his eyes, the doctor bent over him, silently kissed him on the lips and hurriedly walked away.
After suffering, Prince Andrei felt a bliss that he had not experienced for a long time. All the best, happiest moments in his life, especially his earliest childhood, when they undressed him and put him in his crib, when the nanny sang over him, lulling him to sleep, when, burying his head in the pillows, he felt happy with the sheer consciousness of life - he imagined to the imagination not even as the past, but as reality.
Doctors were fussing around the wounded man, the outline of whose head seemed familiar to Prince Andrei; they lifted him up and calmed him down.
– Show me... Ooooh! O! oooooh! – one could hear his groan, interrupted by sobs, frightened and resigned to suffering. Listening to these moans, Prince Andrei wanted to cry. Was it because he was dying without glory, was it because he was sorry to part with his life, was it because of these irrevocable childhood memories, was it because he suffered, that others suffered, and this man moaned so pitifully in front of him, but he wanted to cry childish, kind, almost joyful tears.
The wounded man was shown a severed leg in a boot with dried blood.
- ABOUT! Ooooh! - he sobbed like a woman. The doctor, standing in front of the wounded man, blocking his face, moved away.
- My God! What is this? Why is he here? - Prince Andrei said to himself.
In the unfortunate, sobbing, exhausted man, whose leg had just been taken away, he recognized Anatoly Kuragin. They held Anatole in their arms and offered him water in a glass, the edge of which he could not catch with his trembling, swollen lips. Anatole was sobbing heavily. “Yes, it’s him; “Yes, this man is somehow closely and deeply connected with me,” thought Prince Andrei, not yet clearly understanding what was in front of him. – What is this person’s connection with my childhood, with my life? - he asked himself, not finding an answer. And suddenly a new, unexpected memory from the world of childhood, pure and loving, presented itself to Prince Andrei. He remembered Natasha as he had seen her for the first time at the ball in 1810, with thin neck and thin hands with a frightened, happy face ready for delight, and love and tenderness for her, even more vividly and stronger than ever, awoke in his soul. He now remembered the connection that existed between him and this man, who, through the tears that filled his swollen eyes, looked dully at him. Prince Andrei remembered everything, and enthusiastic pity and love for this man filled his happy heart.
Prince Andrei could not hold on any longer and began to cry tender, loving tears over people, over himself and over them and his delusions.
“Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love, love for those who hate us, love for enemies - yes, that love that God preached on earth, which Princess Marya taught me and which I did not understand; That’s why I felt sorry for life, that’s what was still left for me if I were alive. But now it's too late. I know it!
The terrible sight of the battlefield, covered with corpses and wounded, combined with the heaviness of the head and the news of twenty familiar generals being killed and wounded and with the consciousness of one’s previously powerless strong hand made an unexpected impression on Napoleon, who usually loved to look at the dead and wounded, thereby testing his spiritual strength (as he thought). On this day, the terrible sight of the battlefield defeated the spiritual strength in which he believed his merit and greatness. He hastily left the battlefield and returned to the Shevardinsky mound. Yellow, swollen, heavy, with dull eyes, a red nose and a hoarse voice, he sat on a folding chair, involuntarily listening to the sounds of gunfire and not raising his eyes. He awaited with painful melancholy the end of that matter, which he considered himself to be the cause of, but which he could not stop. Personal human feeling for a short moment took precedence over that artificial ghost of life that he had served for so long. He endured the suffering and death that he saw on the battlefield. The heaviness of his head and chest reminded him of the possibility of suffering and death for himself. At that moment he did not want Moscow, victory, or glory for himself. (What more glory did he need?) The only thing he wanted now was rest, peace and freedom. But when he was at Semenovskaya Heights, the chief of artillery suggested that he place several batteries at these heights in order to intensify the fire on the Russian troops crowded in front of Knyazkov. Napoleon agreed and ordered news to be brought to him about what effect these batteries would produce.
The adjutant came to say that, by order of the emperor, two hundred guns were aimed at the Russians, but that the Russians were still standing there.
“Our fire takes them out in rows, but they stand,” said the adjutant.
“Ils en veulent encore!.. [They still want it!..],” Napoleon said in a hoarse voice.
- Sire? [Sovereign?] - repeated the adjutant who did not listen.
“Ils en veulent encore,” Napoleon croaked, frowning, in a hoarse voice, “donnez leur en.” [You still want to, so ask them.]
And without his order, what he wanted was done, and he gave orders only because he thought that orders were expected from him. And he was again transported to his former artificial world of ghosts of some kind of greatness, and again (like that horse walking on a sloping drive wheel imagines that it is doing something for itself) he obediently began to perform that cruel, sad and difficult, inhuman the role that was intended for him.
And it was not just for this hour and day that the mind and conscience of this man, who bore the brunt of what was happening more heavily than all the other participants in this matter, were darkened; but never, until the end of his life, could he understand either goodness, beauty, truth, or the meaning of his actions, which were too opposite to goodness and truth, too far from everything human for him to understand their meaning. He could not renounce his actions, praised by half the world, and therefore had to renounce truth and goodness and everything human.
The ball was made from the bladders of animals, which quickly became unusable if they were hit hard enough. Ball production technology changed qualitatively with the discovery of vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear in 1838. In 1855, Goodyear introduced the first ball made of rubber. The use of rubber made it possible to enhance the quality of the ball's rebound and its strength.
Quality and parameters
- has a spherical shape;
- made of leather or other material suitable for these purposes;
- has a circumference of no more than 70 cm (28 inches) and no less than 68 cm (27 inches). Standard ball size 5 Size 5);
- weighs no more than 450 (16 oz) and no less than 410 g (14 oz) at the start of the match. The weight is indicated for a dry ball;
- has a pressure of 0.6−1.1 atmospheres (600–1100 g/sq. cm) at sea level (8.5 psi to 15.6 psi).
Dimensions
- Size 1
advertising and are produced with displayed logos or advertising inscriptions. They are usually made of synthetic materials, consist of 32 panels (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons), and their circumference does not exceed 43 cm. In their structure, balls of the first size are no different from standard balls, only inferior to them in size.
- Size 2
Balls of this size are used mainly for advertising purposes and for teaching children under four years of age. The ball is made of synthetic materials, plastic or material (polyvinyl chloride). The maximum circumference is 56 cm and the weight does not exceed 283.5 g. Balls of this size are best suited for training and improving ball control technique. The ball can consist of 32 or 26 panels. Sometimes logos, signs and various advertising inscriptions are depicted on it.
- Size 3
Balls of this size are intended for training children under 8 years of age. The mass of the ball does not exceed 340 g, and the circumference does not exceed 61 cm. Typically, balls of this size consist of 32 stitched or glued panels made of synthetic materials or polyvinyl chloride. Sometimes balls of this size are made from 18 or 26 panels.
- Size 4
Balls of this size are standard for futsal and are also intended for training children under 12 years of age. According to FIFA rules, a ball of this size can be made of leather or other suitable materials, the mass of the ball can range from 369-425 g, and the circumference must be between 63.5-66 cm.
- Size 5
Balls of this size are used in all official competitions held under the auspices of FIFA throughout the world. This size of ball is used most widely in football. More size 5 soccer balls are produced than all other size 1 to 4 soccer balls combined. The ball has a circumference of 68-70 cm and weighs no more than 450 g.
Replacing a damaged ball
- If the ball bursts or is damaged during play, the game stops. It is resumed with a spare ball from a dropped ball in the place where it fell into disrepair.
- If the ball bursts or is damaged while it is not in play - on a kick-off, goal kick, corner, free kick, free kick, penalty kick or throw-in - then play is restarted accordingly after the ball is replaced.
The ball may be replaced during the game only on the instructions of the referee.
Colors
The old balls were monochrome, brown, then white. Subsequently, for the convenience of broadcasting on black-and-white TVs, the ball was made spotted - with black pentagons and white hexagons. This coloring has become the standard for balls and symbols in general. There are other balls, such as Nike's "Total 90 Aerow", which has rings on it to make it easier for the goalkeeper to detect the ball's spin. In matches played on a snowy field or during snowfall, brightly colored balls are used, mostly orange.
By decision of FIFA, in official games any emblems or advertising on balls are prohibited, except for the following:
- competition or competition organizer;
- ball manufacturing company;
- ball tolerance signs.
Ball quality control
In accordance with FIFA's quality control system, all balls used in matches played under the auspices of this football organization must first receive the FIFA APPROVED or FIFA INSPECTED mark. To receive the FIFA INSPECTED mark, balls must pass a series of tests including weight control, moisture absorption, rebound, roundness, circumference and pressure loss. In order to receive the FIFA APPROVED mark, the ball must pass, in addition to the above tests, additional tests to maintain size and shape. However, soccer ball manufacturers must pay a small fee to FIFA for permission to put such marks on soccer balls.
Ball production
80% of the balls are produced in Pakistan and 75% of them (60% of the world's total production) in the city of Sialkot. Previously, child labor was often used in production, but after Euro 2004, publications appeared in the press on this subject and international child protection organizations, in particular UNICEF, took over the plant. For the World Cup in Germany, balls were produced in Thailand. For the first time since 1970, Adidas produced balls outside of the Sialkot plant. However, all 60 million balls will be produced there for sale.
See also
- Monument to a soccer ball
Notes
Links
- Soccer ball: design, types, differences, tips for choosing (Russian)
- All about soccer balls
