................................................................................................... 1
1. General structure of the human body .................................................... ........................................... 2
2. Osteology .................................................... ........................................................ ................................... 4
3. Arthrology .................................................... ........................................................ .................................... 10
4. Myology .................................................... ........................................................ .................................... 16
5. General structure of the nervous system .................................................... ............................................... 18
6. General structure of the circulatory system .................................................... ........................................... 20
23
1. Bones of the skull .................................................... ........................................................ ................................ 24
2. Lower jaw and dental arch ............................................... ........................................................ .... 52
3. Temporomandibular joint .................................................... ........................................................ 56
4. Cranial nerves .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 66
5. Peri- and retropharyngeal region ............................................... ............................................... 82
6. Skull and meninges .................................................... ........................................................ ............... 86
7. Cerebral arteries and veins .................................................... ........................................................ ............ 92
8. Auditory analyzer and vestibular apparatus ............................................... ........................... 118
9. Visual analyzer and eye socket .................................................... ............................................... 128
10. Nasal cavity and nasal septum ............................................... .................................... 139
11. Oral cavity .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 146
150
1. General structure of the neck .................................................... ........................................................ ................... 151
2. Larynx .................................................... ........................................................ ..................................... 154
3. Pharynx .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 160
4. Arteries and veins .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 164
5. Neck section .................................................... ........................................................ .................................... 170
6. Posterior and carotid triangles .................................................... ........................................................ .... 172
7. Side view of the neck .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 174
182
1. Thorax and spinal column ............................................... ............................................... 183
2. Sternum and abdominal wall .................................................... ........................................................ .......... 194
3. Groin area .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 205
4. Back muscles .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 209
5. Spinal cord and spinal nerves .................................................... ..................................... 218
6. Back of the neck .................................................... ........................................................ ............. 220
227
1. Organs of the chest .................................................... ........................................................ ................ 228
2. Lungs and pleura .................................................... ........................................................ ............................ 232
3. Heart .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 236
4. Particular anatomy of the chest organs ............................................... .................................. 246
5. Particular anatomy of the heart .................................................... ........................................................ .......... 250
6. Posterior mediastinum .................................................... ........................................................ ................... 256
7. Aperture ................................................... ........................................................ ................................... 264
......................................................................... 272
1. General structure ................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 272
2. Stomach .................................................... ........................................................ ..................................... 276
3. Pancreas and bile ducts ............................................... ........................... 278
4. Liver .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 280
5. Vessels of the abdominal organs .................................................... ........................................... 284
6. Particular anatomy of the abdominal organs ............................................... ........................... 286
7. Upper floor of the abdominal cavity ............................................... ........................................................ .291
8. Root of the mesentery and peritoneal pockets ............................................... ........................................... 298
303
1. Urinary system .................................................... ........................................................ ........................ 304
2. Kidney .................................................... ........................................................ ............................................... 306
3. Posterior abdominal wall .................................................... ........................................................ ............ 310
4. Male genitourinary system .................................................... ........................................................ 316
5. Vessels of the pelvic organs .................................................... ........................................................ ..... 324
6. Male external genitalia .................................................... ...........................................326
7. Male urogenital diaphragm .................................................... ............................................... 330
8. Female genitourinary system .................................................... ........................................................ 332
9. Uterus and uterine appendages ................................................. ........................................................ ............... 336
10. Female external genitalia .................................................... ........................................340
11. Female urogenital diaphragm .................................................... ........................................342
.......................................................................................346
1. Shoulder girdle and chest ............................................... ........................................................ .347
2. Bones .................................................... ........................................................ ...............................................352
3. Joints and ligaments .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 356
4. Muscles .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 360
5. Vessels and nerves .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 374
6. Shoulder areas .................................................... ........................................................ ............................... 379
7. Axillary area .................................................... ........................................................ ............ 386
8. Particular anatomy of the shoulder and forearm ............................................... ........................................ 391
9. Particular anatomy of the hand .................................................... ........................................................ .............. 400
......................................................................................... 407
1. Pelvis .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ 408
2. Bones .................................................... ........................................................ ............................................... 409
3. Joints and ligaments .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 420
4. Muscles .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 428
5. Vessels and nerves .................................................... ........................................................ ............................ 442
6. Anterior thigh .................................................... ........................................................ ............ 450
7. Gluteal region .................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 454
8. Posterior thigh .................................................... ........................................................ ................ 456
9. Shin area .................................................... ........................................................ ............................ 461
10 Particular anatomy of the foot .................................................... ........................................................ .......... 468
Preface to the fourth edition
Fifteen years after the first edition, the atlas was thoroughly revised and revised. The two original authors - now distinguished professors - were flattered by Professor Lutjen-Drekoll's agreement to participate as a co-author. She is the author of a large number of original ideas regarding the atlas, and with her help many valuable additions were made. This should guarantee the continuation of the tradition of this atlas. This edition has been introduced large number new illustrations: about 60 new photographs and 20 new drawings have been added based on newly created samples. In order to avoid unwanted changes in the volume of the book, we have removed outdated drawings from previous editions and revised the ratio of the parts of the book.
Currently, much attention is paid to the method of layer-by-layer anatomy, so we have added a number of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging images to clarify the detailed diagrams of the structure.
In addition, the atlas is supplemented by a short introductory chapter by Professor Willy A. Kalender, dedicated to modern diagnostic research methods and illustrated with the most characteristic images for each technique. Each chapter of this publication consists of two parts.
The first part is devoted to the traditional description of the anatomical structures of organs, such as limbs: bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The second part presents data on layer-by-layer anatomy, where the description of the superficial layer is followed by a description of the middle and deep layers so that the student can navigate the sections of anatomical preparations. When viewing photographs, we strongly recommend using a magnifying glass for a more accurate perception of the three-dimensional image of the structures of organs and tissues.
While preparing the new edition for publication, the authors never ceased to be amazed at how accurately, beautifully and expediently the human body is constructed. And if this book helps students or practitioners appreciate the overwhelming magnificence anatomical structure human tissues and organs, then we can consider our task completed. A deep interest in the study of anatomy will help to awaken love for people, which in itself is the most important characteristic of a doctor, necessary in his daily medical practice.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to all the co-authors who took part in this work, without whose help the creation of this atlas would have been impossible. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to all the staff of Igaku-Shoin and F. K. Schattauer Publ. Comp., who always listened carefully to all our suggestions and made a great contribution to the creation of this book.
Autumn 1997.
Yoganess V. Roen
ChihiroYokochi
Elki Lutyen-Drekoll.
Gratitude
We would like to express our gratitude to all the contributors whose assistance contributed to the creation of this atlas. We are especially indebted to Dr. K. Okamoto (now working in Nagasaki, Japan) and Jeff Bryant, a member of our team; to those who created new drugs for this publication, for their enormous knowledge and skills. We are also grateful to Professor W. Neuhuber and Mr. Tom Simpson for their enormous contribution to the creation of this work. The preparations of the previous edition were also created with great enthusiasm and skill by Prof. Dr. S. Nagashima (now working in Nagasaki, Japan), Dr. Mutsuko Takahashi (now working in Tokyo), Dr. Gabriella Lindner-Funk (Erlangen), Dr. P. Lendgraf ( Erlangen) and Miss Rachel M. McDonnell (now working in Dallas, USA).
We also express our deep gratitude to Professor V. A. Kalender (Head of the Department of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen) for writing the introductory article on visual diagnostic methods.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were kindly provided by Siemens AG, Erlangen, and by Prof. W. J. Huck (Erlangen), Dr. Andreas Hick (University of Munich). We are also indebted to Mr. Hans Sommer (SOMCO, Coburg), who kindly provided human bone samples (e.g. chest and skulls).
We are very grateful to our photographer, Mr. Marco Gebwein, for the wonderful photographs he took. Our secretaries, Mrs. Lisa Koehler and Elizabeth Glass, worked carefully and tirelessly, as did our artists, Mrs. Annette Geck and Mr. Heocom Schmidt, who not only produced magnificent new drawings, but also actively participated in the design of the new edition. We express our gratitude to the scientists, students and other collaborators, especially the publishing company Igaku Shoin (Tokyo) and F. K. Chattauer (Stuttgart).
Autumn 1997
Yoganess V. Roen
Chihiro Yokochi
Elki Lutyen-Drekoll
Preface to the first edition
Currently, there are a large number of good anatomical atlases. Therefore, the need to create a new option should be justified. We see three main reasons for creating this book. First of all, most previously published atlases contain only schematic or semi-schematic images that represent real objects in an extremely limited way; they do not have a third dimension, they lack volume. In contrast, photographs of anatomical preparations convey a real image of the object, preserving their proportions and spatial size more accurately than the schematized color drawings in most previous atlases.
Moreover, photographs of specimens of the human body correspond to the student's observations while taking an anatomy course. Thus, he is able to quickly navigate using photographs of preparations, and not only when working with a corpse. Secondly, some of the existing atlases provide classification by organ systems rather than by body parts. As a result, the student needs several books, in each of which he is forced to look for the necessary information on a specific part of the body. In this atlas, an attempt has been made to display macroscopic anatomy as realistically as possible in terms of topography and functional features the object itself. Consequently, it may be useful in the study of anatomy by doctors of various specialties, including dentists.
The third task of the authors was to reduce the course to the required volume and present it in the form of a didactic tutorial. To the images of all parts of the body, we added schematic drawings of the main vessels and nerves, muscle mechanisms, etc., which will improve the understanding of the details of the images in the photographs.
The complex structure of the cranial bones is presented not in a descriptive manner, but through a series of images showing the mosaic of bones and their relationships in a way that ultimately facilitates understanding of the structure of the cranial bones.
Finally, the authors were inspired to create the atlas current situation in medical education, when, on the one hand, there is a constant shortage of cadavers in many anatomical departments, and on the other hand, the number of students is constantly increasing everywhere. As a result, students do not have sufficient illustrative material for anatomy classes. Of course, photographs will never replace direct study of the specimen, but we think that the use of large-format images instead of drawn, mostly schematic representations is more appropriate and is a significant improvement in an anatomy course over drawings alone. Most of the preparations depicted in the atlas were prepared by the authors in the anatomical departments of Erlangen, Germany; Kanagawa Dental College, Wakowicka, Japan.
The preparations for the chapter describing the structure of the neck and spinal cord and showing the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves were prepared with skill and great enthusiasm by Dr. K. Schmit. The spinal ligament specimens were prepared by Dr. T. Mokrush, and most of the specimens presented in the lower and upper extremity chapters were very carefully prepared by Dr. S. Nagashima of Kurume, Japan.
Once again we express our sincere gratitude to all our employees for their most helpful, dedicated and highly qualified work.
Erlangen, spring 1983
Yoganess V. Roen
Chihiro Yokochi
Anyone who is going to work with energies and with people should know at least the approximate location of the main parts of the physical and energetic bodies of a person. To gain this knowledge, I compiled an anatomical atlas of the physical and energetic bodies of a person, which I divided into 4 parts. Today you can familiarize yourself with the first part of the atlas, which describes the physical body of a person.
1. Physical body 1.1. Human skeleton 1.2. Muscles of the human body 1.3. Internal organs 1.4. Human circulatory system 1.5. Lymphatic system 1.6. Human nervous system 2. Nadi 2.1 Ida and pingala 2.2. Sushumna 3. Chakras (energy centers) 3.1. Muladhara 3.2. Svadhisthana 3.3. Manipura 3.4. Anahata 3.5. Vishuddhi 3.6. Ajna 3.7. Sahasrara 4. Energy bodies(subtle bodies) 4.1. Etheric body 4.2. Emotional body 4.3. Mental body 4.4. Astral body 4.5. Etheric defining body 4.6. Celestial body 4.7. Kether body
1. Physical body
1.1. Human skeleton
Human skeleton- a set of bones, the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. Serves as a support for soft tissues, a point of application of muscles (lever system), a container and protection internal organs. The skeleton contains about 250 bones. The approximate weight of an adult skeleton is on average 10 kg for men and 7 kg for women. The skeleton performs two important functions:
- support function
- hematopoiesis
The supporting function of the skeleton is quite clear without explanation, it is only worth mentioning that the human skeleton is located inside the body (endoskeleton), unlike, for example, a snail, whose shell is located outside the body (exoskeleton). The hematopoietic function of the skeleton is realized by the contents of the cavities present in the bones (the so-called bone marrow). Bone marrow is the organ where red blood cells (erythrocytes) mature, carrying oxygen to all organs and tissues.
Front view. 1 - skull; 2 - spinal column; 3 - collarbone; 4 - shoulder blade; 5 - sternum; 6 — humerus; 7 - radius; 8 - ulna; 9 - carpal bones; 10 - metacarpus bones; 11 - phalanges of the fingers; 12 - pelvic bone; 13 - sacrum; 14 - pubic symphysis; 15 - femur; 16 - patella; 17 - tibia; 18 — fibula; 19 - tarsal bones; 20 - metatarsal bones; 21 - phalanges of the toes; 22 - ribs, chest).
Rear view. 1 - skull; 2 - spinal column; 3 - shoulder blade; 4 - humerus; 5 - ulna; 6 - radius; 7 - carpal bones; 8 - metacarpus bones; 9 - phalanges of the fingers; 10 - pelvic bone; 11 - femur; 12 - tibia; 13 - fibula; 14 - foot bones; 15 - tarsal bones; 16 - metatarsal bones; 17 - phalanges of the toes; 18 - sacrum; 19 - ribs (chest).
1.2. Muscles of the human body
Muscles or muscles(from lat. muscle- mouse, small mouse) - organs of the body of animals and humans, consisting of elastic, elastic muscle tissue, capable of contracting under the influence of nerve impulses. Designed to perform various actions: body movements, contractions vocal cords, breathing. Muscles allow you to move parts of the body and express thoughts and feelings in actions. Whatever actions a person performs, be it smiling, laughing, crying, speaking, walking, running, working, playing, reading or eating, muscles are involved. There are 640 muscles in the human body (depending on the method of counting differentiated muscle groups, their total number is determined from 639 to 850). The smallest ones are attached to the smallest bones located in the ear. The biggest ones are the biggest ones gluteal muscles, they move the legs.
General view. 1 - trapezius muscle; 2 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 3 - muscle depressing the angle of the mouth; 4 — masseter muscle; 5 - zygomaticus major muscle; 6 — orbicularis muscle eyes; 7 - temporal muscle; 8 - anterior belly of the supracranial muscle, 9 - orbicularis oris muscle; 10 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 11 — deltoid, 12 - biceps brachii; 13 - rectus abdominis muscle; 14 - external oblique abdominal muscle; 15 - pyramidal muscle; 16 - pectineus muscle; 17 - long adductor muscle of the thigh; 18 - sartorius muscle; 19 - adductor magnus muscle of the thigh; 20 - rectus femoris muscle; 21 - medial vastus muscle hips; 22 - tibialis anterior muscle; 23 - tendons longus muscle, extending the toes; 24 - soleus muscle; 25 — calf muscle; 26 - vastus lateral femoris; 27 - tensor muscle fascia lata hips; 28 - muscle that extends the fingers; 29 - long radialis muscle, wrist extension; 30 - brachioradialis muscle; 31 — brachialis muscle; 32 - serratus anterior muscle; 33 - large pectoral muscle.
1.3. Internal organs
Location of internal organs and bones of the human skeleton: 1. Thyroid cartilage; 2. thyroid gland; 3. windpipe (trachea); 4. left clavicle; 5. sternum; 6. left shoulder blade; 7. left lung; 8. ribs; 9. heart; 10. liver; 11. stomach; 12. spleen; 13. transverse colon; 14. jejunal loops; 15. descending colon; 16. ilium; 17. sigmoid colon; 18. pubic bone; 19. ischium;
20. bladder; 21. rectum; 22. loops of the ileum; 23. ascending colon; 24. right lung; 25. right shoulder blade; 26. right clavicle; 27. spine; 28. right kidney; 29. sacrum; 30. coccyx; 31. left kidney.
The structure of internal organs. Drawing from a book on anatomy for students, 16th century.
1.4. Human circulatory system
Human circulatory system- a system of organs that ensure blood circulation throughout the animal’s body.
The composition of the cardiovascular vascular system includes blood vessels and the main circulatory organ - The main function of the human cardiovascular system is the distribution throughout the body of blood containing nutrients and biologically active substances, gases, and metabolic products. The central element of the circulatory system is the heart, a hollow muscular organ capable of rhythmic contractions that ensure continuous movement of blood within the vessels.
The human heart consists of two completely separated halves, each of which has a ventricle and an atrium. Vessels are a system of hollow elastic tubes of various structures, diameters and mechanical properties filled with blood. In general, depending on the direction of blood flow, vessels are divided into: arteries, through which blood is drained from the heart and supplied to the organs, and veins, vessels in which blood flows towards the heart. As they move away from the heart, the vessels fan out into smaller and smaller ones, eventually forming arterioles. Between the arteries and veins there is microvasculature, forming the peripheral part of the cardiovascular system. The microvasculature is a system of small vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, venules, and arterioluvenular anastomoses. This is where exchange processes between blood and tissues occur. Further, approaching the heart, the veins merge again, forming larger vessels.
1.5. Lymphatic system
Lymphatic system(lat. systema lymphaticum) - part of the mammalian vascular system, complementary cardiovascular system. She's playing important role in metabolism and cleansing of body cells and tissues. Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed and does not have a central pump. The lymph circulating in it moves slowly and under low pressure.
General view: 1 - lymphatic vessels of the face; 2 - submandibular lymph nodes; 3 - mental lymph nodes; 4 - mouth of the thoracic duct; 5 - anterior mediastinal lymph nodes; 6 - axillary lymph nodes; 7 - superficial lymphatic vessels of the arm, following the course of the lateral saphenous vein; 8 - medial group of superficial lymphatic vessels of the hand; 9 - lumbar lymph nodes; 10 - common iliac lymph nodes; 11 - internal iliac lymph nodes; 12 - superficial inguinal lymph nodes; 13 - medial group of superficial lymphatic vessels of the leg; 14 - lateral group of superficial lymphatic vessels of the leg; 15 - superficial lymphatic vessels of the foot; 16 - deep lymphatic vessels of the dorsum of the foot; 17 - deep lymphatic vessels of the leg; 18 - deep lymphatic vessels of the thigh; 19 - deep lymphatic vessels of the palm; 20 - deep inguinal lymph nodes; 21 - external iliac lymph nodes; 22 - deep lymphatic vessels of the forearm; 23 - superficial ulnar lymph nodes; 24 - brachial lymph nodes; 25 - intercostal nodes; 26 - thoracic flow; 27 - subclavian trunk; 28 - jugular trunk; 29 - deep cervical lymph nodes; 30 - jugular-digastric lymph node; 31 - retroauricular lymph node; 32 - parotid lymph nodes.
1.6. Human nervous system
Nervous system, a set of structures in the body of animals and humans, uniting the activities of all organs and systems and ensuring the functioning of the body as a whole in its constant interaction with the external environment. N. s. perceives external and internal stimuli, analyzes this information, selects and processes it and, in accordance with this, regulates and coordinates the functions of the body.
Date of application receipt:01/31/2018. Registration date 06.06.2018
The program "Virtual Anatomy 4.0" is an exclusively Russian development by a team of authors of LLC "ARTEXA", under the scientific supervision of Professor V.I. Kozlova(Head of the Department of Human Anatomy at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (Moscow)).
The program first went on sale in the fall of 2013 and was called “Virtual Anatomy.” Virtual Anatomy - 3D atlas of human anatomy for individual lessons on your home computer. That does not prevent it from being used in a classroom setting using a projector.
ARTEX "Virtual Anatomy" is a training program
Interactive virtual atlas of human anatomy in 3D, designed for medical students and experienced practitioners. 3D graphics display technologies based on OpenGL or DirectX are widely used in the gaming industry, which has now reached great heights with these technologies.
It's time to harness the full potential of these technologies for educational purposes. Anatomy needs this more than any other discipline. The study of anatomy at the moment requires a lot of effort from a student studying such a difficult subject in order to “get” into his head a three-dimensional understanding of anatomy from textual information in textbooks and two-dimensional images of various atlases, because each of them has its own style of compilation and the scale of images that do not give a complete picture of the organ being studied.
Virtual human anatomy solves these problems. The study of anatomy on a human corpse does not always enable the student to see layer by layer, and furthermore, on the same corpse there are no indications of the anatomical structures of the parts of the body, which are so necessary for the student studying any particular organ. This program is not the first in the category of virtual anatomy atlases, but (in our opinion) the only one of its kind that is fully adapted to show the entire anatomy of the human body without barriers or compromises.
In our virtual 3D atlas of human anatomy you can get acquainted with the most detailed internal structure of a person, its arterial and nervous system, brain, muscles, as well as fascia in a three-dimensional model. Each organ and even its parts in our program have a name. It is complete when studying human anatomy in medical schools for a student or an experienced doctor, because our three-dimensional atlas contains all the information about human anatomy. All names are given in accordance with the International Anatomical Terminology (FICAT) and the official list of Russian equivalents.
Program updates appear approximately once a week. 40 came out in 2016!!! updates.
The Arteksa company is always ready to advise and help in mastering the program. So if you want to ask any question regarding the program or its payment, or express your wishes regarding the future functionality of the program, then we are always ready to help you!
Let's look at the anatomy of the internal organs of a person and its anatomical systems in pictures, as well as photos of how they look in the human body.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 1.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 1.2)
Photo of human anatomy, his nervous system. In one day, 3 billion is delivered and processed to the central nervous system. messages. Our brain is forced to analyze all this and make choices about what to ignore and what to react to, this happens in less than one second.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 2.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 2.2)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 2.3)
Anatomy of the body, photo of the circulatory system. During rest, a person's heart pumps approximately five liters of blood throughout the body every minute. To accomplish everything that is necessary for life, the incredibly complex circulatory system uses approximately 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 3.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 3.2)
Man photo, anatomy of the digestive system. The duodenum is the center of digestive function, as it receives stomach hummus, as well as bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. It is impossible for such complex channels to evolve simultaneously.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 4.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 4.2)
Human anatomy in pictures, muscular system. IN human body estimated around 700 individual muscles, coordinated with each other without any shortcomings, such a system could not arise gradually during evolution.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 5.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 5.2)
Photos of human bone anatomy. A human thigh bone can support one ton of weight, how is this possible? The structure of human bones is hollow inside and is arranged in the same way as in the structures of bridges and buildings in our time.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 6.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 6.2)
Human anatomy photo of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are cleansing centers of the entire human body; they are responsible for transporting toxins and cleaning the internal environment. Did you know that thanks to regular charging, lymphatic system will it be ok?
(Human anatomy, photo No. 7.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 7.2)
The brain is the general of our body. In pictures, Anatomy of the brain, its parts responsible for various functions of the body. The human brain is incredibly complex and weighs only from 1 kg to two kg, depending on age.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 8.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 8.2)
Anatomy photo of the heart- double pump with autonomic nervous system. To maintain life, the human heart must beat approximately 100,000 times a day without interruption or stop.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 9.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 9.2)
Human anatomy, lungs in the photo. In one day, our lungs pass through 12,000 liters. air and 6,000 l. Blood. It is interesting that humans have not observed a single beneficial mutation in the lungs, but only harmful ones, this indicates the impossibility of the evolution of the lungs.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 10.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 10.2)
Picture anatomy of the human liver. The liver claims to be the largest glandular organ in the human body.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 11.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 11.2)
Digestive tract, anatomy photo. Interestingly, the length of the human intestine ranges from 7 to 10 meters.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 12.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 12.2)
Photo anatomy of the kidney. In 24 hours, the kidneys clean up to 2 thousand liters of blood from toxins, while having 1 million filter elements.
(Human anatomy, photo No. 13.1)
(Human anatomy, photo No. 13.2)
Human anatomy, stomach photo. The human stomach can digest a substance that is much denser in composition than it is. It's amazing that he doesn't digest himself, even though he's made of flesh!
(Human anatomy, photo No. 14.1)
Our nose can detect a trillion smells. Our ear has 24,000 "hair" cells that convert vibrations into electrical impulses, we can hear sounds at very low acoustic levels. Our eyes are capable of analyzing about 50 thousand data simultaneously. Our skin is waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, elastic, flexible, sensitive, self-repairing, it is able to absorb some necessary chemical elements and reject others. It is porous, self-lubricating, produces vitamins, produces odorants, and can sense temperature, vibration and pressure.
All these amazing facts of human anatomy simply scream to us not about evolution, but about the existence of an intelligent design by a Super-wise Creator.
The anatomy manual by Sergei Sergeevich Levkin will be useful to both students and teachers of medical schools; it can also be used by novice specialists. The information is presented briefly and succinctly; only the most important things are highlighted here. Big advantage The atlas contains color illustrations that clearly reflect what is written. The pictures look three-dimensional, clear, they are signed in Russian and Latin for ease of memorization. Thanks to this, it will not be difficult to understand what we are talking about, where this or that organ or bone is located.
The first part of the manual deals with the structure of the skeletal system. From here, readers will be able to learn about what bones are and how they are connected to each other. Next we talk about muscles, their types, functions and location are considered. The second part of the atlas talks in detail about the systems of the human body, as well as the sense organs. It will not be difficult to understand the connection of all systems with each other and appreciate how complex our body is. After all, when studying anatomy, you need to understand that the body is not only a collection of several systems, but also a single mechanism that must work clearly and harmoniously, ensuring the implementation of all vital processes.
On our website you can download the book “Atlas of Human Anatomy” by Sergey Sergeevich Levkin for free and without registration in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format, read the book online or buy the book in the online store.
