Sports shooting- a sport in which athletes compete in shooting accuracy from different types of weapons.
History of the emergence and development of sports shooting
Shooting sport is considered one of the most ancient applied sports. It appeared back in the distant times of bows and crossbows. In the middle of the 14th century, bows and crossbows evolved into firearms, after which bullet shooting began to actively develop.
In 1449, the first firearms shooting societies began to appear in France, and later they appeared in England and the USA.
In 1896, rifle and pistol shooting competitions were included in the program of the first Olympic Games in 1896, and since 1897, World Shooting Championships began to be held regularly.
Types of sports shooting
Bullet shooting- one of the types of shooting sports in which athletes compete in shooting from pneumatic, small-caliber, large-caliber rifles and pistols. Bullet shooting is an Olympic sport, in particular, the Olympic program includes 5 rifle shooting exercises (MV-5, VP-4, MV-6, MV-9, VP-6) and the same number of pistol shooting exercises (MP-5, PP-2, MP-6, MP-8, PP-3).
Abbreviations indicating the type of weapon:
VP- air rifle
MV- small-caliber rifle
AB- standard large-caliber rifle
PV- any large-caliber rifle
PP- air pistol
MP- small-caliber pistol
RP- revolver-pistol of central combat.
Exercises:
MV-5— shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Position — prone, standing, kneeling, 3x20 shots.
VP-4— Air rifle. 40 shots standing. Time 1 hour 15 minutes. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
MV-6- Random small-caliber rifle. Distance 50 m. Target No. 7. Shooting is carried out in the following sequence: 40 shots prone (1 hour 00 minutes), 40 standing (1 hour 30 minutes), 40 from the knee (1 hour 15 minutes). In each position, an unlimited number of test shots are allowed before performing scoring shots. The winner is determined by the sum of points scored in three positions.
MV-9- Random small-caliber rifle. Distance 50 m. Target No. 7. Shooting is carried out in the following sequence: 20 shots while lying down, 20 while standing, 20 from the knee. The total time for shooting from three positions is 2 hours 30 minutes. In each position, an unlimited number of test shots are allowed before performing scoring shots.
VP-6— Air rifle. Distance 10 m. Target No. 8. 60 shots standing. Time 1 hour 45 min. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
MP-5- a standard (sporting) small-caliber pistol (in the international classification pistol for exercise MP-5) is usually called sports, although this is the same pistol from which exercise MP-10 is performed. Distance 25 m. The exercise is divided into two parts. The first - 30 shots - is fired at a stationary target No. 4, the second - 30 shots - at an appearing target No. 5. Shooting is carried out in series of 5 shots at one target. In the first half, each series is completed in 6 minutes; in the second half of each series, the target appears 5 times for 3 seconds, during which the shooter fires one shot (pauses between target appearances are 7 seconds). First, all participants perform the first half of the exercise, and then the second.
PP-2— shooting from an air pistol, distance 10 m, 40 shots.
PP-3— shooting from an air pistol, distance 10 m, 60 shots. Time 1 hour 45 min. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before the start of scoring shots.
MP-6- any small-caliber pistol. Distance 50 m. Target No. 4. 60 shots. Time 2 hours 00 minutes. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
MP-8- rapid-fire small-caliber pistol. Distance 25 m. 5 simultaneously appearing targets No. 5. 60 shots. Shooting is carried out in series of 5 shots; The shooter fires one shot at each of the five simultaneously appearing targets. The exercise is divided into 2 halves, each of which consists of two sets of 8 s, two of 6 s, and two of 4 s. Before the start of the test shooting, one test series is performed in each half of the exercise for 8 s. First, all participants perform the first half of the exercise, and then the second.
The numbers in the abbreviations indicate the serial number of the exercise in the national sports classification for bullet shooting.
Skeet shooting- one of the types of shooting sports in which athletes compete in shooting at open shooting ranges. Shooting is carried out with shot from smoothbore shotguns at special skeet targets.
The Olympic Games include 3 skeet shooting disciplines:
- Round stand - athletes fire at clay pigeons, moving from one shooting station to another (8 in total), and also changing the shooting angle relative to the trajectories of flying targets.
- Trench stand - athletes fire at clay pigeons thrown out of a trench in a random direction.
- A double trap is the same as a trench stand, but the skeet is thrown out in pairs and the shooting is done in doublets.
Practical shooting- one of the types of shooting sports, the goal of which is to master and develop techniques that best suit various cases of using firearms.
Shooting skill is assessed as a balance of three main components:
- Accuracy - points for hitting targets;
- Speed - time from the start signal to the last shot;
- Power - the use of weapons of greater power is encouraged by a large number of points awarded for hitting the scoring zones of targets, in addition, a minimum caliber and a minimum power factor are established.
The result is the sum of points for hitting all targets, including penalties, divided by the execution time.
Benchrest shooting is one of the types of shooting sports, the goal of the athletes is to fire five (or ten) shots at the scoring target; The smaller the group size, the higher the shooter’s place in the competition. In this case, shooting is performed while sitting at a special table with the rifle placed at point-blank range for shooting.
The following table shooting disciplines are distinguished:
- benchrest BR-50 - shooting from small-caliber devices;
- short benchrest - shooting at a distance of 100, 200 or 300 (meters or yards);
- benchrest Long Range - shooting at distances: 500, 600, 1000 (meters or yards) and mile.
Varminting is one of the types of shooting sports in which athletes compete in shooting at long and ultra-long distances, mainly at rodents. It is allowed to use artificial targets that imitate the silhouette of marmots.
sniping- one of the types of shooting sports in which athletes compete in shooting from sniper weapons.
Shooting competitions at the Summer Olympics first appeared at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens and have since been included in the program of every subsequent Games, except for the 1904 and 1928 Games. Initially, the competition was held among men, and from the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, women could participate in all disciplines on an equal basis with men. At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, some disciplines were divided between men and women, and shooting became a completely separate sport at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. There are 15 sets of awards up for grabs in this sport. Shooting sport- a sport in which participants compete in shooting from firearms and pneumatic weapons. Divided into bullet shooting, where shooting is carried out from rifled weapons in a shooting range at targets, and clay pigeon shooting, where participants shoot from smooth-bore weapons at special flying skeet targets at open shooting ranges. In Russia, since 2004, practical shooting (pistol, shotgun, carbine) has also been recognized as a separate type of shooting sport. There are also types of high-precision shooting: benchrest, varmint and sniping.
Both shot and skeet shooting are included in the Olympic Games program and are among the oldest Olympic disciplines. For the first time, medals in shooting were awarded at the II Olympic Games in Paris in 1900. Since 1984, competitions for men and women have been held separately.
Competitions in shooting sports are held under the auspices of the International Shooting Federation. ISSF), in practical shooting - under the auspices of the International Confederation of Practical Shooting (eng. IPSC).
There is also archery and crossbow shooting, the former being included in the Olympic Games program. A relatively new type of shooting sport is practical shooting. It originated in California in the early 50s and quickly spread to other continents, including Europe, Australia, Central and South America, and Africa.
The International Practical Shooting Confederation (I.P.S.C) was officially founded in May 1976. Today the International Confederation of Practical Shooting is developing in more than sixty countries from Argentina to Zimbabwe.
The main task of practical shooting is to ensure the safe and qualified use of firearms by respectable citizens and to improve the general culture of handling weapons. Today, international competitions in Practical Shooting, which are based on safety and safe handling of weapons, accuracy, power and speed, are held all over the world. The highest achievement in Practical Shooting is to become an IPSC World Champion.
In practical shooting, there are the following types of targets: standard paper, swinging paper (swinger), metal falling (pepper popper), metal falling plate (round or square).
In practical shooting, only cartridges of 9 mm caliber are allowed.
Having a combat origin, this sport has changed greatly, but even today it is the most applied sport in many special forces of the world and Russia.
Practical Shooting was officially recognized as a sport in Russia on June 29, 2006 at the Rossport commission, an order on this was signed on July 4, 2006 by the head of Rossport Vyacheslav Fetisov.
Photo - ru.wikipedia.org
Shooting sports are divided into bullet and skeet shooting. Bullet shooting is divided into shooting from pistols and rifles. In skeet shooting, athletes shoot shotguns using 12-gauge shotguns.
Pierre de Coubertin was a French shooting champion long before he founded the Olympic Games. It was on his initiative that 4 types of pistol shooting and 2 rifle shooting were included in the program of the Games of the 1st Olympic Games in 1896.
OLYMPIC GAMES
Shooting was included in the program of the Olympic Games by Pierre de Coubertin from the first Olympics in Athens in 1896 and since then has been included in the program of all Olympic Games except 1904 and 1928.
The first competitions were held only among men, but since the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, women received permission to participate in shooting disciplines on an equal basis with men. The division into men's and women's disciplines began at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Since 1996, Atlanta has separated men's and women's disciplines.
In 2017, the International Olympic Committee approved the proposal of the International Shooting Sports Federation to include three mixed events in the Olympic program: “air rifle, 10m, men”, “air rifle, 10m, women”, “trap, mixed teams”. Thus, the number of exercises for men and women in shooting sports was equalized.
A total of 15 sets of awards are awarded at the Olympic Games in bullet and skeet shooting.
RUSSIA
The first Soviet champion in bullet shooting was Anatoly Bogdanov in 1952 in Helsinki. He won the three-position big-bore rifle event and repeated his success in 1956 in Melbourne. For women, Marina Logvinenko became a two-time Olympic champion in small-caliber and air pistol shooting at the 1992 Games in Barcelona. At the last Olympic Games, Russian representatives became champions: Yuri Fedkin (1992, Barcelona) and Artem Khadzhibekov (1996, Atlanta) in air rifle shooting, Boris Kokorev (1996, Atlanta) and Mikhail Nestruev (2004, Athens) in small-caliber pistol shooting, Sergey Alifirenko (2000, Sydney) in high-speed pistol shooting, Lyubov Galkina (2004, Athens) in small-caliber rifle shooting) and Olga Klochneva (1996, Atlanta) in air pistol shooting.
The first Soviet Olympic champion in skeet shooting was Evgeniy Petrov in 1968. He won the skeet shooting event at the Mexico City Games. He hit 198 targets out of 200. At the 1976 Olympics he was the senior coach of the USSR national team, and at the 1992 Games he was the head coach of the United Team in skeet shooting. Olympic champions in skeet shooting were representatives of our country Dmitry Monakov (1988, Seoul) and Alexey Alipov (2004, Athens), who won the trench skeet shooting.
Photo - ru.wikipedia.org
Shooting sports are divided into bullet and skeet shooting.
Bullet shooting divided into pistol and rifle shooting. Athletes shoot from rifled small-caliber weapons (diameter 5.6 mm) and pneumatic weapons (diameter 4.5 mm). The Olympic program includes 10 exercises.
- Rifle: "Rimfire, three positions, 50m, men", "Rimfire, three positions, 50m, women", "Air rifle, 10m, men", "Air rifle, 10m, women", "Air rifle, 10m, mixed teams."
- Pistol: "quick fire pistol, 25m, men", "small caliber standard pistol, 25m, women", "air pistol, 10m, men", "air pistol, 10m, women", "air pistol, 10m, mixed teams".
Major international and all-Russian competitions are held with electronic targets.
IN clay pigeon shooting athletes shoot from 12-gauge smoothbore shotguns with shot charges.
The Olympic program includes 5 exercises: “men’s trap”, “women’s trap”, “mixed team trap”, “men’s skete”, “women’s skete”.
Shooting is carried out at “skeet” targets flying out of the machines along a certain trajectory, which depends on the exercise.
The targets are made from a mixture of coal tar pitch (a component used to make asphalt) and cement. When pellets hit a plate, it breaks. To increase spectator interest and to reduce the likelihood of judicial error, shooting in the finals is carried out at special plates - “flash targets”, which, when hit, throw a cloud of brightly colored powder into the air. Target diameter – 110 mm.
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The shooting sport is one of the very first sports, which began with bow and crossbow shooting, and later began to represent competitions in shooting from firearms and pneumatic weapons.
In Russia, shooting disciplines began to develop at the end of the 20th century and gained extraordinary popularity, since the love of shooting manifests itself in childhood, when kids imitate shooting from toy guns and pistols, playing “war”.
This type of bullet shooting has its own specifics. Competitions in shooting with firearms and air rifles are not held according to the principle “Faster, higher, stronger.” Here the muscles work differently than in other disciplines. The main load on the muscles occurs when the shooter’s body is in a static state, when it is necessary to fix the most optimal position for an accurate shot. The participant must demonstrate stability when shooting and the ability to maintain a static position for a long time. The shooter here uses so-called muscle memory. It is worth noting that during one such exercise a person loses about 3 kg in weight. Shooting competitions also have their own sprint distances and marathons.
In addition to physical characteristics, bullet shooting presupposes that the shooter also has high moral qualities. You also need to be able to control your emotions in order to act quickly and correctly in unexpected situations; qualities such as determination and endurance are also very important. Before the shot, the competitor seems to disconnect from everything that surrounds him and concentrates on the target. He must be able to abstract himself, control his thoughts, so that nothing can distract him at this crucial moment.
Skeet shooting originated from hunting competitions that took place in medieval England. Then the targets were birds, namely pigeons, which were thrown up for shooting. These rules were in effect for a very long time, and even during the first Olympic Games, shooters fired at live birds. The birds were later replaced by the current targets, today often called "clay pigeons". By the way, in the future it is expected that the plates will be replaced with environmentally friendly items.
Shooting rules
Gun shooting is divided into bullet and clay pigeon shooting. Both types of shooting sports have been among the oldest disciplines since 1896. In addition, archery is also an Olympic discipline. World shooting championships have been held since 1897.
Bullet shooting can take place both indoors and in open areas. If the competition takes place at a shooting range, then special sighting devices and light filters are selected that are suitable for shooting in this room, depending on the lighting. When the nature of illumination changes, the shooter must quickly correlate his actions. If the competition is held at a shooting range, then conditions such as wind, air temperature, etc. must be taken into account.
Skeet shooting involves shooting from shotguns at targets with shot charges. The targets are plates, which break when hit accurately. Such plates are made from bituminous sand and cement.
Targets in skeet shooting are dynamic, and shooters must have good reflexes and accuracy to hit the target. Shooting is carried out from a maximum 12-gauge firearm. The shooter must also have an absolute sense of dynamics and balance in order to capture the movements of a target flying in a straight line or an arc.
Shooting at the Olympic Games
Today the Olympic program includes round skeet, trench skeet and double trap as varieties of skeet shooting.
The Russian national team has archers, seven of whom have a golden tint. At the moment, the most titled Olympian is, who has one gold and two silver medals.
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