| Lesson plan for the academic year | Preparation and conduct of ski trips
Basics of life safety
6th grade
Lesson 9
Preparation and conduct of ski trips
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Most of the territory of our country is covered with snow for a long period, and the snow cover lasts for several months. It is no coincidence that ski tourism today is not inferior to pedestrian tourism in terms of mass and accessibility.
In addition, skiing makes it possible to get to places that are difficult to reach in summer. Skiing in natural conditions gives an unforgettable experience.
On winter hikes ski tourists acquire skills to operate in harsh climatic conditions, overcome difficult obstacles and endure great physical exertion.
To take part in a multi-day ski trip in difficult winter conditions, requires serious and lengthy preparation. It is necessary to work out certain elements of the route, organizing a halt, spending the night, and overcoming various obstacles. It is necessary to carry out such training, moving from simple to complex, gradually accumulating experience and skills of camping life in winter conditions. Preparation for ski trips should take into account the main dangerous factors. These are, first of all, short daylight hours, low air temperatures, strong winds, and deep snow.
However, you should start preparing for ski trips by strengthening your physical health and hardening of the body. To prepare for a ski trip, you also need special training that will develop resistance to prolonged exposure to cold, the ability to breathe cold air and not catch a cold. In addition, it is necessary to acquire the skills of long-term skiing, master the technique of ascents, descents, and turns.
All this can be achieved through systematic ski training, which are carried out in physical education lessons, and independently during extracurricular hours. Measured skiing will help improve your health, develop endurance and harden your body. Constant ski training will teach you to correctly determine weather conditions and choose suitable clothing, care for your skis, evaluate your capabilities, and distribute your strength.
The clothes and shoes of a tourist skier should be warm, light, preferably waterproof, not restrict movement, and protected from the wind. The undershirt must be made of woolen fabric. Fitting tightly to the body, it limits heat transfer and absorbs sweat well. Damp wool retains heat better than others.
The sweater should be a tight knit, with a high tight collar and long sleeves. It provides protection from the cold in severe frost and wind.
Storm suit, consisting of a jacket with a hood and trousers, serves as protection from the wind. A storm jacket (storm jacket) should be a palm above the knees, very loose in the shoulders and armpits.
Mittens should be light, tight and loose so that they do not tighten when grasping a ski pole. A woolen cap or woolen balaclava is also required, and in strong winds, a fabric mask.
Ski boots should be loose enough to allow you to wear one pair of plain socks and two pairs of wool socks. The insole in boots should be felt. As you remember, shoe covers can be used on ski trips to protect ski boots from snow and moisture. Shoe covers are made from tent fabric. The simplest design of shoe covers for a ski trip is a bag 45-50 cm long and 30-35 cm wide.
Skis must provide the ability for tourists to move in various terrain conditions. They should be wide, strong, reliable, and light. For ski tourism, not cross-country skis, but special tourist skis are used. These skis have a larger supporting surface and are 1-2 cm wider than cross-country skis. Touring skis are shorter than cross-country skis (their length is only 5-10 cm greater than the height of a tourist).
The composition of group and individual tourist equipment depends on the specific travel conditions. Thus, group equipment may include camping stoves, multi-sleeping bags, fuel (gasoline, dry alcohol, etc.), primus stoves.
Organization of movement on a ski trip
The mode of movement on a ski trip is determined by the nature of the terrain, weather conditions and the level of physical fitness of the participants in the trip. Thus, a group with an average level of fitness (with experience in skiing) moves at a speed of up to 4 km/h; in a day it can cover 20-25 km. A group of beginners taking part in a hike for the first time moves at an average speed of 3 km/h and can cover 15-18 km in a day. The daily running time should not exceed 7 hours.
Tourists move on a ski trip on a ready-made ski track or on virgin soil.
The first to go on the ski track is the tourist who knows how to maintain the given pace evenly. The optimal distance between skiers in good weather is 8 - 10 m, with limited visibility no more than 4 m.
In cases where the ski track is re-laid, the strongest tourists walk at the head of the column and follow the ski track, constantly changing.
When moving in the forest, it is necessary to frequently check the direction of movement of the group using a compass. This is done by one of the trailing ones, taking the direction of the skier going first as the line of movement.
When driving through a swamp, lake, river, or stream, special care should be taken. The most dangerous place on a river is the shoreline, and on a lake - the places where rivers flow or originate: the ice cover in this place can be thin. When driving along an unfamiliar body of water, you should stick to the paths laid by pedestrians.
Often in a swamp, river and lake, even in severe frost, there may be water under the snow. These places should be avoided, as snow immediately sticks to wet skis and movement becomes impossible.
Test yourself
■ Which elements of a ski tourist’s preparation do you consider the most important and why?
■ What are the features of a tourist skier’s equipment?
■ What factors need to be taken into account when preparing for a ski trip to ensure the safety of tourists?
After classes
Using the text of the paragraph and special literature, prepare a message on the topic “Features of the movement of tourists-skiers on the route and the mode of the hike.”
If you are going to ski trip, then remember that snow and low air temperatures await you. Therefore, the equipment should provide you with warmth and protection from hypothermia
Preparing for a ski trip
Be sure to take 1-3 pairs of felt boots with you, depending on the number of people in the group. Felt boots will be needed for kitchen and campfire work at a rest stop, and also as spare shoes in case of damage to ski boots. Their size should be designed for the largest foot in the group.
Have a set of ski waxes, paraffin for all types of winter weather (including thaw), plugs for rubbing them, grease for impregnating shoes and spare bindings. It is also recommended to take one or two spare skis with you.
For more complex ski trips, you will need a special (double-layer) tent and a portable stove.
Before going on a hike, treat your backpack, tent, clothes, and shoes with water-repellent agents to protect them from dirt and water. If the route goes through places where there are a lot of blood-sucking insects, then saturate your tent and clothes with repellents.
The shoes are soaked in grease and, if necessary, stretched over the leg. To do this, the boots need to be kept in hot water (50-55 degrees) for ten minutes. Having taken the boots out of the water, insert insoles into them and put them on your feet while hot (with one or two pairs of thick woolen socks). After walking around in the boots for an hour or two, they are removed, stuffed with paper and lubricated. Shoes are impregnated with slight heating.
For a ski trip, tourists must have the following:
Personal equipment:
Insulated padding polyester jacket (2 or 3 layers)
Trousers (light, windproof, durable), insulated pants.
Ski cap
Balaclava
Sweater (wool, polar)
Turtleneck or vest (woolen) – 2 pcs.
Thermal underwear
Hiking boots (hard sole, toe and heel, soaked in cream)
Woolen and cotton socks, 3-4 pairs each.
Windproof mask, handkerchief.
Ski boots with felt insoles inside. Two sizes larger than regular shoes.
"Flashlights" to protect boots.
Gloves, mittens.
Thermos 0.5-1 liter.
Toiletries.
Bowl, spoon, mug (see “Cutware for camping”).
Skis, poles.
Backpack, sleeping bag (Extreme temperature down to minus 20-30 degrees).
Personal repair kit (needles, threads).
Electric flashlight
Group equipment:
Special tent
Lightweight portable stove
Saw, axes, shovels, cooking utensils, bucket (or pans), ladle, rope
Ropes, candles, matches (in sealed packaging), dry fuel.
Keep repair kits in stock to repair breakdowns!
Daily routine, movement specifics
A skier's daily routine on a hike depends on the length of daylight, frost and the need to spend more time setting up camp and getting ready in the morning (unlike hiking). At low temperatures, it is recommended to go out on the route no earlier than 9-10 a.m., and also to reduce short rests.
When moving on a finished ski track, the overall pace is determined by the speed of the slowest skier. Remember to avoid sudden jerks. Periodic overheating and cooling in the cold is dangerous to health. And along the route there will not always be conditions to change and dry clothes wet from sweat. When moving on virgin snow, the pace of the group is determined by the speed of laying the ski tracks.
There are several options for laying ski tracks. In a large group, it is advisable to select a team of strong tourists to track the ski tracks. Or organize alternate movement. While one group is resting, the other is laying a ski track. And then the rested tourists overtake their comrades, and they stop to rest.
In areas with deep snow and heavy backpacks, alternate tracking without backpacks is used. And having broken through the ski track, the tourist lets the group pass, returns for a backpack and catches up with his comrades.
The order of movement on the ski slope must ensure the safety of the group and take into account the capabilities of each skier. The sequence of descent, the path is determined by the leader.
Please remember that descents should be carried out only in places where there is a complete guarantee of avalanche safety.
A special feature of the ski trip is that the path can be laid directly through frozen swamps and ponds. But if possible, you need to use a ready-made ski track or sled road. You can move along clearings, open forests and river beds. It is easier to go where the snow is less deep.
Attention! Avalanche danger and thin ice.
In winter, avalanche danger increases. Do not plan to cross concave landforms such as snow craters, avalanche chutes, under ridges with overhanging cornices and where there is a lot of snow in an unstable condition.
It is also prohibited to start moving through an avalanche-prone area during sudden warming or cold weather, a drop in pressure, during and in the first two days after a snowfall, blizzard, or rain.
Avoid crossing the slope and its longitudinal depressions. Move as fast as possible in the rockfall zone. Stay safe in the most dangerous areas. Do not make sharp turns or falls.
Also stay away from areas on bodies of water with thin ice, where running water flows in or out of a lake or river. Conduct a reconnaissance of an unknown body of water and determine its reliability for group movement by hitting the ice with sticks.
Meals on a ski trip.
Tourists spend more calories on ski trips than on foot. Since low temperatures, strong winds, snow and overcoming obstacles require a lot of strength and energy from the skier. Therefore, the diet of a ski tourist should be high-calorie; the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, a variety of foods, their vitamin content and the possibility of consuming some foods without cooking are especially important. The products should replenish the tourist’s energy costs from 3500 to 6000 kcal, depending on the complexity of the hike.
Where can you go skiing in winter?
In the Southern Urals, winter hikes to Taganay and Iremel, Zyuratkul and the Beloretsk region are especially loved by ski tourists.
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Preparation Taking part in a multi-day ski trip in difficult winter conditions requires serious and lengthy preparation. It is necessary to practice certain elements of the route, organizing a halt, spending the night, and overcoming various obstacles. It is necessary to carry out such training, moving from simple to complex, gradually accumulating experience and skills of camping life in winter conditions.
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Basic factors Preparation for ski trips should take into account the main dangerous factors. These are, first of all, short daylight hours, low air temperatures, strong winds, and deep snow.
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Training In addition, it is necessary to acquire the skills of long-term skiing, master the technique of ascents, descents, and turns. special training that will develop resistance to prolonged exposure to cold, the ability to breathe cold air and not catch a cold
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Clothing and shoes Clothing and shoes of a tourist skier should be warm, light, preferably waterproof, not restrict movement, and protect from the wind
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Shirt The undershirt must be made of woolen fabric. Fitting tightly to the body, it limits heat transfer and absorbs sweat well. Wool fabric retains heat better than others when wet.
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Sweater The sweater should be tightly knitted, with a high, tight collar and long sleeves. It provides protection from the cold in severe frost and wind.
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Suit A storm suit, consisting of a jacket with a hood and trousers, serves as protection from the wind. A storm jacket (storm jacket) should be a palm above the knees, very loose in the shoulders and armpits.
Slide 9
Mittens Mittens should be light, tight and loose so that they do not stretch when grasping a ski pole. A woolen cap or woolen balaclava is also required, and in strong winds, a fabric mask.
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Boots Ski boots should be loose enough to accommodate one pair of plain socks and two pairs of wool socks. The insole in boots should be felt
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Shoe covers On ski trips, shoe covers can be used to protect ski boots from snow and moisture. Shoe covers are made from tent fabric. The simplest design of shoe covers is a bag 45-50 cm long and 30-35 cm wide.
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Skis Skis must provide the ability for tourists to travel in various terrain conditions. They should be wide, strong, reliable, and light. For ski tourism, not cross-country skis, but special tourist skis are used. These skis have a larger supporting surface and are 1-2 cm wider than cross-country skis. Touring skis are shorter than cross-country skis (their length is only 5-10 cm greater than the height of a tourist).
Slide 13
Equipment The composition of group and individual tourist equipment depends on the specific travel conditions. Thus, group equipment may include camping stoves, multi-sleeping bags, fuel (gasoline, dry alcohol, etc.), primus stoves
Slide 14
Movement mode The movement mode on a ski trip is determined by the nature of the terrain, weather conditions and the level of physical fitness of the participants in the trip. Thus, a group with an average level of fitness (with experience in skiing) moves at a speed of up to 4 km/h; in a day it can cover 20-25 km. A group of beginners taking part in a hike for the first time moves at an average speed of 3 km/h and can cover 15-18 km in a day. Daily running time should not exceed 7 hours.
Staying in clean, frosty air and vigorous physical exercise are useful for hardening and healing the body. Pictures of winter nature - snow-covered thickets, peace and whiteness of fields - have a beneficial effect on the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Ski trips are much more difficult to organize; they require special equipment and knowledge of skiing techniques in various conditions. The heavy weight of the backpack, low temperatures, and wind on frosty days require participants to be more physically prepared and hardened. The basic rules of hiking and mountain hiking also apply to ski tourism, but there are some peculiarities here.
During ski trips, you should remember the need to match the loads to the physical fitness and age of the participants.
For students in grades V-VI, one-day and two-day hikes are allowed with a total kilometer in the first case of up to 12-15 km, and in the second up to 25 km at a travel speed of 3-4 km per hour with a load of up to 5 kg. Exit to the route is allowed at temperatures not lower than 10° without wind.
Students of grades VII-VIII can make one-day, two-day and multi-day (up to 8 days) hikes with a daily trek of up to 18 km and with a load of no more than 8 kg for girls and 12 kg for boys at temperatures up to -12° without wind.
Students of grades IX-X are allowed one-day, two-day and multi-day hikes of up to 8-10 days with a day trip of up to 20 km with a load of 8-10 kg for girls and up to 14-16 kg for boys at an air temperature of up to -15° without wind.
The daily trek for adult tourists is 25-30 km per day. A trained group can complete such a transition without much effort, but without regular training, especially on multi-day hikes, such a path is difficult to complete.
When organizing trips with schoolchildren, it is not allowed to plan overnight stays in the field. For adult beginners, organizing such an overnight stay is also undesirable.
Multi-day hikes are allowed only after several trial one-day or two-day hikes. During training trial trips, the technique of movement is worked out, first without a load, and then with a traveling load. The plans for the last training trips must include day hikes equal to the largest section of the day's hike according to the multi-day hike plan.
The most efficient group composition is 10-12 people. When moving, it stretches less and is within sight; for such a group it is easier to find a suitable place or room for the night. When selecting groups for travel for any type of tourism, it is desirable that the participants be equal in physical and technical fitness, but for a ski trip this is necessary. Otherwise, while waiting for those lagging behind, strong tourists may suffer from the frost. The leader of the children's group, as a rule, is a teacher who has experience in participating in winter hikes; For a multi-day hike, the leader is approved by the department of public education. The leader of a group of adult ski tourists must be a ski tourism instructor.
To participate in a ski trip, you need to be well prepared. This preparation should provide reliable protection from the effects of hazardous environmental factors. These factors include short daylight hours, low air temperatures, deep snow, snowfall, blizzards, and piercing winds (Figure 15).
The main thing in preparing for ski trips is systematic training. These workouts improve health, increase endurance, and strengthen the body. They help the ski tourist learn how to choose the right clothes and skis, evaluate and distribute their strength
Scheme 15
Hazardous factors affecting the skier
Clothes and shoes for hiking should be light, warm, waterproof and not restrict movement. Usually this is an undershirt made of woolen fabric, a tightly knitted sweater, a windbreaker (a jacket with a hood and trousers), mittens and a woolen cap. Ski boots should have a felt insole and allow you to wear plain and wool socks at the same time.
Touring skis are needed for the hike. They are somewhat wider and shorter than running ones.
Tourists select individual and group equipment depending on the specific conditions of the trip. Group equipment may include a camp stove and fuel (for example, dry alcohol).
The speed of skiers usually does not exceed 3-4 km/h. The first to go along the laid ski track is the tourist who can maintain the given pace of movement. The strongest skiers walk ahead on the virgin soil, replacing each other. The distance between tourists in clear weather should be 8-10 m, and in limited visibility - approximately 4 m.
Remember: Particular care must be taken when driving through a river, lake, stream, or swamp.
Water trips
Water trips are one of the most difficult types of tourism. They require high discipline and diligence, special knowledge, skills and abilities from participants.
Most often, light rowing vessels are used for water tourism: kayaks, catamarans, inflatable boats.
When hiking, you must follow the following safety rules:
- documents and money should be placed in a waterproof bag, which should be kept with you;
- matches, dry alcohol should be stored in plastic or metal containers with tightly screwed lids;
- tents, bedding, spare clothes and linen, food should be in plastic bags;
- lifebuoys must be ready for use, and life jackets must be worn by participants in the hike;
- when boarding, you are not allowed to jump into the boat, you must enter it from the stern and immediately take your place;
- on the route, the boat must be within visual and vocal communication distance from boats moving ahead and behind;
- when moving, you should maintain silence: any cry on the water should mean only one thing - “We are in distress!”;
- a place for an overnight stay or a long rest must meet the basic requirements specified in § 11; the shore should be convenient for mooring and disembarking.
Remember: you should not set up a camp on the island - the water may rise and flood it.
Bicycle trips
For cycling, it is advisable to choose local roads with asphalt or gravel-sand surfaces.
A tourist group usually includes 4-6 people. They must all be at least 14 years of age. Every cyclist must know and follow the Rules of the Road, be able to ride a bicycle well and keep it in good condition. It is very important to have safety features. This includes a helmet to protect the head, knee pads and gloves.
Road and sports bicycles are suitable for cycling tourism. Moreover, it is better to use sports ones on hard-surfaced roads (concrete and asphalt).
Cyclist clothing should be appropriate for the season and be comfortable for cycling. In case of cold weather, you should have a woolen sweater, woolen socks, gloves and a windbreaker.
The group equipment, in addition to the things needed on any hiking trip, should include a bicycle repair kit (keys, screwdrivers, rubber, glue, spare parts).
The speed of tourists on the route is usually 10-12 km/h. Sharp turns, especially on downhill slopes, should be driven at low speed. It is better to overcome long climbs on foot, with a bicycle nearby. Movement along the route must be completed 1-2 hours before dark.
Remember: If you need to move in the dark or in poor visibility (fog, haze), you need to get off the bike and walk as a pedestrian.
Questions and tasks
- Name the dangerous factors of the natural environment that can affect a tourist skier.
- What is the importance of training when preparing for ski trips?
- Look at the picture and choose items of clothing and shoes that are suitable for a ski trip.
- How are touring skis different from cross-country skis?
- What places are the most dangerous for ski tourists?
- Why, in your opinion, are water trips the most difficult and dangerous type of tourism?
- Name the most important, from your point of view, safety rules for water tourism.
- Which roads are most suitable for water tourism?
- What safety equipment should a cyclist have?
- Why do you think the speed of cyclists on the route should be approximately 10-12 km/h?
- How should cyclists move in the dark and in poor visibility?
